The St. Louis “Ozone Garden” An Outreach/Education Prototype Project for

the Air Quality Applications Science Team Part II: Planning for the Future

Jack Fishman1,2

Kelley Belina2 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science

2Center for Environmental Sciences Saint Louis University

St. Louis, Missouri 63108

A Presentation to the Air Quality Applications Science Team Madison, Wisconsin June 13-15, 2012

… “NASA policy strongly encourages participation in Education and Public Outreach (E/PO) activities by members of the science community. As a research investigator whose proposal has been selected for award, you …[are] … eligible to propose a supplemental Education or Outreach effort.”

From our AQAST Award Letters:

At the AQAST Meeting in May 2011, Jack Fishman volunteered to lead a coordinated effort for the entire team with the intent of establishing a Network of Ozone Gardens sponsored by AQAST members.

The Ozone Garden Project Builds upon 2 Projects of Personal Interest: • Quantifying the Effect of Ozone Pollution on the Biosphere • Rejuvenation of an Education/Outreach Activity (GLOBE) Started In 1998

The St. Louis Ozone Garden was opened in May 2012 • It will serve as the prototype for future gardens • Lessons learned from 2012 will be applied as network becomes established • Comprehensive proposal to be developed for network that will start in 2013

A Quick Review of the Scientific Basis Relating Tropospheric Ozone to Crop Yield

Harvested Production Crop Value Year million acres million bushels billion $$ 2011 73.6 3,056 35.8 2010 76.6 3,329 37.5 2009 76.4 3,359 32.1 2008 74.6 2,959 27.4

2007 64.1 2,677 27.0 2006 74.6 3,196 20.5 2005 71.3 3,068 17.3 2004 74.0 3,123 17.9

Value of U.S. Soybean Crop

• Extrapolation of Laboratory Data Combined with Current Background O3 Concentrations Suggests Loss is 5-10% • Cost to U.S. Farmer is $2-3 Billion annually • Results Verified Using Actual Crop Information (Fishman et al., 2010, Atmos. Env.)

Upper Midwest is Favorable Area for Soybean Production

• National Maps of Tropospheric Ozone Show Considerable Variability during 30-Year Dataset

• Is Variability in Satellite Ozone Concentration Related to Soybean Crop Yield?

Effects of Precipitation and Temperature Well-Established

2002

2003

Significant Regional Variability within 3-State Study Area for Any Specific Year

Jun-Aug 2005 Satellite O3 Jun-Aug 2005 Surface O3 2005 Soybean Crop Yield

• Satellite Data Provide Uniform Coverage over Entire Study Area

Multiple Linear Regression Model Isolates Negative Impact of Ozone on Crop Yield Using Both Surface and Satellite Ozone Measurements

m = -1.09 bushels acre-1 DU-1 m = -0.45 bushels acre-1 ppbv-1

yield = -0.90% ppbv-1 (2002-2006)

yield = -1.86±0.99% ppbv-1 (2002-2006)

SoyFACE Measurment:

yield = -1.64% ppbv-1

(2002-2003; Morgan et al., 2006)

Relationship between Sfc O3 and TOR: Sfc O3 = 0.84 TOR + 11.70 (r=0.64) [data from 37°-40°N]

Crop Yield vs Surface O3 Crop Yield vs Satellite O3

Larger Scale Field Studies Validate Earlier Laboratory and Chamber Findings

Critical Aspect of Ozone Garden: Variability of Soil Moisture is Controlled in Ozone Garden

• If the plants are water stressed, stomata will close and no O3 can enter leaf • As long as plants are optimally irrigated, O3 should enter leaves of plants freely, where ozone will react with cells responsible for photosynthesis and form reactive oxygen species, such as H2O2 or OH • These oxidants are toxic to the cells and produce anthrocyanins and causes dark upper surface stippling

Eventual Goal for AQAST Education/Public Outreach: Establish a “Network” of Ozone Gardens

• Align Each Site with Local Botanical Garden or Science Center • Uniform Displays: - Use SLSC Prototype • Link Data from Each Site Electronically - Real-time display though GO3 Project Website • Archive and Analyze Data at SLU Central Location

Timeline for Establishing Network of Ozone Gardens • Summer 2012: Establish 1st Ozone Garden at Saint Louis Science Center

– Major source of funding from internal Saint Louis University grant supplemented by AQAST funds

• Summer 2013: Initiate Network of Gardens – Expand to 3-5 gardens

• 2-3 in St. Louis area • 1-2 at other AQAST Locations

• Several Years Down the Road - Eventually Expand Network (7-10 Gardens)

• Initial Cost: $15-25k per garden (cost sharing with host or local sponsor possible) - Fence, gate, irrigation, ozone monitor • Annual Maintenance Cost: $5-15k per year

• Plants maintained at and provided by central location (Saint Louis University)

• NASA Proposal to be written in March 2013: Looking for collaborators - 2-3 initially; 3-5 total during out years

Possible Sites for St. Louis Regional Ozone Garden Network

Saint Louis Science Center

Shaw Nature Reserve

SIU-Edwardsville

A: (2012) Saint Louis Science Center near center of city B: (2013) Shaw Nature Reserve, Gray Summit MO (55 km WSW of SLSC) C: (2013) SIU Edwardsville (40 km ENE of SLSC)

C

B

A

Timeline for Establishing Network of Ozone Gardens

• Several Years Down the Road - Eventually Expand Network (7-10 Gardens)

• Initial Cost: $15-25k per garden (cost sharing with host or local sponsor possible) - Fence, gate, irrigation, ozone monitor • Annual Maintenance Cost: $5-15k per year

• Plants maintained at and provided by central location (Saint Louis University)

• NASA Proposal to be written in March 2013: Looking for collaborators - 2-3 initially; 3-5 total during out years

• Pursue Additional Funding Sources - NSF, USDA - Non-government (St. Louis: Monsanto, Enterprise Rental Car, U.S. Soybean Board, others)

Daniel J. Jacob (Racula Ellis) Harvard University (lead) Gregory R. Carmichael, University of Iowa Daniel S. Cohan, Rice University Russell R. Dickerson, University of Maryland Bryan N. Duncan, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (Greenbelt, MD) Goddard Visitors Center planted a garden in 2006 David P. Edwards, National Center for Atmospheric Research Arlene M. Fiore, Columbia University/Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Jack Fishman, St. Louis University (St. Louis, MO) Saint Louis Science Center and Missouri Botanical Garden Daven K. Henze, University of Colorado Tracey Holloway, University of Wisconsin Edward J. Hyer, Naval Research Laboratory Yang Liu, Emory University Richard T. McNider, University of Alabama in Huntsville Armistead G. Russell, Georgia Institute of Technology David G. Streets [Chicago Botanic Garden] Argonne National Laboratory (Chicago, IL) Anne M. Thompson [Penn State Arboretum] Pennsylvania State University (State College, PA) James Szykman (Margaret Pippin), NASA Langley Research Center Virginia Living Museum, Newport News [Patrick Dolwick, Barbara Driscoll, US EPA Office of Research and Development (RTP, NC)]

Members of AQAST Science Team (Locations that have already shown interest in Ozone Garden through local science centers)

A National Network of Ozone Gardens Using AQAST Members

• Should the Ozone Garden Become Part of a Science Study?

Long-term Project Could Yield Interesting Science Results

• Examine relationship between surface ozone patterns and satellite-derived values

• Examine spatial gradients with observed spatial variability of garden damage

• Examine interannual variability of garden damage with interannual variability of both surface O3 measurements and satellite-derived tropospheric O3

Discussion Timeline for Establishing Network of Ozone Gardens

• Summer 2012: Establish 1st Ozone Garden at Saint Louis Science Center – Major source of funding obtained from internal Saint Louis University grant

supplemented by AQAST funds Maintain St. Louis garden and collect data – Formulae protocol for assessing foliar injury – Analyze data for cause-and-effect of ozone on foliar damage – Prepare “Lessons Learned” Manual for use in future gardens

• Summer 2013: Initiate Network of Gardens Expand to 3-5 gardens

2-3 in St. Louis area 1-2 at other AQAST Locations

• Several Years Down the Road - Eventually Expand Network (7-10 Gardens) Action Items • Formulate Proposal Team among AQAST for NASA Proposal in March 2013 - Team members responsible for aligning with local Science Centers/Botanical Gardens • Explore Additional Avenues for Funding • Can Gardens be a Basis for New Science Initiative with AQAST (Tiger Team?)

Back-Up Slides

Global Consequence Fossil Fuel Burning: Background Ozone Levels Now Exceed Concentrations

that are Harmful to the Biosphere

1900 1950 2000

From: Fishman, J., J.K. Creilson, P.A. Parker, E.A. Ainsworth, G.G. Vining, J. Szarka, F.L. Booker and X. Xu, An investigation of widespread ozone damage to the soybean crop in the upper Midwest determined from ground-based and satellite measurements, Atmos. Environ. 2010, doi:10.1016/jatmosenv.2010.01.015.

Visualizing the Impact of Global Change

Ozone Bio-Monitoring Project with National Park Service Initiated in 2005

Healthy milkweed plant Milkweed plant damaged by high levels of ozone in Great Smokey

Mountains National Park

An extension of the GLOBE Project

Dr. Irene Ladd Dr. John Skelly

Dr. Margaret Pippin Dr. Jack Fishman

NASA Langley Research Center

Field Guide Started in 2005 under GLOBE Project

Completed in March 2011

http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/ozonegarden/pdf/Bio-guide-final-

3_15_11.pdf

• Designated as Official NASA Educational Resource • NASA currently funding project to develop website that supports Field Guide • First prototype garden opened in St. Louis at McDonnell Planetarium in Forest Park (2012)

Layout of Garden Adapted from Field Guide

~15 feet

~15 feet

Plants in Each Garden: • Black Cherry Tree • Tall Milkweed • Common Milkweed • Cutleaf Coneflower • Sensitive Snap Bean • O3-Tolerant Snap Bean

X

• Other plants may be added in future years • Potatoes • Soybeans

Genetically engineered to be resistant to O3

Snap beans showing O3 damage

Ozone Enters Leaves through Stomata and Damage can be Quantified

Implementation of the Prototype Ozone Garden: A Partnership between Saint Louis University,

Missouri Botanical Garden Saint Louis Science Center

(Internally funded through the Center for Environmental Sciences)

• Garden Located at St. Louis Planetarium • Summer students selected through “YES” program

Missouri Botanical Garden will cultivate plants during fall and winter and will oversee planting and maintenance

• SLU oversees project • Biological and O3 data will be incorporated into courses • Project Manager oversees health of garden and foliar injury data collection

The St Louis Ozone Garden in Forest Park at Saint Louis Science Center’s McDonnell Planetarium

May 25, 2012

June 12, 2012

Quantification and Progression of Foliar Damage Details Outlined in Bio-Indicator Guide

Is there a relationship between higher ozone concentrations and observed foliar damage?

Ozone-Sensitive and Ozone-Tolerant

Snap Bean Plants

Ozone Monitor Purchased from Two B Technologies

• Rugged system designed for “citizen science” use • Currently used at ~70 sites as part of “GO3” Network (http://go3project.com/network2/index.php/pages/about) • Working with John Birks to coordinate efforts with GO3 • Reasonable cost: $5000 for monitor and $1000 for Davis weather station

The St Louis Ozone Garden in Forest Park at Saint Louis Science Center’s McDonnell Planetarium

Grand Opening – May 5, 2012

The Ozone Garden is a Member of the GO3 Project

• “Citizen Scientist” group developed to promote awareness of global air pollution • Started by John Birks, retired chemistry professor at University of Colorado • Educational modules developed by GO3 staff From the GO3 website: In the GO3 Project, students at more than 80 schools in 25 countries around the world measure air pollutants on a continuous basis and upload their data to a public database for graphing and display on Google Earth. Ground level ozone is measured in the Global Ozone Project. … Together, GO3 students are learning and practicing the science of atmospheric chemistry, building the world's first global database for air pollutants, and proposing solutions to global environmental problems.

Ozone Measurements: May 24 – May 31, 2012 The St Louis Ozone Garden in Forest Park at

Saint Louis Science Center’s McDonnell Planetarium

Ozone and Temperature Measurements: May 24 – May 31, 2012 The St Louis Ozone Garden in Forest Park at

Saint Louis Science Center’s McDonnell Planetarium

Record High T (at STL)

Website Development in Support of Bio-Indicator Guide

Example: Assessing Damage to Coneflower & Recording Data

Digital images will be maintained and catalogued for post-analysis and quality control

Paper Describing Measurements from our GLOBE Project were

published (2008) in:

Bulletin, American Meteorological Society

“The work you have done for the GLOBE Program is tremendous…”

Al Gore