The Solid EarthThe Solid Earth

Layers and StructureLayers and Structure

More than meets the eye…More than meets the eye…

What is the Earth like?What is the Earth like?

Earth like an Apple…Earth like an Apple…

Travel from the Outside In…Travel from the Outside In…

The Crust- the SKINThe Crust- the SKIN

Crust-Crust- made of mostly O and Si (and made of mostly O and Si (and others such as Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K and Mg)others such as Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K and Mg)

Oceanic- under the ocean

Thinner than continental. Continental- part of the land, under your feet

Mantle- the FLESHMantle- the FLESH

Mantle-Mantle- Divided into two parts Divided into two parts

Upper Lower

L A

Upper MantleUpper Mantle

Divided into two parts- think L.A.Divided into two parts- think L.A.

Asthenosphere- plastic like, semi-solid, flows like silly putty, caramel

Lithosphere- rigid (hard, stiff)

Note: includes the crust (can break!!!)

Lower MantleLower Mantle

Semi SolidSemi SolidWhat does it mean?What does it mean?

Outer CoreOuter Core

LiquidLiquid Made up of Fe and NiMade up of Fe and Ni VERY HotVERY Hot

Inner Core- the PITInner Core- the PIT

SolidSolid Mostly iron (Fe)Mostly iron (Fe) Also nickel (Ni)Also nickel (Ni) Very hotVery hot

What does it all look like?What does it all look like?

The Layers…The Layers…

Lower Mantle

Upper Mantle

Oceanic Crust under ocean

Continental Crust

Do you Know it?Do you Know it?

This does not include the core!!!

You got it?You got it?

What is the Moho?What is the Moho?

Mohorovicic DiscontinuityMohorovicic DiscontinuityWhat is it?What is it?

Apples or avocados??? Apples or avocados??? What do you like? What do you like?

One last look... One last look...

Do you know it?Do you know it?

Continental DriftContinental Drift

ObservationsObservations Moving landMoving land Hypothesis that says Hypothesis that says

the continents have the continents have once been joined once been joined togethertogether

PangaeaPangaea

How?How?

Under the sea…Under the sea…

Mid-Atlantic RidgeMid-Atlantic Ridge Mid-ocean RidgesMid-ocean Ridges

Evidence?Evidence?

Seafloor spreadingSeafloor spreading Moving seafloorMoving seafloor New rock from the New rock from the

inner earthinner earth

Can you?Can you?

Plate tectonicsPlate tectonics

The theory of plate tectonics describes The theory of plate tectonics describes how and why the continents move.how and why the continents move.

PlatePlate= rigid slab/piece of rock= rigid slab/piece of rockTektonikosTektonikos= greek word meaning = greek word meaning

“construction” or “to build”“construction” or “to build”

How does this look like?How does this look like?

The Earth’s crust is broken into large pieces The Earth’s crust is broken into large pieces called called platesplates. Imagine a cracked, hard-boiled . Imagine a cracked, hard-boiled egg. egg.

Plate BoundariesPlate Boundaries

The Edges of the plates, where they touch other The Edges of the plates, where they touch other plates, are called plates, are called plate boundariesplate boundaries

Plate Movement vs. BoundaryPlate Movement vs. Boundary

The way the plates move, determines the The way the plates move, determines the type of plate boundary… meaning…type of plate boundary… meaning…

Convergent Divergent TransformTowards Each other Away from each other Slip sideways

past each other

Plate MovementPlate Movement

These plates move in three different These plates move in three different waysways

A.A. Towards eachotherTowards eachother

B.B. Away from eachotherAway from eachother

C.C. Slip sideways past eachotherSlip sideways past eachother

What does it look like?What does it look like?

Once again…Once again…

Divergent BoundaryDivergent Boundary

Plates pulling away from one anotherPlates pulling away from one another What do we get? Ocean Ridges (under water) What do we get? Ocean Ridges (under water)

or Rift Valleys (on land)or Rift Valleys (on land)

Transform BoundaryTransform Boundary

Plates slide and grind next to each other, side to sidePlates slide and grind next to each other, side to side What do we get? Faults, earthquakes. San FranciscoWhat do we get? Faults, earthquakes. San Francisco

Convergent BoundaryConvergent Boundary Plates push against each Plates push against each

otherother How many kinds?How many kinds? O+O, C+O and C+CO+O, C+O and C+C What do we get?What do we get?

What happens? Why?What happens? Why?

The movement of these plates over The movement of these plates over millions of years have caused the millions of years have caused the continents to continents to driftdrift (move). (move). Think Pangea.Think Pangea.

The oceans and continents sit on top of The oceans and continents sit on top of these plates and therefore they move these plates and therefore they move when the plates move.when the plates move.

Why? Why? Convection currentsConvection currents within the within the Earth Layers. Earth Layers. Think pot of boiling water!Think pot of boiling water!

Earthquake NotesEarthquake Notes

Yes, Cornell Notes…Yes, Cornell Notes…Ch. 6, p. 99Ch. 6, p. 99

Questions to answer p. 99Questions to answer p. 991.1. What is the definition of an What is the definition of an earthquakeearthquake??2.2. What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?3.3. What is an What is an epicenterepicenter? ? FocusFocus? ? MagnitudeMagnitude??4.4. What causes most earthquakes? Where?What causes most earthquakes? Where?5.5. At what kind of boundaries?At what kind of boundaries?6.6. Where are earthquakes most likely to occur around Where are earthquakes most likely to occur around

the world? the world? 7.7. What is the What is the Pacific Ring of FirePacific Ring of Fire??8.8. What is a What is a fault zonefault zone??9.9. What instrument do we use to measure What instrument do we use to measure

earthquakes?earthquakes?10.10. What does this instrument measure?What does this instrument measure?11.11. How many kinds of waves are there? How many kinds of waves are there? 12.12. What makes them different? What are they?What makes them different? What are they?13.13. How do we locate an earthquake?How do we locate an earthquake?14.14. What is the scale we use to measure earthquakes?What is the scale we use to measure earthquakes?15.15. What does the scale measure?What does the scale measure?

What are Earthquakes? Where?What are Earthquakes? Where?

Vibrations of the Earth’s crustVibrations of the Earth’s crustWhere?Where?They occur mostly when rocks under They occur mostly when rocks under

stress suddenly shift or move along a stress suddenly shift or move along a faultfaultWhat is a What is a locked faultlocked fault??

Elastic Rebound TheoryElastic Rebound Theory

Words to know…Words to know…

Seismic Waves-Seismic Waves- energy in the form of energy in the form of vibrations as the rocks movevibrations as the rocks move

AftershocksAftershocks- smaller tremors, as the - smaller tremors, as the rocks come back into their original positionrocks come back into their original position

FocusFocus- where rocks first slip- where rocks first slipEpicenterEpicenter- point on the earth’s surface - point on the earth’s surface

directly above the focusdirectly above the focusMagnitude-Magnitude- how strong how strong

What’s it look like?What’s it look like?

The Pacific Ring of FireThe Pacific Ring of Fire

The Pacific Ring of FireThe Pacific Ring of Fire

What?What? Where?Where? What?What? Fault ZonesFault Zones VolcanoesVolcanoes TrenchesTrenches

How do we measure… just kidding!How do we measure… just kidding!

How do we measure?How do we measure?

SeismographSeismograph Detects and records Detects and records

seismic waves in seismic waves in three different ways three different ways (guess?)(guess?)

What kind of waves?What kind of waves?

Seismic WavesSeismic Waves P waves-P waves- primary waves- primary waves-

fastest, travel through fastest, travel through solid and liquidsolid and liquid

S waves-S waves- secondary secondary waves, travel through waves, travel through solid onlysolid only

Surface Waves-Surface Waves- when P when P and S waves reach the and S waves reach the surface, they become surface, they become surface waves, slowestsurface waves, slowest

Think water ripple Think water ripple effect…effect…

Waves…Waves…

Locating an EarthquakeLocating an Earthquake

Three Stations Three Stations neededneeded

Why?Why? How?How?

How do we measure an How do we measure an Earthquake?Earthquake?

MagnitudeMagnitude ( (Richter Richter ScaleScale)- measures )- measures energy released, energy released, related to cause. 1 related to cause. 1 and upand up

IntensityIntensity ( (Mercalli Mercalli ScaleScale)- measures )- measures amount of demage it amount of demage it causes, related to causes, related to effect. I to XII and effect. I to XII and descriptiondescription

Last notes…Last notes… Tsunamis-Tsunamis- giant wave caused by an earthquake giant wave caused by an earthquake

whose epicenter is on or under the ocean floor.whose epicenter is on or under the ocean floor. AftershocksAftershocks PredictionsPredictions Pg. 111….think video we saw. Pg. 111….think video we saw.