the spanish american war u.s. history 2 ap mr. melvin unit 1, lesson 2
TRANSCRIPT
The Spanish American WarThe Spanish American War
U.S. History 2 AP U.S. History 2 AP
Mr. MelvinMr. Melvin
Unit 1, Lesson 2Unit 1, Lesson 2
Causes of the WarCauses of the War
Not caused by US expansionists and Not caused by US expansionists and imperialistsimperialists
Merely exploited pre-existing conditions in Merely exploited pre-existing conditions in CubaCuba
Spanish atrocitiesSpanish atrocities
Spanish AtrocitiesSpanish Atrocities
Spanish misgovernment led to revolt in Spanish misgovernment led to revolt in 1868-18781868-1878
February 1895February 1895– New Civil WarNew Civil War– Partially caused by US tariff (1894)Partially caused by US tariff (1894)
Cubans had to pay to trade raw sugar in USCubans had to pay to trade raw sugar in US– Crushed economyCrushed economy– Brought to light bigger Spanish misgovernmentBrought to light bigger Spanish misgovernment
1895 Cuban Revolt1895 Cuban Revolt
Imperial Spanish vs. Cuban “insurrectos”Imperial Spanish vs. Cuban “insurrectos”
Savage methods used from both:Savage methods used from both:– Cubans – destroyed property, sugar mills, and Cubans – destroyed property, sugar mills, and
cane fieldscane fields– Spanish – General Valerio WeylerSpanish – General Valerio Weyler
““The Butcher”The Butcher”
Reconcentration policyReconcentration policy
Barbed wire camps (2 years = 200,000 dead)Barbed wire camps (2 years = 200,000 dead)
Who is the enemy???Who is the enemy???
““The Butcher”The Butcher”
Fighting a guerilla Fighting a guerilla rebellionrebellion
Did he have a Did he have a choice??choice??
How could he restore How could he restore order??order??
The Yellow PressThe Yellow Press
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.sensations and attract readers.
Further aroused US JingoismFurther aroused US Jingoism
““This is a neighbor fighting for their This is a neighbor fighting for their independence!”independence!”
The Spaniards are evil!The Spaniards are evil!
Circulation WarCirculation War
William Randolph William Randolph Hearst (NY Journal)Hearst (NY Journal)
Joseph Pulitzer (NY Joseph Pulitzer (NY World)World)
Propaganda PicturesPropaganda Pictures
Frederic RemingtonFrederic Remington Employed by HearstEmployed by Hearst
““You furnish me the You furnish me the pictures and I will pictures and I will furnish the war.”furnish the war.”
Pictures of US Pictures of US women being strip women being strip searchedsearched
Political CartoonsPolitical Cartoons
Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism
Even after 3 years of yellow journalism, Even after 3 years of yellow journalism, the US did not move to warthe US did not move to war
Other causesOther causes
Other CausesOther Causes
Protestants/MoralistsProtestants/Moralists
Help out CubansHelp out Cubans
““Moralistic Moralistic Aggression”Aggression”
No desire to annex No desire to annex CubaCuba
Other CausesOther Causes
Outward Imperialists – Military Glory and Outward Imperialists – Military Glory and AggressionAggression
U.S. InterventionU.S. Intervention
President Cleveland resisted mounting President Cleveland resisted mounting pressurespressures– Not giving Cuba belligerent rightsNot giving Cuba belligerent rights– Not allowing gun running to CubaNot allowing gun running to Cuba– Changed in 1896:Changed in 1896:
Speech rationalizing warSpeech rationalizing war
U.S InterventionU.S Intervention
President McKinley tried to calm jingoist President McKinley tried to calm jingoist spirits (Keep Republican Party united)spirits (Keep Republican Party united)New Spanish government:New Spanish government:Attempted to change policiesAttempted to change policies– Removed WeylerRemoved Weyler– Gave Cubans some self-government (No Gave Cubans some self-government (No
independence)independence)– Spaniards in Cuba – No Cuban rule!Spaniards in Cuba – No Cuban rule!– Cubans – We want independence!Cubans – We want independence!
President William McKinleyPresident William McKinley
2525thth President of the President of the United StatesUnited States
RepublicanRepublican
Served 1896-1901Served 1896-1901
Last Civil War veteran Last Civil War veteran to be presidentto be president
Hated WarHated War
U.S. InterventionU.S. Intervention
Other incidents/accidents pushed US closer to Other incidents/accidents pushed US closer to warwarDeLome Letter (February 9, 1898)DeLome Letter (February 9, 1898)Stolen from Spanish minister to US, partially Stolen from Spanish minister to US, partially edited by Hearst, and publishededited by Hearst, and publishedInsults McKinleyInsults McKinley"...McKinley is weak and catering to the rabble "...McKinley is weak and catering to the rabble and, besides, a low politician who desires to and, besides, a low politician who desires to leave a door open to himself and to stand well leave a door open to himself and to stand well with the jingos of his party." with the jingos of his party."
Sinking of the U.S.S. MaineSinking of the U.S.S. Maine
Battleship sent to guard US civilians in Battleship sent to guard US civilians in HavanaHavana
Blew up on February 15, 1898 (260 dead)Blew up on February 15, 1898 (260 dead)
Investigations:Investigations:– US – external explosionUS – external explosion– Spain – internal explosionSpain – internal explosion
The MaineThe Maine
The MaineThe Maine
Sinking of the U.S.S. MaineSinking of the U.S.S. Maine
U.S. Senate voted for $50 million in U.S. Senate voted for $50 million in defense spending (before investigation defense spending (before investigation complete)complete)
March 19,1898 – Senator Proctor’s March 19,1898 – Senator Proctor’s SpeechSpeech– Tells of atrocities he saw while visiting CubaTells of atrocities he saw while visiting Cuba– Convinces neutrals in CongressConvinces neutrals in Congress
McKinley’s Proposal to SpainMcKinley’s Proposal to Spain
March 27, 1898March 27, 1898– Calls for end of reconcentration, armistice Calls for end of reconcentration, armistice
until Oct. 1, and peace talks with insurgents until Oct. 1, and peace talks with insurgents through the USthrough the US
– March 28 – sent telegram saying Cuban March 28 – sent telegram saying Cuban independence a necessary outcome for independence a necessary outcome for successful negotiationssuccessful negotiations
– McKinley didn’t want war, but wanted to McKinley didn’t want war, but wanted to keep Republicans unifiedkeep Republicans unified
Spain’s conundrumSpain’s conundrum
If it says no – risk war with USIf it says no – risk war with US
Probably lose all overseas empiresProbably lose all overseas empires
If it says yes – risk revolution at homeIf it says yes – risk revolution at home
Government will be seen as weakGovernment will be seen as weak
Asks for European interventionAsks for European intervention– European powers only ask McKinley not to go European powers only ask McKinley not to go
to warto war– Will not militarily back SpainWill not militarily back Spain
Spanish ResponseSpanish Response
Message sent on March 31, 1898Message sent on March 31, 1898
Stop reconcentration and grant armisticeStop reconcentration and grant armistice
April 9April 9thth – Spain stops hostilities on its own – Spain stops hostilities on its own
April 10April 10thth – Tells U.S. it can’t give Cuban – Tells U.S. it can’t give Cuban independenceindependence– US Minister in Spain believes peace can be US Minister in Spain believes peace can be
achieved during armisticeachieved during armistice
How to Proceed?How to Proceed?
April 11 – McKinley gives speech to Congress April 11 – McKinley gives speech to Congress (little mention of Spain’s concessions)(little mention of Spain’s concessions)
April 19 – Congress passes resolution to April 19 – Congress passes resolution to recognize Cuban independencerecognize Cuban independence
Also passes Teller AmendmentAlso passes Teller Amendment
US will not annex Cuba (free hand on other US will not annex Cuba (free hand on other Spanish possessions)Spanish possessions)
April 24 – Spain declares war on USApril 24 – Spain declares war on US
April 25 – US declares war on SpainApril 25 – US declares war on Spain
Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War
Over in 10 weeksOver in 10 weeks
John Hay called it “The Splendid Little John Hay called it “The Splendid Little War”War”
Confirmed a romantic view towards warConfirmed a romantic view towards war
Most popular of US warsMost popular of US wars– Over before war weariness set inOver before war weariness set in
Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War
US developed Naval Plan in 1896 (in case US developed Naval Plan in 1896 (in case war EVER broke out)war EVER broke out)
Commodore George Dewey’s Fleet sent to Commodore George Dewey’s Fleet sent to Hong KongHong Kong
Capture Manila Bay (Philippines) on April Capture Manila Bay (Philippines) on April 30, 189830, 1898
Destroyed Spanish Naval power in PacificDestroyed Spanish Naval power in Pacific
Spanish American WarSpanish American War
Army much less preparedArmy much less prepared
Expeditionary Force – 26,000 troopsExpeditionary Force – 26,000 troops
No plans, strategy, etc.No plans, strategy, etc.
Embarked from Tampa, FloridaEmbarked from Tampa, Florida
General William Shafter in chargeGeneral William Shafter in charge
Transportation broke down, “yellow plague” Transportation broke down, “yellow plague” broke outbroke out
Scapegoat – Secretary of War Russell AlgerScapegoat – Secretary of War Russell Alger
Spanish American WarSpanish American War
Spanish fleet blockaded Spanish fleet blockaded in Santiago Harborin Santiago Harbor
Easy to land U.S. Army Easy to land U.S. Army (June 20, 1898)(June 20, 1898)
18,000 US vs. 200,000 18,000 US vs. 200,000 SpanishSpanish
Only 13,000 at landing Only 13,000 at landing sitesite
Bad Communication plus Bad Communication plus hostile population in hostile population in revoltrevolt
The Rough RidersThe Rough Riders
Most famous unit of warMost famous unit of war
Commanded by Leonard WoodCommanded by Leonard Wood
Teddy Roosevelt second-in-commandTeddy Roosevelt second-in-command
Spanish American WarSpanish American War
US objective was San Juan Hill US objective was San Juan Hill (overlooking Santiago)(overlooking Santiago)
July 2, 1898 – captured Kettle HillJuly 2, 1898 – captured Kettle Hill
July 3, 1898 – Spanish fleet attempts to July 3, 1898 – Spanish fleet attempts to leave Santiago Harbor and is sunkleave Santiago Harbor and is sunk– 400 dead400 dead
Spanish American WarSpanish American War
The End of the WarThe End of the War
July 16, 1898 – Spanish surrender in CubaJuly 16, 1898 – Spanish surrender in CubaJuly 21, 1898 – General Nelson A. Miles July 21, 1898 – General Nelson A. Miles lands in Puerto Rico lands in Puerto Rico Captured by August 12Captured by August 12thth, 1898, 1898Dewey waits for US troops to arrive in Dewey waits for US troops to arrive in PhilippinesPhilippinesCaptures Manila by August 14Captures Manila by August 14thth, 1898, 1898Assisted by Emilio Aguinaldo and Filipino Assisted by Emilio Aguinaldo and Filipino insurgentsinsurgents
The End of the WarThe End of the War
Armistice arranged between countries on Armistice arranged between countries on August 12, 1898August 12, 1898
Spain sued for peace on July 18, 1898Spain sued for peace on July 18, 1898
What took so long?????What took so long?????
Spain agreed to give up control of CubaSpain agreed to give up control of Cuba
Conference set for October 1, 1898 in Conference set for October 1, 1898 in Paris would work out peace and future of Paris would work out peace and future of other Spanish imperial possessionsother Spanish imperial possessions
Text CitationsText Citationshttp://www.spanamwar.com/weyler.JPGhttp://www.spanamwar.com/weyler.JPG
http://www.spanamwar.com/press.htmhttp://www.spanamwar.com/press.htm
http://www.fredericremington.orghttp://www.fredericremington.org
http://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_journalism.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_journalism.html
http://historyspace.mrlocke.com/TeddyRoosevelt.jpghttp://historyspace.mrlocke.com/TeddyRoosevelt.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Alfred-Thayer-Mahan.jpg/98px-Alfred-Thayer-Mahan.jhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Alfred-Thayer-Mahan.jpg/98px-Alfred-Thayer-Mahan.jpgpg
http://www.iamthewitness.com/books/img/Henry.Cabot.Lodge.jpghttp://www.iamthewitness.com/books/img/Henry.Cabot.Lodge.jpg
http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/mckinley.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/mckinley.html
http://smartregion.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/USS-Maine.jpghttp://smartregion.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/USS-Maine.jpg
http://www.pbs.org/crucible/headline6.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/crucible/headline6.html
http://www.spanamwar.com/Mbaynewyorkworld.htmhttp://www.spanamwar.com/Mbaynewyorkworld.htm
http://www.historicmapsrestored.com/media/maps/international/ss_size1/spanish_american_war_1898_a.jpghttp://www.historicmapsrestored.com/media/maps/international/ss_size1/spanish_american_war_1898_a.jpg
http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/graph%20harv%20col/HC1x4.jpghttp://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/graph%20harv%20col/HC1x4.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Uukx4jpMBQ4/SxBJRCKF2II/AAAAAAAAAIs/0ipG00Hc7rY/s1600/http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Uukx4jpMBQ4/SxBJRCKF2II/AAAAAAAAAIs/0ipG00Hc7rY/s1600/Charge_of_the_Rough_Riders_at_San_Juan_Hill.JPGCharge_of_the_Rough_Riders_at_San_Juan_Hill.JPG
http://uncoeducation.com/virtualmuseum/sites/default/files/images/San_Juan_Hill_by_Kurz_and_Allison.JPGhttp://uncoeducation.com/virtualmuseum/sites/default/files/images/San_Juan_Hill_by_Kurz_and_Allison.JPG
http://media3.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/photo/2008/07/03/PH2008070303098.jpghttp://media3.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/photo/2008/07/03/PH2008070303098.jpg