the state of basic service delivery in south africa: in-depth analysis of the community survey 2016...
TRANSCRIPT
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THESTATEOFBASICSERVICEDELIVERYINSOUTHAFRICAIn-depthanalysisoftheCommunitySurvey2016data
Dr Pali Lehohla
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Introduction
Municipalities:themostbasicunitsofgovernmentaretaskedwithprovidingbasicservicesandfosteringdevelopmentintheregionstheymanage
Basicservicesarethefundamentalbuildingblocksofimprovedqualityoflife.Adequatesuppliesofsafewaterandadequatesanitationarenecessaryforlife,well-beingandhumandignity
Localgovernmentlargelyunderstoodintermsofservicedelivery
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Problem
Althoughthecountryhasmadegreatprogresssince1994toimprovethequalityoflifeofSouthAfricanresidentsbyextendingbasicservicestopreviouslyun- andunder-servicedhouseholds,particularlyinruralandinformalareas,theremainingbacklogisthemostdifficulttoservice
Inaddition,theexpansion ofservicewasoftendoneattheexpenseofexistingservicesasmaintenancewasneglected
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TYPE A
TYPE B1
TYPE B2
TYPE B3
TYPE B4
Metropolitanmunicipalities(metros)
Secondarycities,localmunicipalitieswiththelargestbudgets
Localmunicipalitieswithalargetownascore
Localmunicipalitieswithsmalltowns,relativelysmallpopulation,significantproportionof
urbanpopulationbutwithnolargetownascore
Localmunicipalitieswhicharemainlyruralwithcommunaltenureandwith,
atmost,oneortwosmalltownsintheirarea
MIIFclassification
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GeographicalLocationofMunicipalCategories
278Municipalities8 Metros44 DistrictMunicipalities226 LocalMunicipalities
AtthetimeofCS2016
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WATERSERVICES
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“Sections24and27oftheBillsofRightsgrantsspecificrightstoaccesstosufficientwater,andSection27providesthat'everyonehastherighttohaveaccesstosufficientwater' andthat'thestatemusttakereasonablelegislativeandothermeasures,withinitsavailableresources,toachievetheprogressiverealisationoftheserights'.”
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89,9%
10,1%
44,4%
30,0%
13,5%
1,9% 4,3%
95,7%
SourcesofWater
Approximately89,8% ofhouseholdsinSouthAfricausedpipedwaterasmainsourceofdrinkingwater.
44,4% retrievedwaterinsidethedwellingor30% insidetheiryardswhile1,9%retrieveditfromaneighbour’stapand13,5%accesseditfromacommunaltap.
4,3% ofhouseholdsstillreliedonwaterfromunsafesourcessuchasrivers,streams,wellsorsprings
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MunicipalaccesstoimprovedwaterIn78municipalities,98% ormorehouseholdshadaccesstowater
Lessthan50%ofhouseholdshadaccesstoimprovedwaterin20municipalities(11inEC,9inKZN)
Backlog:EC(24,9%),LP(20,0%),KZN
(14,6%),NW(13,9%)stillrelyunimprovedsourcesofwater
Thelowestaccesstoimprovedwater wasreportedinNgquzaHill(19,4%),PortStJohns(20,3%)andMbizana (23,3%).
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Municipalbackloginaccessimprovedwater
1,5%
5,3%
8,8% 9,9%
27,5%
8,7%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
A B1 B2 B3 B4 SouthAfrica
1,5m householdsnationallyhadnoaccesstoimprovedwater
891224householdsofthetotalbacklogwasreportedinB4municipalities
Thelowestbacklogwasreportedinurbanmunicipalities,whilethehighestwasreportedinruralareas
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WaterReliability
15,5% 22,3%
25,8% 34,9%
45,8%
7,1% 15,0%
23,4% 26,3%
28,9% 30,2% 30,5%
36,6%
38,0% 41,3%
0 10 20 30 40 50
MunicipalCategoryA
MunicipalCategoryb1
MunicipalCategoryb2
MunicipalCategoryB3
MunicipalCategoryB4
WesternCape
Gauteng
SouthAfrica
NorthernCape
KwaZulu-Natal
FreeState
EasternCape
Mpumalanga
NorthWest
Limpopo
Percentage
InterruptionsmostcommoninBigfive:FalseBay(85,1%),
Modimolle(79,5%)andMohokare (78,4%);
andleastcommoninBaviaans andEmthanjeni(both1,5%)andHantam
(1,6%).
Percentageofhouseholdsthatexperiencedwaterinterruptionsduringthepreviousthreemonthsbymunicipalcategory
Mostwaterinterruptionsoccurredinruralmunicipalities,andprovinceswithlargeruralpopulations,leastinmetrosandurbanprovinces
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PerceptionsofService
70,4%
59,6%
56,9%
52,5%
35,3%
7,6%
16,0%
18,5%
19,4%
35,2%
A
B1
B2
B3
B4
Mun
icipalCategory
Good Average Poor
Thepercentageofhouseholdsthatratedwaterservicesas‘good’wasthehighestinmetros. Thepercentagedeclinesacrosstheothermunicipalcategoriesuntilreachingitslowest figureinB4orruralmunicipalities
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*WaterInfrastructureQualityIndex(IQI)
*Thewaterqualityinfrastructureindexdescribestheengineeringinfrastructureintermsofthelevelofservicethathouseholdshaveaccessto.Theindexprovidesanindicationofthequalityofinfrastructureprovidedandisexpressedasanumberbetweenoneandfive.
ThebestqualityofinfrastructureforwaterwasreportedintheWC. Theaverage
weightedwaterIQIscoreislowestinLimpopo (3,37),
followedbyEasternCape (3,53),NorthWest(3,73)andKwaZulu-Natal
(3,83).
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SANITATIONSERVICES
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Whatdoes‘improvedsanitation’mean?Improvedsanitation Unimprovedsanitation
Flushorpour-flushto:• Pipedsewersystem• Septictank• Pitlatrine
Ventilatedimprovedpit(VIP)latrine
Pitlatrinewithslab
Compostingtoilet
Flushorpour-flushtoelsewhere(ie nottopipedsewersystem,septictankorpitlatrine)
Pitlatrinewithoutslab/openpit
Bucket
Hangingtoiletorhanginglatrine
Sharedfacilitiesofanytype
Nofacilities- bushorfield
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Municipalaccesstoimprovedsanitation13,7% - usepittoiletswithoutventilation2,2%- somebucketsystem2,4%- nosanitationatall
ThepoorestaccesstoimprovedsanitationwasnotedinMaphumulo(16,1%),Makhuduthamaga (20,8%),Mfolozi (21,7%),Nongoma(23,5%)andBushbuckridge(24,3%).
75,5%useimprovedsanitation-Ventilatedpittoilets
(VIP)
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Municipalbackloginaccesstoimprovedsanitation
12,7%
24,1% 25,4% 25,9%
50,6%
24,4%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
A B1 B2 B3 B4 SouthAfrica
4,1millionhouseholdsnationallyhadnoaccesstoimprovedsanitation
1,6millionofthetotalbacklogwasreportedinB4municipalities
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Locationofsanitationfacilityoutsidetheyard
Sanitationoutsidethedwellingandoutsidetheyardisprevalentindenselypopulatedinformal
settlementsandisnoticeableinmunicipalitieswherehouseholdsfromthesesettlementsmakeupa
largeproportionofallusers.
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PerceptionsofSanitationServices
75,0% 51,3%
63,8% 61,6%
51,8% 51,2%
70,2% 50,3% 50,6%
60,7%
66,8% 61,4%
59,6% 58,4%
46,0%
9,4% 19,6%
18,0% 18,7%
21,5% 21,2%
11,2%
23,1% 20,5%
16,5%
13,0% 16,1%
18,0% 18,5%
23,9%
WesternCapeEasternCape
NorthernCapeFreeState
KwaZuluNatalNorthWest
GautengMpumalanga
LimpopoSouthAfrica
CategoryACategoryB1CategoryB2CategoryB3CategoryB4
Good Average Poor
B4municipalitiesshowtheleastsatisfactionwithsanitationserviceswhilethemostsatisfiedarethemetros
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SanitationInfrastructureQualityIndex(IQI)ThehighestindexscoreswerecalculatedforWesternCape(4,8)andGauteng,whileLimpopo(3,6)scoredthelowest
161535householdsinKwaZulu-Nataland137985householdsinEasternCapelackedanyaccesstosanitation.
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SOLIDWASTEREMOVALSERVICES
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SolidWasteDisposalServices
82,7%
64,4%
62,5%
54,2%
11,6%
89,4%
75,4%
72,3%
75,0%
42,4%
0 20 40 60 80 100
Metro
Secondarycities
Largetowns
Smalltowns
Ruralmunicipalities
Expandedstandard Kerbsideremoval
HouseholdswithanappropriatelevelofaccesstosolidwastedisposalservicesbymunicipalcategoriesusingDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairs(DEA)definition,2016
*DEA’sexpandedstandardtakesintoaccounttheappropriateaccess,giventhelocalconditions.
*
Usingtheexpandeddefinitionleadstoanincreaseinthe
percentageofhouseholdsthatareconsideredtohave
appropriateaccesstosolidwasteservicesacrossalltypes
ofmunicipalities
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PerceptionsofSolidWasteServices
40,9% 43,8% 45,3%
50,4% 53,4%
56,4% 63,6%
66,3% 77,8%
63,5% 59,5%
62,6% 56,7%
31,2% 57,7%
27,6% 24,4%
26,9%
19,5% 18,8% 19,0%
15,0% 15,2%
5,7%
13,7% 16,5%
14,8% 18,0%
34,3% 17,5%
LimpopoEasternCapeMpumalangaKwaZuluNatal
NorthWestFreeStateGauteng
NorthernCapeWesternCape
AB1B2B3B4
SouthAfrica
Good Average Poor
B4municipalitiesshowtheleastsatisfactionwithsolidwasteserviceswhilethemostsatisfiedarethemetros
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SolidWasteInfrastructureQualityIndex(IQI)Thehighestqualityserviceswererecordedinmetros(4,5)andthelowestwererecordedinB4municipalities(2,3)–basicallymeanslittleserviceprovided
ThehighestindexscoreswererecordedforGeorge(4,87),PrinceAlbert(4,86),
Knysna (4,84)andCamdeboo (4,84)whilethe
poorestscoreswerecalculatedforNtabankulu(1,77),Maphumulo(1,80),PostStJohns(1,80)and
Nongoma(1,87)
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ELECTRICITYSERVICES
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Schedule4Boftheconstitution(1996)allocatestheauthoritytodistributeelectricitytomunicipalities intheirareasofjurisdictionsubjecttolegislationandregulationbynationalandprovincialgovernment
NDPtargettoincreasepercentageofhouseholdswithaccesstogridelectricityto
90%by2030,andtoprovidenon-gridoptionstotheremaininghouseholds
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88,7% 88,6%
86,5% 86,0%
85,7%
84,3% 85,6% 85,6%
87,2% 87,2%
87,6% 88,6%
91,4% 91,9%
92,7%
MunicipalcategoryAMunicipalcategoryB1MunicipalcategoryB2MunicipalcategoryB3MunicipalcategoryB4
EasternCapeGauteng
KwaZuluNatalNorthWest
NorthernCapeSouthAfricaMpumalanga
LimpopoFreeState
WesternCape
Percentageofhouseholdswithaccesstoelectricitybyprovinceandmunicipalcategory
Nationally87,6%haveaccesstoelectricity
ThelowestaccesstoelectricityisECat84,3%andhighestWCat92,7%
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MunicipalbackloginElectricityServicesThelargestbacklogwasrecordedinUmhlabuyalingana (81,5%),Jozini (58,4%),Ntabankulu
(47,2%),Maphumulo(43,0%),Emadlangeni (42,8%)andMsinga
(42,7%).
Duetothelimitedabilitytogeneraterevenuefrompoorareas,municipalitiesareslowtoextendelectricityservicestotheseareas(predominantly
locatedinruralareas)
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ReliabilityofElectricityServices48,4% ofhouseholdsthatexperienced
interruptionsreportedthatitlastedmorethantwodaysMostCommonAreas
Modimolle (66,6%),TheBigFiveFalseBay(59,5%),Ventersdorp (50,6%),GreatKei(49,7%)andInkwanca (46,8%),
LeastCommonAreas
Hantam (0,8%),Kareeberg (1,3%),Siyathemba (1,4%),Mier (1,6%)andTshwelopele andMolemole(both2,5%).
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ServiceProvidersofElectricityServices
Municipalities providedelectricityservicestothemajorityofhouseholdsin:FreeState(78,4%), NorthernCape(70,7%)Gauteng(60,5%)andMpumalanga(58,7%)
Eskom wasparticularlyactiveinmoreruralprovincessuchas:Limpopo(79,7%),NorthWest(67,3%)andEasternCape(63,75).
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PerceptionsofElectricityServices
56,5%
60,4%
63,7%
63,8%
64,1%
64,8%
69,2%
70,6%
72,6%
72,7%
63,6%
64,6%
64,8%
67,2%
66,0%
11,4%
10,5%
9,4%
10,1%
10,9%
9,5%
6,8%
6,2%
7,9%
7,0%
10,3%
9,6%
9,8%
7,7%
8,8%
EasternCapeKwaZuluNatal
NorthWestMpumalanga
GautengSouthAfrica
LimpopoFreeState
NorthernCapeWesternCape
MunicipalCategoryAMunicipalCategoryB1MunicipalCategoryB2MunicipalCategoryB3MunicipalCategoryB4
Good Average Poor
Least satisfiedwereinmetros,most satisfiedinmoreruralmunicipalities,particularlyB3andB4
64,8% ofSAhouseholdsweresatisfiedwiththeservices
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ElectricityServicesInfrastructureQualityIndex(IQI)
*onebeingthelowest(noservice)andfivethehighest(electricityinthehome)
ThehighestindexscoreswerecalculatedforAganang (5,0)followedby22municipalitieswithindexscoresof4,9,includingBa-Phalaorwa,Bitou,Moretele,uMhlathuze,Camdeboo,Fetakgomo.
Ahighindexscoredoesnotimplythatallhouseholdsinaparticularmunicipalityhaveaccesstoelectricityintheirhomes,butratherthatasubstantialproportionof
householdsdo
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CompositeservicedeliveryindexscoreHotspotanalysisofcompositeservicedeliveryindexbylocalmunicipality,2016
Compositeservicedeliverywashighestinmetros(4,6)andlowestin
B4ruralmunicipalities(3,3)ItwasLowestinruralprovincessuchasEC(3,8),MP(3,9)andLP(3,6).
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PerceptionsofService
Citizensatisfaction,thefundamentalgoalofademocraticsystem(IDASA,2010).Municipalitiesfaceenormouschallengestofulfilthedevelopmentalmandateandcustomersatisfactionprovidesameasureofhowwelllocalmunicipalitiesaredoing
TheperceptionsofservicedeliverywasmeasuredintheCommunitySurvey2016usingsimplequestionsaimedatestablishingoverallsatisfactionwiththeoverallqualityofbasicservicesusingthreeresponsecategories,good,averageorpoor
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Perceiveddifficultiesbymunicipality
10,2%
11,4%
15,7%
ViolenceandCrime
EmploymentOpportunities
Electricity
Householdsinmetropolitanmunicipalitiesweremostconcernedabout:
TheperceivedlackofsafeandreliablewaterwithB1municipalitiesratingthisat15,5%growingto43,2%inB4municipalities
HouseholdsinB1,B2,B3andB4municipalitiesweremostconcernedabout:
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75% ofhouseholds
nationallydidnotbelievethatmunicipalitiesweretryingtosolvetheproblemsordifficultiestheyhaveidentified.Thefigureisrelativelyconsistentacrossall
municipalcategories
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