the springer index of viruses || rhinovirus∗
TRANSCRIPT
Rhinovirus∗
Picornaviridae
Dieter Blaas . Tim Skern
. Human rhinovirus 2. Fig. 1
Electron cryo-microscopy image reconstruction. Length of bar (nm): 10
Virion
Morphology: Icosahedral
∗
t
e
C#
Envelope:
Following the recommendations of the ICTV (http:/
he genus Enterovirus, which now includes the specie
nterovirus B, and simian enterovirus A.
. Tidona, G. Darai (eds.), The Springer Index of Viru
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
No
Diameter (nm):
30Length (nm):
–Structural Components:
CapsidBuoyant Density (g/mL):
1.24–1.41Buoyant Density Method:
Metrizamide and CsClLipid Composition:
No lipidAdditional Information:
Cleft (‘‘canyon’’) around five-fold axes of icosahedral symmetry/ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp?version=2009) the former genus Rhinovirus was merged with
s bovine enterovirus, human enterovirus A, B, C, and D, human rhinovirus A, B, and C, porcine
ses, DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-95919-1,
1326 Rhinovirus
Genome
Nucleic Acid: RNA
Strandedness:
Single-strandedPolarity:
Positive-senseConfiguration:
LinearSegment Organization:
Segment no. 1 (kb): 7.1One segment(s):
7.1 (kb) total (calculated)G + C content (%):
39mRNA Transcripts:
1Open reading frames:
1Additional information:
Contains covalently linked Vpg at 50 end and poly-A at its 30 endReplication
Entry mechanism: Receptor-mediated endocytosis via LDLR (12 types) or via ICAM-1 (87 types)
Site of transcription:
Cytoplasm (membrane-associated)Transcriptase:
Virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3D)Site of genome replication:
Cytoplasm (membrane-associated)Replicase:
Virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3D)Replication ntermediate:
Double-stranded RNASite of virion assembly:
CytoplasmEgress mechanism:
Cell lysis or other unknown mechanismAdditional information:
Replication in association with membranesHistory
Year of
event
1914
Event
Intranasal inoculation with filtrates of nasal secretions of patients
References
Kruse W (1914) Munch Med Wochenschr
with colds induce colds in volunteers
Isolation of a virus from patients with a common cold infection
61:1547
Price WH (1956) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
195642:892–896
Tyrrell DAJ, Chanock RM (1963) Science
1963 Coining of the term ‘‘rhinovirus’’141:152–153
Kapikian AZ et al (1967) Nature 213:761–763
1967 Numbering system of rhinoviruses established by a collaborativeprogram (HRV1A - HRV55)
Characterization of rhinovirus particles and polypeptides
19711972
Characterization of the early events of virus - cell interactionMedappa KC et al (1971) Virology 44:259–270
Lonberg-Holm K, Korant BD (1972) J Virol
9:29–40
Rhinovirus 1327
Year of
event
1973
Event
Crystallization of a rhinovirus
References
Korant BD, Stasny JT (1973) Virology
55:410–417
Lonberg-Holm K et al (1976) Nature
1976 First classification of rhinoviruses according to receptor groups259:679–681
Cooney MK et al (1982) Infect Immun
1982 Antigenic groupings of 90 rhinovirus serotypes37:642–647
Stanway G et al (1984) Nucleic Acids Res
1984 First complete nucleotide sequence of a rhinovirus (HRV14)12:7859–7875
Rossmann MG et al (1985) Nature
1985 Three-dimensional structure of a rhinovirus (HRV14) at atomicresolution
Isolation of a receptor protein involved in attachment of human
317:145–153
Tomassini JE, Colonno RJ (1986) J Virol
1986rhinoviruses
Identification of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) as major
58:290–295
Staunton DE et al (1989) Cell 56:849–853;
1989group rhinovirus receptor
Cryo-EM structure of the major group rhinovirus HRV14 complexed
Greve JM et al (1989) Cell 56:839–847
Olson NH et al (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1993to soluble ICAM-1
Identification of LDL-receptor and LDL-receptor related protein
90:507–511
Hofer F et al (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1994(LRP) as minor group rhinovirus receptors
First X-ray structure of a rhinovirus protein (the 3 C proteinase)
91:1839–1842
Allaire M et al (1994) Nature 369:72–76
19941999
Determination of the structure of the 2A proteinase of a rhinovirus Petersen JF et al (1999) EMBO J 18:5463–54752004
Sequences of VP1 of all rhinoviruses determined; there are Ledford RM et al (2004) J Virol 78:3663–367473 subgenus A and 26 subgenus B types
First X-ray structure of a rhinovirus-receptor complex
2004 Verdaguer N et al (2004) Nature Struct MolBiol 11:429–434
Vlasak M et al (2005) J Virol 79:7389–7395
2005 Misclassification of two major group rhinoviruses corrected; thereare now 12 minor group and 87 major group types
Discovery of ‘‘new’’ rhinovirus types tentatively classified as
2006subgenus C (HRV-C)
Incorporation of the human rhinoviruses into the enterovirus genus
Lamson D et al (2006) J Infect Dis
194:1398–1402
http://www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.
2008asp?version=2008
2008
Two thousand and three hundred2,300 nucleotide sequences(partial or complete genome) of more than 100 human rhinovirus
genotypes determined and deposited in the database
Entire genome sequences of 99 HRV serotypes determined
2009 Palmenberg AC et al (2009) Science 324:55–59Genus Members
Wild-
Species name
Human rhinovirus A, human rhinovirus B,
Synonyms
type
strains/
isolates
Natural
host
range
Human
Experimental host
range
Human and monkey;
Membership
status
human rhinovirus C (not yet approved by the
ICTV) (HRV-A, HRV-B, HRV-C)
and some
monkeys
can be adapted to
grow in mouse
. Genome organization of human rhinoviruses. Fig. 2
Vpg genome linked protein (3B), P1 capsid protein region, ntr non-translated region
1328 Rhinovirus
Nucleotide Sequences
Access
Genomic region
Complete genome
Species
HRV-A
Strain
HRV2
Nucleotides
7,102
number
X02316
References
Skern T et al (1985) Nucleic Acids Res 13:2111–2126
Complete genome
HRV-B HRV14 7,212 K02121 Stanway G et al (1984) Nucleic Acids Res 12:7859–7875Complete genome
HRV-A HRV89 7,152 M16248 Duechler M et al (1987) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA84:2605–2609
Hughes PJ et al (1988) J Gen Virol 69:49–58
Complete genomecomplete genome
HRV-A
HRV-A
HRV1B
HRV16
7,133
7,124
D00239
L24917
Lee WM et al (1995) Virus Genes 9:177–181Complete genome
HRV-C 024 7,099 EF582385 Lau SK et al (2007) J Clin Microbiol 45:3655–3664Complete genome
HRV-C 025 7,114 EF582386 Lau SK et al (2007) J Clin Microbiol 45:3655–3664Complete genome
HRV-C 026 7,086 EF582387 Lau SK et al (2007) J Clin Microbiol 45:3655–664Proteins
Protein Number Molecular
Protein name
Capsid protein 4
name
abbreviation
1A, VP4
of amino
acids
weight
(kDa)
7
Time of
expression
Accession
numbers
P23008, P12916,
Additional information
Myristoylated; generated by
P04936, Q82081,
P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P23008, P12916,
cleavage of VP0 upon
encapsidation of the RNA
Capsid protein 2
1B, VP2 29P04936, Q82081,
P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P23008, P12916,
Generated by cleavage of VP0
upon encapsidation of the RNA
Capsid protein 3
1C, VP3 20P04936, Q82081,
P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P23008, P12916,
Capsid protein 1 1D, VP1 40P04936, Q82081,
P03303, Q82122,
P07210
Rhinovirus 1329
Protein Number Molecular
Protein name
Proteinase 2A
name
abbreviation
2A
of amino
acids
weight
(kDa)
16
Time of
expression
Accession
numbers
P12916, P04936,
Additional information
Autocatalytic cysteine
P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P12916, P04936,
proteinase
2B
2B 11P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P12916, P04936,
Involved in RNA replication
2C
2C 37P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P12916, P04936,
Possibly involved in membrane
permeabilization, helicase?
3A
3A 9P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P12916, P04936,
Membrane-binding, inhibits
protein excretion, involved in
replication
Covalently linked to 50-end of
Viral proteingenome linked
(Vpg)
3C proteinase
3B
2.4P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P12916, P04936,
genomic RNA
3C
20P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P12916, P04936,
Autocatalytic cysteine
proteinase
RNA-dependent
RNA polymerase
3D
52P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P23008, P12916,
RNA polymerase, part of
replication complex
Capsid protein 0
1AB, VP0 36P04936, Q82081,
P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P23008, P12916,
Precusor of 1A and 1B, present
in empty capsids and to a low
extent in mature virions
2BC protein
2BC 48P04936, Q82081,
P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P23008, P12916,
Precursor of 2B and 2C,
involved in host range
determination
3CD protein
3CD 72P04936, Q82081,
P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P23008, P12916,
Precursor of 3C and 3D,
probably processing P1 to the
capsid proteins
P1 protein
P1 96P04936, Q82081,
P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P23008, P12916,
Precusor of capsid, product
of autocatalytic cleavage of
the growing polypeptide chain
by 2A
Precursor of 2A, 2B, and 2C
P2 protein P2 64P04936, Q82081,
P03303, Q82122,
P07210
P23008, P12916,
P3 protein P3 83P04936, Q82081,
P03303, Q82122,
P07210
Precusor of 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D
1330 Rhinovirus
Biology
Additional
Species
HRV-A
Permissive cell lines
H1-HeLa, WI-38, MRC-5, fetal
Tissue tropism
Ciliated epithelial cells,
Cytopathic effects
In vivo: minor changes;
information
Optimal growth
tonsil cells
H1-HeLa, WI-38, MRC-5, fetal
upper respiratory tract
Ciliated epithelial cells,
in vitro: cell lysis
In vivo: minor changes;
temperature 34�C
Optimal growth
HRV-Btonsil cells
H1-HeLa, WI-38, MRC-5, fetal
upper respiratory tract
Ciliated epithelial cells,
in vitro: cell lysis
In vivo: minor changes;
temperature 34�C
Optimal growth
HRV(unassigned to
species)
HRV-C
tonsil cells, for BRV: BEK, BK
upper respiratory tract in vitro: cell lysis temperature 34�CSo far not cultivable
So far not cultivable So far not cultivableDiseases
Affected Transmission Geographic
Disease
Common
Causative agent
HRV-A, HRV-B, HRV
organisms
Human
Disease characteristics
Sneezing, nasal obstruction,
route/vector
Airborne,
Treatment
distributionWorld-wide
cold
(unassigned to species) nasal discharge, sore throat direct contactDiagnosis
Sample Detection
Method
RT/PCR amplification of conserved
Species
HRV-A, HRV-B,
material
Nasal swabs
target
Viral RNA
Reference
Lamson D et al (2006) J Infect Dis
regions
HRV-C 194:1398–1402References
Gwaltney JM Jr (1975) Yale J Biol Med 48:17–45
Picornavirus database. http://www.picornaviridae.com
Semler BL, Wimmer E (eds) (2002) Molecular biology of picronaviruses.
ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp 20036–2904. ISBN-10: 1555812104
ISBN-13: 978–1555812102
Stanway G et al (2005) Family picornaviridae. In: Fauquet CM,MayoMA,
Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (eds) Virus taxonomy. Eighth
report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses.
Elsevier/Academic Press, London
Stott EJ, Killington RA (1972) Ann. Rev Microbiol 26:503–524
Turner RB, Couch RB (2007) Rhinoviruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM
(eds) Fields virology, 5th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
Philadelphia, pp 895–909. ISBN-10: 0781760607, ISBN-13: 978-
0781760607