DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

MODULE HANDBOOK

2008-2009

THEMES AND METHODS IN MEDICAL HISTORY

Co-ordinator: Dr Claudia Stein

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Table of Contents

Context of Module 3Module Aims 3Useful Information 3Seminar Information / Reading Information / Assessment 5Week 1: Situating Medical Practice and Thought in History (PP) 6Week 2: Medicine in the Early Modern Period (C St) 7Week 3: Medicine in the Enlightenment (C St) 8Week 4: Modernity and Medicine (MT) 10Week 5: Medicine and Postmodernity (S Hod) 11Week 6: Reading WeekWeek 7: The ‘Birth’ of the History of Medicine (C St) 12

Week 8: History from Below: The Social History of Medicine and

Subaltern Studies 13Week 9: Constructing Meaning: Social Studies of Scientific

Knowledge and the History of Medicine (RB) 15Week 10: Constructing Meaning: Social Studies of Scientific

Knowledge and the History of Medicine II (RB/C St) 16

Illustrative Bibliography 18

Context of ModuleThe module may be taken by students on the MA Medical History, the MA in History, or any taught Masters students outside the History Department.

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Module Aims

This module is designed to introduce students to both major developments in medical thought and technology AND main methodological approaches and debates used within the field of History of Medicine. It covers the period from Graeco-Roman Antiquity and early Islamic culture to the twenty-first century, and invites the students to think comparatively about medicine across space (and time!) through sessions on Asia as well as Britain, Europe and the US. The module focuses on the evolution of ideas, language and technologies within medicine, the reception of these new approaches and lay responses to them, the structure of medical practice, and the scientific, social, and cultural context of medical intervention. Students are encouraged to situate medical practice in a broad historical and theoretical context, and to frame discussions in seminars through reading a series of seminal texts in the field. It also provides the opportunity to link this to sources available to the historian of medicine (e.g. medical texts, practice records, diaries, case records, public health reports and health propaganda, and visual sources: art, architecture, film and photography). The course is team-taught, drawing on a range of expertise from Antiquity to the twenty-first century, and covering Britain, continental Europe, United States and Asia.

Useful Information

Module Leader Dr Claudia SteinModule Tutors (2008-9): Dr Roberta Bivins (room H327), Prof. David Hardiman (room H411), Dr Sarah Hodges (room H330), Dr Peter Pormann (Classics, H2..), Dr Claudia Stein (room H312), Dr Mathew Thomson (room H310)

Module Leader contact information Dr Claudia SteinRoom H312 (Humanities Building)Department of HistoryEmail: claudia.stein@warwick.ac.ukTel: 024-765-23428Administrator Centre for the History of MedicineMs Molly RogersRoom H449a (Humanities Building)Email: molly.rogers@warwick.ac.ukTel. 024-6572601

Structure of Module The module will be taught in the autumn term over 10 weeks, including 1 reading week in the sixth week of the term. A preliminary meeting is scheduled on Thursday 25, 2008 in room H312.

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Background Reading

There is no textbook that covers the module as a whole, but particularly recommended books. Some of them are in multiple copies in the library.

Brunton, Deborah (ed.), Medicine Transformed: Health, Disease and Society in Europe, 1800-1939 (2004) (and the accompanying source book, Deborah Brunton (ed.), Health, Disease and Society in Europe 1800-1930 (2004).

Collins, Harry and Pinch, Trevor, Dr. Golem: How to Think about Medicine, (London, 2005). (recommendation for buying as it is a main reading and not enough copie in the library)

Cooter, Roger and Pickstone, John (eds), Medicine in the Twentieth Century (2000), new paperback edition entitled Companion to Medicine in the Twentieth Century (2003).

Huisman. Frank and Warner, John Harley (eds), Locating Medical History: The Stories and Their Meanings (2005).

King, Helen, Greek and Roman Medicine (2001) Siraisi, Nancy G., Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine (1990).

History of Medicine Seminar

This provides the opportunity to hear visiting speakers and takes place fortnightly on Wednesdays at 5pm (Weeks 3, 5, 7, 9 in the autumn term). Involvement of MA students is expected and non-attendance should be mentioned in advance. Programmes are advertised around the department.

Notice boards

Look out for notices about history of medicine activities in the Centre and further afield on the notice board outside Room 449. You will also be able to keep in touch with what’s happening in the Centre through our website: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/chm/

Seminar Information

Weekly seminar attendance is compulsory. The handbook offers a brief introduction to each topic. Some introductions offer questions to be addressed. You should consider these questions (formulate your own!) when you read the core reading in preparation for the seminars and be prepared to offer your opinion.

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ReadingCore reading and further reading will be set for each session. Students are required to read the core reading and recommended to dip into (read one or two items) the further reading before each seminar. The further reading will also provide material for essays. Copies of the core reading are available in the reading box in the Centre for the History of Medicine (in Room H449). This room also holds a small collection of key books, which you can borrow.

Assessment

1 x 5,000 word essay. You may want to draw on the reading and questions in this handbook for ideas, however you will also be able to develop an angle and title of your own through discussion with your seminar tutors.

Week 1: Situating Medical Practice and Thought in History (Dr P. Pormann)

The medical tradition of the Graeco-Roman world from 500 BC to AD 500, and its continuation in the Byzantine, Latin, and Arabic Middle Ages form the basis for all future developments in the nascent universities of Europe. Therefore any understanding of Renaissance and Early Modern medicine ought to be firmly rooted in an appreciation of such classics as Hippocrates (fl. 430s BC), Galen (d. AD 216/17), ar-Rāzī (d. ca. 925) and Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, d. 1037). These foundations of the

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Western medical tradition developed a medical theory called ‘humoral pathology’. Based on the Hippocratic text On the Nature of Man, Galen made this theory of the four humours (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) canonical. It dominated medicine until the early nineteenth century and is still visible in such terms as melancholy.

Seminar readings

Hippocrates, One the Nature of Man and On the Sacred Disease in: Hippocratic Writings, ed. G.E.R. Lloyd (1984).

Galen, On the Sects for Beginners in: Three Treatises on the Nature of Science tr. Michael Frede (1985).

Compulsory listening

podcast miniseries ‘Medieval Islamic Medicine’, available here:http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/audio/more/medislam/

Further Reading

King, Helen, Greek and Roman Medicine (2001) Pormann, Peter E. and Savage-Smith, Emilie, Medieval Islamic Medicine (2007) Nutton, Vivian, Ancient Medicine (2004)

Week 2: Medicine in the Early Modern Period (Dr C. Stein)

This seminar focuses on the early modern understanding of body and its medical care. Barbara Duden’s monograph The Woman Beneath the Skin (English translation 1991) still provides a provocative entry into this area of research. The introduction, which discusses various possibilities how to deal as an historian with bodily experiences pre-1800, will allow us to highlight important questions and problems involved in the study of the body and medicine in the early modern period. Nancy Siraisi’s chapter on how early modern contemporaries understood the functioning of

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their bodies will offer us the necessary historical background for Duden’s more theoretical piece.

Seminar Reading Duden, Barbara, The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor’s Patients in

Eighteenth-Century Germany (1991), Chapter 1 ‘Towards a History of the Body.’ Siraisi, Nancy G., Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine (1990), chapter on

physiology (or more if you like!)

Further Reading Brockliss, Lawrence and Jones, Colin, The Medical World of Early Modern

France (1997), chapter 1. Chapman, A., ‘Astrological Medicine’, in Webster ed., Health, Medicine and

Mortality in the Sixteenth Century (1979), pp. 275-300. Cook, Harold, The Decline of the Old Medical Regime in Stuart London (1986). French, Roger, Medicine Before Science. The Business of Medicine from the

Middle Ages to the Enlightenment (2003) Gentilcore, David, Healers and Healing in Early Modern Italy (Manchester

University Press, 1998), Chapter 1. Grell, Ole and Cunningham, Andrew (eds.), Religio Medici: Medicine and

Religion in Seventeenth-Century England (1996), pp. 62-90. Jenner, Mark and Wallis, Patrick (eds.), The Medical Marketplace and Its

Colonies c. 1450-c. 1850 (2007). Kassell, Lauren, Medicine and Magic in Elizabethan London. Simon Forman:

Astrologer, Alchemist and Physician (2005). Lindemann, Mary, Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe (1999). Pelling, Margaret, Medical Conflicts in Early Modern London Patronage,

Physicians, and Irregular Practitioners 1550-1640 (2003). Pomata, Gianna, Contracting a Cure: Patients, Healers and the Law in Early

Modern Bologna (1998). Porter, Roy, Health for Sale: Quackery in England, 1660-1850 (1988).

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Week 3 : Medicine in the Enlightenment (Dr C. Stein)

One of the most striking developments during the period of the so-called Enlightenment is the emergence of medicine in the service of the state. This phenomenon is part and parcel of a new technique of power, which the French philosopher Foucault labelled ‘biopower’. The term refers to the practice of states to increasingly regulate their subjects through ‘an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations’. (Foucault). In order to provide such universal control medicine developed new methods and practices, which targeted both, the individual and the population of a country as a whole. This seminar deals with one of the most important tools of population/individual control (still overly important today), which emerged during the Enlightenment: medical statistics.

Seminar Reading

Foucault, Michel, ‘The Politics of Health in the Eighteenth Century’, In Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977 ed. by Colin Gordon (1980), pp. 166-18.

Porter, Theodore, ‘ Medical Quantification: Science, Regulation, and the State, in Body Counts: Medical Quantification in Historical & Sociological Perspective, ed. by Jorland, Gerald/Annick Opinal/George Weisz (2005), pp. 394-401.

Rusnock, Andrea A., Vital Accounts: Quantifying Health and Population in Eighteenth-Century England and France (2002), Chapter 1-3, pp. 1-88.

Further Reading

Blum, Carol, Strength in Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth Century France (2002).

Cassedy, James H., ‘Medicine and the Rise of Statistics’, in Medicine in Seventeenth- Century England, ed. by Allen G. Debus (1974), pp. 283-312

DeLacy, Margaret, ‘Nosology, Mortality, and Disease Theory in the Eighteenth Century’, Journal of the History of Medicine 54 (1999), pp. 261-284.

Donnelly, Michael, ‘On Foucault’s Uses of the Notion of Biopower’, in Michel Foucault, Philosopher (1992).

Glass, D.V., Numbering the People: The Eighteenth-Century Population Controversy and the Development of Census and Vital Statistics in Britain (1973).

Hacking, Ian, ‘Biopower and the Avalanche of Printed Numbers’, Humanities in Society 2 (1982): 279-295.

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Hardy, Anne/Magnello Eileen (eds), The Road to Medical Statistics (Amsterdam, 2002).

Lecuyer, Bernard-Pierre, ‘The Statistisian’s Role in Society: the Institutional Establishment of Statistics in France’, Minerva 25 (1987): 277-33.

Outram, Dorinda, Science and the Enlightenment (2005).

Porter, Theodore, Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life (1986).

Woolf, Stuart J., ‘Towards the History of the Origins of Statistics: France, 1789-

1815’, In Jean-Claude Perrot and Stuart J. Woolfe (eds.), State and Society in France, 1789-1815 (1981).

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Week 4 : Modernity and Medicine (Dr M. Thomson)

This seminar reviews the changes in medicine, health care, and attitudes towards disease brought about by a series of changes associated with the onset and challenges of ‘modernity’. Most obviously, this entails consideration of a series of top-down processes: the impact of the rise of the nation, the state, and associated new bureaucracies, professions, and modes of governmental intervention and surveillance; the response to new problems and new awareness resulting from urbanisation and new modes of production associated with industrialisation; and the degree to which war acted as a stimulus for development. It also demands consideration of developments more internal to medicine: the discovery of microbes and genes; new technologies for seeing and testing the functions of the body; and new modes of organisation, entailing increased specialisation, and the increasing prominence of sites such as the laboratory and the clinic. However, it also calls for consideration of responses to modernity from below: the influence of ideas of citizenship; the increasing importance of demand arising from the advance of prosperity and a culture of consumption; and the ambivalence and even opposition in some circles towards the materialism of modern biomedicine.

Seminar Reading David Armstrong, ‘The New Hygiene of the Dispensary’, in Political Anatomy of

the Body: Medical Knowledge in Britain in the Twentieth Century (1983), pp. 7-18.

Brandt, Alan & Gardner, Martha, ‘The Golden Age of Medicine?’, in Roger Cooter & John Pickstone, (eds.) Medicine in the Twentieth Century (2000), pp. 21-37.

Cantor, David, ‘The Diseased Body’, in Cooter & Pickstone, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, pp. 347-66.

Pickstone, John, ‘Production, Community and Consumption: The Political Economy of Twentieth-Century Medicine’, in Cooter & Pickstone, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, pp. 1-19.

Further Reading Armstrong, David, Political Anatomy of the Body: Medical Knowledge in Britain

in the Twentieth Century (1983). Cooter, Roger, ‘War and Modern Medicine’, in William Bynum and Roy Porter

(eds.), Encyclopaedia of the History of Medicine Volume 2, pp. 1536-73. Cooter, Roger & Pickstone, John (eds.), Medicine in the 20th Century (2000) Cooter, Roger & Sturdy, Steve, ‘Science, Scientific Management and the

Transformation of Medicine in Britain, c. 1870-1950’, History of Science, 36 (1998), 1-47.

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Lawrence, Chris, ‘Incommunicable Knowledge: Science, Technology, and the Clinical Art in Britain, 1850-1914’, Journal of Contemporary History, 20 (1985): 503-20.

Lawrence, Chris, Medicine in the Making of Modern Britain, 1700-1920 (1994). Thomson, Mathew, ‘Psychology and the Consciousness of Modernity’, in B.

Rieger & M. Daunton (eds), Meaning of Modernity (2001), pp. 97-115.

Week 5 : Medicine and Postmodernity or Medicine in the late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Century (Dr S.Hodges)

Since the 1980s, the emergence and consolidation of the fields of genetics/genomics have changed the way medicine operates today and the way we understand the possibilities for intervening medically into “life”.

Please come to this session ready to discuss the following questions1. How far-reaching are these recent changes? Do they only apply to rich people in the postindustrial west? How might we consider them in a global context?

2. What challenges do these fields present to the historian of medicine? How is it possible or even desirable to study the history of the very recent past? In this context, is the “postmodern” a useful category?

ReadingEveryone should read the first two chapters listed below. Beyond that, have a look round at the internet resources listed below (elsewhere in historyland these might be considered “primary sources”) and come to the session prepared to discuss at least one of them. If, in the course of your surf, you come across sites you would like to talk to instead, then please come with the url so we can all look at them together.

Nikolas Rose, The Politics of Life Itself: Biomedicine, Power and Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century (2007), pp. 9-40.

Jon Turney and Brian Balmer, “The Genetic Body” in Roger Cooter and John Pickstone (eds), Medicine in the Twentieth Century, pp. 399-415.

Wikipedia entries for “personalized medicine”, “stem cells”, “cord blood”

http://www.virginhealthbank.comhttp://www.personalizedmedicinecoalition.org

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Week 7 : The ‘Birth’ of the History of Medicine (Dr C.Stein)

Medical History today is a diverse field of scholarship with no self-evident identity or clear-cut boundaries to other disciplines. This term’s seminars will explore some of the historical endeavours, which have shaped the field of History of Medicine since the turn of the twentieth century when the subject became a coherent field of scholarship with disciplinary aspirations.

The first seminar deals with Medical History at the beginning of the twentieth century, a vital moment in the history of the instiutionalisation of the field.

Seminar Readings

Chapter 1, 4, 5, 6 and 7 in Huisman, Frank/ Warner, John Harley, Locating Medical History: The Stories and Their Meanings (2004)

Also, I want you to ‘choose’ a historian of medicine from the seminar readings and have a closer look at his/her work. During the seminar you will asked to present your thoughts about his/her history writing (style? method? intellectual agenda) and how you see it linked to wider the socio-cultural landscape in which the scholar wrote.

Further Readings

Brieger, Gert, ‘The Historiography of Medicine’, in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, ed. by W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (1993): 1-24.

Making Medical History: The Life and Times of Henry E. Sigerist, ed. by Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown (1997).

Frewer, Andreas and Roelcke, Volker, Die Institutionalisierung der Medizinhistoriographie: Entwicklungslinien vom 19. Ins 20. Jahrhundert (2001).

Reverby, Susan, and Rosner, David, ‘Beyond ‘the Great Doctors’’, in Health Care in America: Essays in Social History, ed. by ibid. (1979).

Warner, John Harley, ‘The History of Science and the Sciences of Medicine’, Osiris 10 (1995): 164-184.

Webster, Charles, ‘The Historiography of Medicine’, in Information Sources in the History of Science and Medicine, ed. by Pietro Corsi and Paul Weindling (1983), pp. 29-43.

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Week 8 : History from Below: The Social History of Medicine and Subaltern Studies (Prof. D. Hardiman)In this week, we shall focus on popular beliefs about healing and popular healing practices, asking how we should study and relate to them.This is sometimes characterised as ‘folk medicine’ – which is the subject of the reading by Loux.Murray Last, in another of the core texts, talks of ‘great’ and ‘little’ traditions.  Such a definition excludes not only western biomedicine, but also the ‘classical’ systems of healing found in the old civilisations, namely Unani Tibb (Islam), Ayurveda (India) and Chinese traditional medicine (China).Is the concept of ‘great’ and ‘little’ adequate? How do subordinate groups – the subject of Subaltern Studies – relate to such medicine and what are their own forms of healing?To make the session manageable, we shall focus on practices of healing in India, where a number of approaches and systems flourish alongside each other.

Seminar Reading

François Loux, ‘Folk Medicine,’ in W.F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, 1 (1993): 661-675.

Murray Last, ‘Non-Western Concepts of Disease,’ in W.F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, 1 (1993): 634-60.

Carol MacCormack, ‘Medicine and Anthropology,’ in W.F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, 2 (1993): 1436-1448.

Further Reading

David Arnold, Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India (California, 1993), Chapter 3: Smallpox: The Body of the Goddess, pp. 116-58, and Chapter 5: Plague: Assault on the Body, pp. 200-39.

David Hardiman, Missionaries and their Medicine: A Christian Modernity for Tribal India (2008), Chapter 2: The Bhils, pp. 19-50.

David Hardiman and Gauri Raje, ‘Practices of Healing in Tribal Gujarat’, Economic and Political Weekly (Mumbai), 43, 9, 1 (2008): 43-50.

Helen Lambert, ‘Plural Traditions? Folk Therapeutics and “English” Medicine in Rajasthan’, in Andrew Cunningham and Bridie Andrews (eds), Western Medicine as Contested Knowledge (1997), pp.191-211.A case study from Rajasthan, this provides perhaps the best introduction to the complex nature of medical belief in India.

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Helen Lambert, ‘The Cultural Logic of Indian Medicine: Prognosis and Etiology in Rajasthan Popular Therapeutics,’ Social Science and Medicine, 34, 10 (1992): 1069-76.

Langford, Jean M., Fluent Bodies: Ayurvedic Remedies for Postcolonial Imbalances (2002).

Roy Porter, ‘The Patient’s View: Doing History from Below,’ Theory and Society, 14, 2, (1985): 175-198.

Megan Vaughan, ‘Healing and Curing: Issues in the Social History and Anthropology of Medicine in Africa’, Social History of Medicine, 7 (1994): 285–6.

Week 9: Constructing Meaning: Social Studies of Scientific Knowledge and the History of Medicine (Dr R. Bivins)

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Since the 1970s, philosophers*, sociologists, anthropologists, linguists and economists have en masse turned their hands (and their respective disciplinary tools and approaches) to analysis of the place of the sciences in, and as, society. In the process, they created a new and burgeoning ‘interdiscipline’ known variously as ‘Science and Technology Studies’[ STS], ‘Sociology of Scientific Knowledge’ [SSK], or simply ‘Science Studies’. In these two sessions, we will explore the techniques and approaches developed in STS, and their impact on (or potential value for) the history of medicine. In session one (week 9), we will ask:

1. What does this STS/SSK/Science Studies stuff look like, anyway?2. Revolution or evolution (or: is this stuff really as new and powerful as it likes

to think?)3. What has it done for me lately?

Required reading (and yes, it’s big chunk. Hey, I spent a whole year in a class about this stuff! I recommend sampling a bit of each of the books, then reading the one you like best, alongside book reviews from JSTOR of the others – and the 4 articles, of course, as they are quite short):

‘The Significance of Science Studies’ 4S Review, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Summer, 1984), pp. 5-9

T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd. ed., (1970). Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of

Scientific Facts, Sage, Los Angeles, USA, 1979. (Or if you prefer your theory straight-up, rather than demonstrated in a case study, Bruno Latour, Science In Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (1987)

Hugh Gusterson Nuclear Weapons Testing: Scientific Experiment as Political Ritual. In Laura Nader (ed.), Naked Science: Anthropological Inquiry into Boundaries, Power, and Knowledge (New York: Routledge: 1996) pp. 131-147.

Langdon Winner, "Do Artifacts Have Politics?" in Daedalus, Vol. 109, No. 1, Winter 1980. Reprinted in The Social Shaping of Technology, edited by Donald A. MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (1985; second edition 1999).

*Oh all right, since you ask, yes the philosophers have been doing this for much longer – but no one really took any notice until the sociologists joined in, and the philosophers got political…

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Week 10: Constructing Meaning: Social Studies of Scientific Knowledge and the History of Medicine II (Dr R. Bivins/ Dr C. Stein)So: we know what STS is/does. Now, can we use it, or is there something special about medicine (or its history), socially, culturally, or politically, that invalidates the approach, or renders the tools less flexible, or strips them of analytical traction?

In this session, we will ask:

1. What happens when social scientists and anthropologists look from the sciences to medicine?

2. Do the lenses that they bring to bear on the social practices and productions of scientific knowledge and spaces offer new insights when turned upon medical knowledge, expertise and culture?

3. What are the relative strengths and weaknesses of these approaches, and how can we get the good bits whilst sidestepping the bad?

Seminar Readings

Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch, Dr. Golem: How to Think about Medicine (2005) [NOTE: read this book critically; its strengths and weaknesses are emblematic of the whole STS approach when applied to the history of medicine]

Charles Rosenberg, Introduction, in Rosenberg and Janet Golden, eds. Framing Disease; Studies in Cultural History (1992).

Further Readings for both sessions: Bijker, Wiebe, Hughes, Thomas P., and Pinch, Trevor,The Social Construction

of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (1987) (Or if you prefer monographs, Bijker, Of bicycles, bakelites and bulbs: Toward a Theory of Sociotechnical Change (1995)

Casper, Monica J. and Berg, Marc, ‘Introduction’, Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 20, No. 4, Special Issue: Constructivist Perspectives on Medical Work: Medical Practices and Science and Technology Studies (Autumn, 1995): 395-407.

Dear, Peter, ‘What is the History of Science the History of?’, Isis 96,3 (2005): 390-406).

Figlio, Karl, ‘The Historiography of Scientific Medicine: An Invitation to the Human Sciences’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 19, 3 (1977): 262-286

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Gillies, D. “Hempelian and Kuhnian Approaches in the Philosophy of Medicine: the Semmelweis Case” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 36 (2005): 159-181.

Golinski, Jan, Making of Scientific Knowledge: Constructivism and the History of Science (1998).

Gusterson, Hugh, Becoming a Weapons Scientist. In George Marcus (ed.) Technoscientific Imaginaries: Conversations, Profiles, and Memoirs (1995), pp. 255-274.

Ibid., Nuclear Rites: A Weapons Lab at the end of the cold war (1996). Haraway, Donna, Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of

Modern Science (1989). Iibd., Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan ©Meets_OncoMouse:

Feminism and Technoscience (1997). Rapp, Rayna, Testing Women, Testing Fetuses: TheSocial Impact of

Amniocentesis in America. Roll-Hansen, Nils, Empirical Studies or Philosophy? (Reply to Barnes and

Collins), Social Studies of Science, 15, 1 (1985): 178-180. Shapin, Steven, ‘Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge’,

Annual Review of Sociology, 21 (1995): 289-321. (very, very good overview article; strongly recommanded)

Leigh Star, Susan, ‘Epilogue: Work and Practice in Social Studies of Science, Medicine, and Technology’, Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 20, No. 4, Special Issue: Constructivist Perspectives on Medical Work: Medical Practices and Science and Technology Studies (Autumn, 1995), pp. 501-507

Warner, John Harley “The History of Science and the Sciences of Medicine” Osiris, 2nd Series, Vol. 10, Constructing Knowledge in the History of Science (1995), pp. 164-193

Winner, Langdon, ‘Social Constructivism: Opening the Black Box and Finding It Empty,’ Science as Culture, 3, 3, 16, pp. 427-452.

Langdon Winner, ‘How Technology Reweaves the Fabric of Society’, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 39, 48, (1993): B1-B3.

Winner, Langdon, ‘The Gloves Come off: Shattered Alliances in Science and Technology Studies’, Social Text, No. 46/47, Science Wars (Spring - Summer, 1996), pp. 81-91.

Illustrative Bibliography

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D. Armstrong, The Political Anatomy of the Body: Medical Knowledge in Britain in the Twentieth Century (1993).

D. Arnold, Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India (1993).

L. Brockliss and C. Jones, The Medical World of Early Modern France (1997).

Andreas Carlino, Books of the Body Anatomical, Ritual and Renaissance Learning (2000)

Roger Cooter and John Pickstone (eds), Medicine in the Twentieth Century (2000).

Mary Fissell, Patients and the Poor in Eighteenth-Century Bristol (1991)

M. Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic (1973).

D.M. Fox and C. Lawrence, Photographing Medicine (1988).

S. Gilman, Disease and Representation: Images of Illness from Madness to AIDS (1988).

J. Lane, The Making of the English Patient (2000).

M. Lindemann, Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe (1999).

H. Marland, Medicine and Society in Wakefield and Huddersfield, 1780-1870 (1987).

M. Pelling, The Common Lot: Sickness, Medical Occupations and the Urban Poor in Early Modern England (1998).

R. Porter (ed.), Patients and Practitioners (1985).

D.J. Rothman et al. (eds), Medicine and Western Civilisation (1995).

J. Sawday, The Body Emblazoned: Dissection and the Human Body in Renaissance Culture (1995).

Andrew Scall, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain 1700-1900

C. Webster (ed.), Health, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century (1979).

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