the solutrean of altamira the artifactua

8/2/2019 The Solutrean of Altamira the Artifactua

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R E S U M E NSe presenta una clasificacin de la coleccin entera de Obermaier del nivel Solutrense Superior deAltamira, que incluye 522 piezas lticas retocadas,699 de material de desecho, otros objetos de piedra, 37 tiles de hueso y de asta, y los restos defauna con procedencia solutrense segura. Se compara la distribucin de tiles lricos de Altamira,sirvindose de ndices y grficos cumulati vos, co nlas colecciones del Solutrense Superior de Cueto de

la Mina y de Laugerie-Haute Est. En tanto que elslex predomina como materia prima lo mismo parapuntas solutrenses que para el resto de la industria,la cuarcita en cambio fue utilizada relativamentecon ms frecuencia para fabricar puntas, que parahacer otros tiles. Las azagayas seas presentan unagran variedad de secciones (incluso cuadrangulares),siendo representadas tanto las de bisel sencillo enla base como las de bisel central.La nueva identificacin cuantitativa de la fauna corrobora sustanciaknente la lista de Obermaierde 1935, acerca de la relativa abundancia de las es

pecies. Se confirma la presencia de foca y con menos seguridad tambin la de reno. La presencia degamo no ha podido ser confirmada y las placas grabadas de collar, interpretadas anteriormente como de marfil de mamut, han sido ahoraidentificadas definitivamente como trozos de hiodesde caballo. Numricamente, la ms importante especie abatida fue el ciervo, pero resulta igual o inferior en peso de carne aprovechable a los grandesZ E P H Y R V S , X X V I - X X V I I , 1 9 7 6

The Solutrean of Altamira:T h e A r t i f a c t u a l a n d F a u n a l E v i d e n c e

J E S S A L T U N A Y L A W R E N C E G . S T R A U S

Bvidos y caballo, tambin cazados durante la ocupacin solutrense de Altamira.Trata de los posibles habitats ecolgicos de losdiferentes animales representados.

INTRODUCTIONIn 1924 and 1925, Profesor Hugo Obermaierconducted excavations in the vestibule of the cave

of Altamira, the last and most important in a series of such investigations which began with thefirst collection of objects by Sautuola. Obermaier'sexcavation, still visible today, consisted of a large,roughly square trench located on the left side ofthe vestibule, between the cave entrance and thelocation of Alcalde del Rio's earlier excavation(now covered by the massive artificial roof-supportbetween the vestibule and the entrance to theHall of Paintings). The results of this latest excavation, along with a resume of anterior aroheo-logical investigations in Altamira, were publishedten years later in the magnificent volume, The Ca-ve of Altamira by Breuil and Obermaier (1935).

Below rockfall and stalagmitic layers, Obermaierencountered Lower Magdalenian and Upper Solutrean levels, both located in the midst of layers ofrockfall. He was unable to excavate further, dueto a massive amount of rockfall below the Solutrean, at an average depth of 2.5 metres. Accordingto the publication (1935: 178):


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17 6 Jess Alluna y Lawrence G. StrausNo clear-cut definite separation existed[between the Magdalenian and Solutreanlevels] in the part excavated, but the Solutrean level was more reddish.

Naturally, especially given the large quantity ofSolutrean points in the Altamira site, the two levels were distinguishable on the basis of their artifact assemblages, even if the exact depositional limits were not completely secure, in the absence,for example, of any separating sterile lens. Judgingfrom the published section (fig. 164), the Solutreanlevel had a maximum thickness of about 0.5 m.,and was probably excavated in an area of somewhat less than 8 by 6 metres, on the basis of inspection of the excavation in its present state. However, the actual volume of Solutrean cultural deposits excavated must have been substantially lessthan 24 cubic metres, since much of the Solutreanlevel (like the Magdalenian one) was filled withroof-fall blocks (1935: 177-9).

It is the purpose of this brief note to present aclassification and preliminary analysis of the materials collected by Obermaier from the Upper Solutrean of Altamira lithics, bone tools, and faunaespecially to provide a quantitative picture of thedata already published by the excavator, to whosework one is referred for a more ample descriptionof the investigations, complete with excellent illustrations of some of the materials recovered. Thecollections studied are located in the old museumconstructed by the Duke of Alba at Altamira, andhave been organized following indications on labels (and on German newspapers of the era) inObermaier's handwriting. In addition, a small lotof seventeen Altamira Solutrean artifacts located inthe Field Museum of Chicago, probably pertainingto Obermaier's excavations as well, has been addedto the large lithic inventory compiled at Santillana.The Sautuola and Alcalde del Rio lithic collectionsdisplayed in the Museo Provincial de Prehistoriain Santander have not been amalgamated with thelarge and representative Obermaier collection, iin-ce they are both clearly highly selected, composedoverwhelmingly of Solutrean points.A R T I F A C T S

Table I includes the classification of those pieces with dear Solutrean provenience, following the

type-list for the Upper Paleolithic of de Sonneville-Bordes and Perrot (1954, 1955, & 1956). 52 ofthe 91 types are represented, a figure which atteststo the completeness of the collection, as does thefact that most of the Solutrean points figured inthe original publication (Breuil and Obermahr1935) are present in it, despite their well-knownsuitability (or susceptability) for presentation tomuseums or private collectors. A Solutrean collection of similar size, that of Level E of Cueto de laMina, excavated a few years earlier (Vega del Sella1916), has at least one of each of 47 of the 91 deSonneville-Bordes and Perrot types (Straus 1974).Figure I is a graphic representation of the Altamira Solutrean industry. It should be noted thatthere is a distinct similarity between this cumula

tive graph of the total provenienced collection of522 pieces, and the one published by GonzlezEohegaray in a study of the Magdalenian III (1971:326), based on a sample of 216 pieces. In terms ofquantity of artifacts alone, Altamira, together withCueto de la Mina, is the most important Solutreansite in Cantabria.It is instructive to compare these two large andimportant sites by means of their respective artifact indices. The Altamira collection (see Table I)has 13.2 % Solutrean points, whereas Cueto de laMina F, with 117 tools, has 15.4 %, and the combined Level E collection, with 584, has 15.9 % .Altamira remains somewhat lower in Solutreancharacteristics, with 16.1 % of its (total) toolsbearing some Solutrean retouch, as opposed to24.8 % and 22.1 % in Cueto de la Mina F and Erespectively. An important difference between Altamira and both Cueto de la Mina levels, is apparent in the proportions of endscrapers and burins:Altamira has 25 .1 % endscrapers and 20.8 % burins (i. e. nearly the equal of the end'scraper percentage); Cueto de la Mina F, on the contrary, has35.0 % endscrapers and only 6.8 % burins, whileLevel E has 30.8 % endscrapers and only 6.8 %burins. This difference can hardly be fortuitous,and is possibly indicative of somewhat differentactivities in the two sites. Naturally, Altamira hasmuch larger percentages of both dihedral burinsand burins on truncations that Cueto de la Mina'sassemblages, but in both sites, the former are morethan twice as numerous as the latter.

Perforators, while rare at both sites as isusual in the Cantabrian Upper Paleolithic are


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The Solutrean of Altamira: The A rtif actual and Tannai Evidence 17 7mucin more frequent (4.6 %) in Altamira's Solutrean than in either Cueto de la Mina F (with noperforators of bees) or E (with 2.6 % ). On thecontrary, Altamira has only 12 8 % denticulate andnotched pieces, as compared with 23.9 % (nearlydouble) in Cueto de la Mina F, and 17.8 % inLevel E. All three indus tries have about 8 % ofartifacts composing the so-called Aurignaeiangroup index, while there is a range of from between 1.7 and 6.2 % for the Perigordian group,with the Altamira percentage (4.24 %) falling between those of Cueto de la Mina F and E. o l -

%

-f

60

50

40

30 -

10

F ! Cj U R E' ! L\w


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178 Jess Altuna y Lawrence G. Strausof cores and tools made on cores, it is sufficientlylarge to judge the relative care with which Ober-maier dug in Altamira. Missing are many of thesmallest flakes, bladelets, and chips, such as werecollected in the recent excavation of Cueva MornAn interesting fact, also presented in Table 1,

circular cross-section with central flattening, 4 withsingle-bevel ends, and 2 with quadrangular cross-section. Many of these points are engraved, especially with diagonal tick-marks. In addition, thereare a number of pierced animal teeth: pierced horse and large bovid incisors, red deer and fox ca-iocj:

80

70

io

0

30

F I G U R E H : C u- l et i* . R W . - e G oV "( i t S a v a i t - B o rn es t. Pcrr0+ Tyft L i s i )

/ /

- AlW.r S.LW., (* :


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The Solutrean of Alt am ir a: The Artif actual and Faunal Evidence 179TABLE I: Lith ic Indus t ry

ALTAMIRA Solu t rean (Obermaier 1924-25)( S a n r l l a n a & Chicago collections) de Sonneville-Bordes & Perro t Type L is t ( t ras la t ion a f te r Moure)

1.2.3 .5.8.11 .12 .13 .14 .15 .16 .17 .22 .

23 .24 .25 .26 .27 .28 .29 .30 .31 .32 .35 .36 .37 .38 .39 .

Raspador s imple 3 tpico doble sobre hoja retocada sobre lasca aquillado aqu'l la do atipico alto en hocico p lano en hocico nucleiformeCepi l lo (Rabot)R a s p a d o r - bur i lPer fo rador - bur i lPer fo rador atipico (Bec) ml t ip leMicroperforadorBur i l d iedro rec to died ro rebajado d iedro de ngulo sobre rotura ml t ip le d iedro curvo a rqueado sobre trunc atura retobada sobre t runca tura re tocada sobre t runca tura re tocada transversal sobre trunca tu

obli

215161614128541231148118323782cu a 12cncava 6convexa 3r a l a t e r a l 3 transversa l sobre escotadura 1

. 3 9 %2.86 %.19 %1 .15%. 1 9 %1 .15%2.69 %2.30 %1.53%10.34 %2 . 3 0 %. 5 9 %. 1 9 %2.68 %1 .53%. 1 9 %.19 %1 .53%. 5 9 %. 3 9 %7.09 %1.53%.39 %2.30 %1 .15%. 5 9 %.59 %. 1 9 %

40 .41 .43 .44 .58 .59 .60 .61 .62 .63 .65 .66 .68 .69 .70 .71 .72 .73 .74 .75 .76 .77 .78 .85.89 .92 .

Burn ml t ip le obre t runca tura re tocada 4 ml t ip le mix to nucleiforme p lanoHoja de borde reba jado to ta lHoja de borde rebajado parcialPieza de t runca tura rec ta oblicua cncava convexa de re toques con t . sobre 1 bor. de re toques con t . sobre 2 bor.Hoja de esco taduraP u n t a de cara planaHoja de laurelHoja de sauceP u n t a de muesca solutrenseP icoPieza de esco tadura den t icu lada esqu i r ladaRaederaR a c l e t a ( R a d e t t e )Hoj i ta de dorsoHoj i ta de esco taduraDiversos

T O T A L :

21161146634519120151420150172193125

52 2

.79 %.39 %. 1 9 %3.06 %. 1 9 %.19 %.79 %1 .15%1.15%.59 %8.62 %3.63 %. 1 9 %3.83 %2.85 %2.68 %3.83 %. 1 9 %9.58 %3.26 %. 3 9 %3.64 %.59 %. 1 9 %.39 %. 9 6 %

I N D I C E S : n d i c e de t i les so lu t renses : re toque so lu t rense : raspadores : bur i les : perforadores : piezas den t icu ladas : raspadores aur iac ienses :

del grupo aur iac iense : grupo per igord iense : de bur i les d iedros : bur i les sobre t runca tura :

W A S T E , etc.:13.2 % N m e r o de ncleos : 5616.1 % hojas : 24925.1 % lascas: 20420.8 % hoj i tas : 834. 6 % hojitas de golpe de b u r i l : 712.8 % trozos de ocre : 1027,67 % p e r c u t o r e s : 58.25 % piedras a molinar : 74.25 % c h o p p e r / chopping too ls : 211.1 %

4. 0 %Proporc iones de mater ia p r ima:

Slex Cuarci ta Cuarzo Calcedo.

Puntas so lu t rensesJ ?.s dems Diezr.s reto.Debr is79.1 %89.3 %80.1 %

17.9 %3 . 5 %7 . 2 %L. G.

3.0 %5 . 9 % 1.0%12.3 % 0.4 %Straus 1973


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180 Jess Altuna y Lawrence G. StrausTABLE I I : Fauns

ALTAMIRA Solutrean (Obermaier 1924-25) (Santillana collection)Minimum Number of individual per anima ipeuics

Cervus elaphusEquus caballusLarge Bovid (Bos / Bison)Capra pyrenaicaRupicapra rupicapraCapreolus capreolusSu s scrofaRangifer tarandus (? )Ursus spelaeusVulpes vulpesPboca cf . vitulinaGyps or Aegypius (vulture)Aquila (? )Middle - size bird

208522121521111

(2 young)*(2 young)(all adult)(1 very young)(1 very young)(adult)(1 quite aid)(1 fragment of antler badly eroded)(1 old, 3 yong, & 1 very young)(1 very yong)(1 phalanx)

MolluscaAbout 300 Patella vulgata of medium to large sizeAbout 75 Litorina littorea.

* all individuals are adult, except where noted.J. Altuna 1974

Santi l lana to San Sebast in for def in i t ive identif ica t io n an d q u an t i ta t iv e an a ly s i s in th e Lab o ra to r iod e Pa leo n to lo g a , So c ied ad d e Cien c ias Natu ra lesAran zad i . Th e r esu l t s o f th i s s tu d y a r e p r esen tedin Tab le I I in th e fo rm o f min imu m n u mb er s o findiv iduals per species .

In general , the quanti tat ive analysis g ives resu l t s co r r esp o n d in g to Ob ermaie r ' s e s t imates o f r e la t iv e ab u n d an ce : r ed d eer ( 2 0 in d iv id u a ls min i m u m ) , h o r se (8 ) , an d la rg e b o v id s (p ro b ab ly b o thBo s a n d Bison) (5 ) a r e a l l l i s ted b y Ob ermaie r as v ery ab u n d an t (1 9 3 5 : 1 7 9 ) . M o u n ta in g o a t an dch amo is , b o th w i th a min imu m o f two in d iv id u a lsin the preserved co llect ion , are l is ted as fair lyab u n d an t , th o u g h fo x an d w i ld b o ar , a l so w i thtwo in d iv id u a ls each , a r e d escr ib ed b y Ob ermaie ras r a r e (1 9 3 5 : 1 7 9 ) . Ro e d eer , w i th o n ly o n eindiv idual represented in the co llect ion , is descr ib ed as r a r e . No t r ep resen ted in th e co l lec t io n o frecently re- identif ied remains are wolf, lynx , fal lowd eer , an d mammo th , e i th e r d u e to mis id en t i f ica t io nin the or ig inal publicat ion (as in the case of mammoth at leas t) , o r due to loss of the relevant bones

or teeth of these species , which , at any rate , wereor ig inally published as rare or quest ionable i .e . :(Dama).There is indeed a seal represented in the Solu t r ean o f A l tamir a ; h o wev er i t s n ew id en t i f ica t io nis based on a rear f ir s t phalanx , and not on a can i n e , as p u b l i sh ed in 1 9 3 5 (p 1 8 0 ) . Th i s can in eis apparently miss ing . There is also at leas t one(p ro b ab le ) r e in d eer r ep resen ted in th e co l lec t io n ,based , as in the or ig inal identif icat ion , on one f latan t le r f r ag men t , u n fo r tu n a te ly r a th er e ro d ed . Th er e a r e n o r e in d eer t ee th o r b o n es r ep resen ted . Th eo r ig in a l id en t i f ica t io n o f mammo th was b ased o nfour carved and p ierced pendants , said by Obermaie r to b e o f iv o ry (1 9 3 5 : 1 8 0 & 1 8 8 ) . A l th o u g ha t l eas t o n e mammo th i s r ep resen ted in th e So lu trean Level E of Cueto de la Mina (Vega del Sella1916) ( identif icat ion k indly conf irmed by E. Agui-r r e ) , th ese fo u r A l tamir a p en d an ts , o f wh ich p h o to g rap h s (1 9 3 5 : f ig . 1 7 1 ) an d measu remen ts werep ro v id ed b y Ob ermaie r , a r e cu t s ec t io n s o f h o r sehyoid bones , bo th on the basis of their overal lmo rp h o lo g y an d in te rn a l s t r u c tu r e . Th ere a r e n o


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The Solutrean of Altamira: The Arti]actual and Faunal Evidence 18 1remains of mammoth in the collections studied.The probable presence of reindeer in the UpperSolutrean of Altamira, Aitzbitarte, and Ermittia(Altuna 1972), and of mammoth in Cueto de laMina E (Vega del Sella 1916) confirms, however,the picture of a rigourous, albeit fluctuating UpperSolutrean-age climate, as generally indicated by sedimentological and palynological studies in the upper levels of Cueva Morn (see Butzer 1971 &1973, and Leroi-Gourhan 1971).The 1935 listing of a doubtful fallow deer remains unconfirmed: there are no remains of thkanimal in the preserved Altamira Solutrean provenience collection. In effect, it would be unusual tofind remains of this Mediterranean species in anUpper Pteniglaeial deposit in Cantabria (especiallyif it be that of a stadial oscillation), though thereare three possible parietal representations of Damain El Buxu (Obermaier and Vega del Sella 1918:Plate 17), Castillo (Garcia Guinea & GonzlezEchegaray 1966: 32 & fig. 4), and La Pasiega (Gonzlez Echegaray & Moure 1971: 403). Unpublishedidentifications of Dama in the Solutrean of Castillo by Vaufrey also remain unconfirmed to date(along with that of Dama in the Magdalenian [?1of La Paloma [Hernndez-Pacheco 1923: 211).The three birds (one vulture, one probable eagle, and a mediumsize bird) may well have beencaptured, or collected (already dead) for their feathers. The seal the only one known from a Can-tabrian Paleolithic midden deposit was probablypicked up on a nearby beach after becoming stranded at low tide, or after washing ashore dead.The presence at least occasional of seals mCantabrian waters is in addition testified to by thetwo parietal engravings of this animal in Pea deCandamo (Hernndez-Pacheco 1919: figs. 62 & 63).The some 300 limpets and 75 winkles if at allrepresentative of the original quantity of molluscsin the Solutrean level would have contributed little to the diet, except in the way of providing variety. They could have been procured on coastalrocks only a couple of hours walk from the cave,even if the Wrm-age sea level had been severalscore metres lower than at present, due to thenarrowness of the neighboring coastal shelf. Obermaier (1935: 180) states that shellfish were farfewer in the Solutrean leved than in the Magdalenian.

Clearly, red deer, essential a woodland anima!

at present, was the numerically most frequentlyhunted animal in the Altamira Solutrean, a statuswhich it holds in all the studied Asturian Solutrean faunal collections (Straus 1974), and in allthose of Santander and the Basque Country, exceptBolinkoba (Straus unpublished data), Ermittia, andCueva Morn (Atuna 1972). However, in terms ousable meat weight, the five large Bovidae alladults together with the eight horses, would potentially have more than equalled red deer in dietetic importance. Of course, red deer had morethan simply a food use, since its antler tines wereoften converted into various types of tools, and itsteeth into ornaments.In addition to red deer, there are two otherspecies represented in the Altamira Solutrean collection which would have preferred woodland or forest-edge habitats: roe deer and boar. Horse and,possibly, Bos an d Bison would have lived on opengrasslands, whereas reindeer can be found in agreat variety of habitats open or wooded (atleast today) given certain climatic limitations.The Wrm glacial environment of the large rollingcoastal plain surrounding the Altamira hill wouldhave provided both large rich grasslands, as wellas woodlands located in sheltered valleys, such as,perhaps, the deep, protected Santillana uvala.There are four animals (two each of mountaingoat and chamois) which, while not necessarilyconfined (except by active hunting with guns) toheights such as those of the Picos de Europa,where at least the chamois still lives today, prefersteep, rocky sllopes or cliffs. The presence of theseanimals in a site in the midst of a large plain albeit rolling may indicate that the Solutrean hunters may have made occasional expeditions to foothills or areas with cliff-faces. (Hills of some 800m. in altitude are located starting at a minimumof 11 km. north of Altamira, but there are steepslopes and cliffs dominating the course of the RioSaja in places at less than half this distance. Oneof these cliffs, incidentally, contains the minor Solutrean site of Pea de Carranceja (see Cartaihac &Breuil [1906: 274], possibly a hunting camp forAltamira) .CONCLUSIONS

In summary, the Obermaier collection from Al-/amira contains an important Solutrean lithic and


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18 2 Jess Altuna y Lawrence G. Strausb o n e i n d u s t r y , c o m p a r a b l e , w i t h i n the l i m i t s imp o s e d by p o ss ib le fu n c t io n a l and cu l tu r a l d i f f e r en ces amo n g s i tes an d r eg io n s , w i th so me o th er typ ica l Up p er So lu t r ean as semb lag es . The eq u a l ly imp o r tan t f au n a! co l lec t io n in c lu d es a w i d e r a n g e olg ame an imals (as w e l l as fur and f ea th er -b ear in gsp ec ies ) , but seems to suggest n d e g r e e of special iza t io n in red d eer h u n t in g , co u p led w i th an at l eas teq u a l ly h eav y d ie te t ic d ep en d en ce on h o r s e and lar-

ALTUNA, J.: 1972. Fauna de Mamferos de los YacimientosPrehistricos de Guipzcoa, M un i be 24 .

B R E U I L , H. and O B E R M A I E R , H.: 1935. The Cave of Alta-mira at Santillana del Mar, Spain. M a dr i d .

BUTZER, K. W.: 1971. Comunicacin preliminar sobre lageologia de Cueva Mor'in, in Gonzlez Echegaray, Free-man, et al., Cueva Mor'tn. Excavaciones 1966-1968.Santande r , pp. 343-56.

Ibid. : 197'3. Notas sobre la geomorfologia regional de laparte occidental de la Provincia de Santander y la estra-tigrafa de Cueva Morn, in Gonzlez Echegaray, Free-man, et al., Cueva Morn. Excavaciones 1969. Sant ande r .

CARTAILHAC, E. and B R E U I L , H.: 1906. La caverne d'Alta-mira Santillane, prs Santander (Espagn e). M ona c o .

G A R C A G U I N E A , M.-A. and G O N Z L E Z E C H E G A R A Y , J.: 1966.Nouvelles re prsentations d'art rupestre dans la grottede Castillo, Bulle t in de la Soci t Prhis tor ique del 'Arige. 21 : 27-34.

GONZLEZ ECHEGARAY, J.: 1971. Apreciaciones cuantitativas sobre el Magdaleniense III de la costa cantbrica,M un i be 23: 327-7.

Ibid. : 1973. Nuevas aportaciones al estudio del Paleolticosuperior de Cueva Morn, in Gonzlez Echegaray, Free-man, et al., Cueva Morn. Excavaciones 1969. Santander , pp . 165-216.

G O N Z L E Z E C H E G A R A Y , J. and M O U R E R O M A N I L L O , J. A.:1971. Represen taciones rupestres inditas en la Cuevade la Pasiega (Puente Viesgo, Santander), Trabajos dePrehi s tor i a 28: 401-5.

HERNNDEZ-PACHECO, E.: 1919. La Caverna de la Pea deCandamo, Comis in de Invest igaciones Paleontolgicasy Prehis tr icas, Mem. 24 .

ge Bovidae. As its name implies, Akamira is situate d on a hill with a commanding view of the surrounding plain, with many sheltered karstic hollows. In addition, this site, so famous for its rupestra! art, is located within practicable walking distance of the seacoast and the Cordilleran foothills, withtheir respective Wrm-age food and raw materialresources.

Ibid.: 1923. La vida de nuestros antecesores paleolticos,segn los resultados de las excavaciones en la Cavernade la Paloma (Asturias), C. I, P. P. M e m or i a , 31.

LEROI-GOURHAN, Ari.: 1971. Anlisis polnico de CuevaMorn, in Gonzlez Echegaray, Freeman et al., op. cit.,pp . 359-65.

O B E R M A I E R , H. and EL C O N D E DE LA V E G A DEL S E L L A :1918. La Cueva del Buxu (Asturias), C. I. P. P. Memor ia, 20 .S O N N E V I L L E - B O R D E S , D. de and P E R R O T , J.: 1954, 1955 &1956. Lexique typologique du Palolithique suprieur,Bulle t in de la Soci t Prhis tor ique f ranaise, 51: 327-35 , 52: 76-9, 53 : 408-12 & 547-59.STRAUS, L. G.: A preliminary note on the Solutrean of

Asturias (unpubl i shed m.s. 1974) .V E G A DELS E L L A , C O N D E DE LA: 1916. Paleoltico de Cueto

de la Mina (Asturias). C. L P. P. M e m or i a , 13.SMITH, P. E. L.: 1966. Le Solutren en France. Bordeaux

A c know l e dge m e n t s :T ha nks are grateful ly extended to Dr. M.-A. GarciaGuinea , Di rec tor of the Santande r Museum, for permiss ionto t r anspor t the faunal collection to San Sebast in for study. Sr. F. Mndez de la Tor re , Di r ec tor of Public Rela t ionsfo r the Caves of Al tami ra , and his staff graciously providedall facilities required for the organizat ion an d s tudy of thecollections located in Sant i l lana , as did Dr. Glen Cole , Cur a tor of Prehi s tory , for those located in the Fie ld Museumof Natural Sciences in Chicago. Research conducted by

Strauss was in l a rge pa r t suppor t ed by the National Science Founda t ion (U.S.A. ) .

B I B L I O G R A P H Y

the solutrean of altamira the artifactua

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