The Solar SystemChapter 22

Pages 612-633

Nebular Hypothesis of Solar System Formation.

Solar System

Planets drawn to scale• Distances not to scale• Earth approximately 12,800

km diameter• Earth is about 150,000,000

km from Sun

Composition of planets

• Rocky material– Silicate minerals– Metal compounds—mostly iron

• Ices—note the ‘s’– Ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, water

• Gases– Predominantly hydrogen and helium

Types of planets

• Terrestrial planets– Mostly silica and metallic compounds– Very little amount of gases and ices

• Jovian planets—‘like Jupiter’– Lots of gases and ices– Substantial amounts of rocky material in their

core—silica and metal

Moon

• 3475 km diameter

• Density ~ Earth’s mantle

http://www.astrosurf.com/cidadao/moon_99_03_01.jpg

Meteor Impact

Compression Wave

Ejecta Rim

Euler Crater

Lunar Features

Maria Formation

Flood Basalt

Lunar Exploration

Footprint in lunar regolith

Moon formation

http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/

Impact of asteroid

http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/

Ejecta from impact

http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/

Coalesced to form Moon

http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/

Moon was initially hot

http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/

Moon by Apollo 17

CrewRight part of

photo is ‘dark side’that cannot be seen from Earth

http://spacekids.hq.nasa.gov/osskids/animate/moon.html

Rayed Crater

http://cnr2.kent.edu/~manley/copernicus_crater_area.jpg

Mercury

http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/mercury.html

http://www.solarviews.com/cap/merc/mercury.htm

Mariner 10

• 1973 launch• Venus and

Mercury in 1974

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mar10/m1004.htm

Venus

http://www.solarviews.com/raw/venus/venusvis.gif

Venus Clouds

• Ultraviolet light photograph

http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/gif/Venus.jpg

Venus surface features

• Magellan radar image mosaic

Venus surface features

• False color Magellan mosaic

http://www.solarviews.com/browse/venus/venus1.jpg

Venera 9 Photos

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/venus/venera9-10.jpg

Mars

• Photo by Hubble

http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1995/16/image/b

Mars South Polar

Ice-cap

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/marssp.htm

Schiaparelli Crater

• 461 km diameter

• CO2 frost at lower right

• Mosaic from Viking

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/schiap.htm

Volcanoes on Left

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/valmar.htm

Clouds over

peaks

• Mosaic by Mars Global Surveyor MOC

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/global.htm

Olympus Mons

• 624 km diameter

• 25 km high

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/olympus.htm

Valles Marineris

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/valmar.htm

Water Features on Mars

http://www.solarviews.com/raw/mars/network.gif

Evidence of water seeps on

Mars?

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/water.htm

View from Viking Lander

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/vlfmos21.htm

View from Viking Lander

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/vlpan22.htm

View from Sojourner Lander

Phobos, by Viking

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/phobos.htm

Deimos, by Viking

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/deimos.htm

Jupiter (Earth for

Scale)

Jupiter’s cloud belts

Hubble view of Jupiter

• Arrow shows entry point of Galileo probe, Dec. 1995

http://www.solarviews.com/raw/jup/vjupitr5.mpg

• http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/hstimages.html

Link to rotating view of Jupiter

http://www.solarviews.com/raw/jup/vjupitr5.mpg

Galilean moons

• http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00743

Io

• True color on top• Enhanced color on

bottom• Surface covered with

calderas (like Crater Lake…without the water!)

• http://www.nineplanets.org/io.html

Volcanic Plume on Io

Europa

• http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00746

Ganymede

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9903/ganymede_galmosaic_big.jpg

Callisto

• http://www.solarviews.com/cap/jup/callist1.htm

Four Inner moons of Jupiter

• Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, Thebe• Amalthea is 247 km across• Photos by Galileo probe, 1996-97

• http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/ganymede/PIA01076.html

http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/ganymede/PIA01076_full.jpg

Jupiter’s outermost ring

• Discovered by Voyager I• This photo by Galileo space probe--

November 9, 1996

• http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/callisto/p48188.html

http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/callisto/PIA00538_full.jpg

Saturn

• Voyager I, II went there in 1980, 81• This photo by Cassini in 2004

• http://www.nineplanets.org/saturn.html• http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/overview/index.cfm

http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA06193

True-color image of Saturn’s

rings

• http://satur ils.cfm?path=../multimedia/images/rings/images/PIA05421.jpg&type=imagen.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/image-deta

Saturn

Saturn and some of its moons

Titan

• http://ciclops.lpl.arizona.edu/view.php?id=575

River system on Titan

• http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Cassini-Huygens/SEMHB881Y3E_1.html

Enceladus

• http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/saturn/encelads.htm

Uranus

Uranus (by Hubble)

• http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1996/15/image/a

Neptune

Pluto and Charon

• Size and orientation with respect to Earth

• Outermost ‘planet’ and moon in solar system

Orbits of outer planets

• Notice Pluto is sometimes closer to Sun than Neptune

• http://www.nineplanets.org/plutodyn.html

Inclination of Pluto’s orbit

• http://www.nineplanets.org/plutodyn.html

Pluto and Charon

HST image

• http://www.solarviews.com/cap/pluto/pluto3.htm

Ceres composition

• http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/050907_ceres_planet.html

2003 UB 313 is Eris

http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/#size

Asteroids

Ida, Gaspra, Deimos, Phobos

• http://www.nineplanets.org/asteroids.html

Asteroids

Gaspra

Orbit of 2004 DW Kuiper Belt Object

In redCompare

to Pluto in black

• http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Echad/2004dw/

Comet

Detail of Comet

Hale Bopp

Meteors

• http://www.jplnet.com/img2002/meteor.jpg• http://www.dmsweb.org/

Major Impact Structures

Meteor Crater, Arizona

• http://www.xtec.es/recursos/astronom/craters/METEOR.jpg

Manicouagan, Quebec

Shoemaker-Levy 9

• http://www.nineplanets.org/sl9.html

SL9 scar on Jupiter

• http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/sl9/image/sl9g_hst5.gif

The Solar SystemNebular Hypothesis of Solar System Formation.Solar SystemPlanets drawn to scaleComposition of planetsTypes of planetsMoonMeteor ImpactCompression WaveEjecta RimEuler CraterLunar FeaturesMaria FormationFlood BasaltLunar ExplorationFootprint in lunar regolithMoon formationImpact of asteroidEjecta from impactCoalesced to form MoonMoon was initially hotMoon by Apollo 17 CrewRayed CraterMercuryMariner 10VenusVenus CloudsVenus surface featuresVenus surface featuresVenera 9 PhotosMarsMars South Polar �Ice-capSchiaparelli CraterVolcanoes on LeftClouds over peaksOlympus MonsValles MarinerisWater Features on MarsEvidence of water seeps on Mars?View from Viking LanderView from Viking LanderView from Sojourner LanderPhobos, by VikingDeimos, by VikingJupiter �(Earth for Scale)Jupiter’s cloud beltsHubble view of JupiterGalilean moonsIoVolcanic Plume on IoEuropaGanymedeCallistoFour Inner moons of JupiterJupiter’s outermost ringSaturnTrue-color image of Saturn’s ringsSaturnSaturn and some of its moonsTitanRiver system on TitanEnceladusUranusUranus (by Hubble)NeptunePluto and CharonOrbits of outer planetsInclination of Pluto’s orbitPluto and Charon Ceres composition2003 UB 313 is ErisAsteroidsAsteroidsGaspraOrbit of 2004 DW Kuiper Belt ObjectCometDetail of CometHale BoppMeteorsMajor Impact StructuresMeteor Crater, ArizonaManicouagan, QuebecShoemaker-Levy 9SL9 scar on Jupiter