the smart power grid
DESCRIPTION
Presented on 10/21/2009 at the IEEE Power Electronics Society Santa Clara Valley ChapterTRANSCRIPT
The Smart Power Grid
Stephen LeeSenior Technical Executive Power Delivery & UtilizationOctober 21, 2009IEEE Power Electronics SocietySanta Clara Valley Chapter
2
Outline Of Presentation
• Holistic Power Supply & Delivery Chain
• Smart Grid Standards (NIST)
• Smart Meters/Home Area Network
• Demand Response
• Electric / Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Highly Variable Renewable Wind and Solar Resources (Utility scale and distributed)
• Energy Storage Technologies
• Applications of Synchrophasors
• Conclusions
3
Common Information
Model (CIM) for Energy
Management Systems (EMS)
Utility Communication
Architecture (UCA) for
Substation Automation
IntelliGrid Architecture
NIST Smart Grid Interoperability
Roadmap
1990 1995 2000 20102005
EPRI’s Smart Grid Leadership
Smart Grid Demonstration
Projects
4
Smart Grid: Focus on What is Possible
Smart Smart GridGrid
Need an Objective Assessment of the Potential for Smart Transmission and the Path to Achieve it
5
Highly Instrumented
with Advanced Sensors and Computing
Interconnected by a Communication Fabric
that Reaches Every Device
• Engaging Consumers
• Enhancing Efficiency
• Ensuring Reliability
• Enabling Renewables & Electric Transportation
What is The Smart Grid?
Many Definitions – But One VISION
6
Smart Grid Domains
Source: EPRI Report to NIST on Smart Grid Interoperability, June 2009
7
Current State – Power Grid Operations
2-4 Sec scan rates
Limited to info from lines and transformers at substations
MW, MVAR, KV breaker status
2
3
4
5
7
6
1
8
9
1011
12 13
14
15
1617
2
3
4
5
7
6
1
8
9
1011
12 13
14
15
1617
Limited Grid Visibility
8
Smart Transmission State – Power Grid Operations
750 +282j
250 +84j
100 +62j
20 + 8j
276 + 120j
130 + 8j
300 + 100j
750 + 262j 440
+ 200j
120 + 11j
350 + 150j
227 + 420j 704 + 308j
2
3
4
5
7
6
1
8
9
1011
12 13
14
15
1617
176 +88j
Higher speed scan rates
Allows more frequent analysis of system state
Enhanced Grid Visibility
9
End-uses & DR
Distribution SystemTransmission System
Energy Storage
Fuel Supply System
Fuel Source/Storage
Power Plants
Renewable Plants
Data CommunicationData Communication
Wide Area ControlWide Area Control
Sensors
Controllers
ZIP
M
Dynamic Load ModelsDynamic Power Plant Models
End-to-End Power Delivery Chain Operation & Planning
Monitoring, Modeling, Analysis, Coordination & ControlMonitoring, Modeling, Analysis, Coordination & Control
10
North America Electricity Interconnections
11
Independent System Operators / Regional Transmission Operators (ISO/RTO)
12
North America Electricity Balancing Authorities
13
New Challenges for a Smart Grid
• Need to integrate:
– Large-scale stochastic (uncertain) renewable generation
– Electric energy storage
– Distributed generation
– Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
– Demand response (smart meters)
• Need to deploy and integrate:
– New Synchronized measurement technologies
– New sensors
– New System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS)
14
Foundations Need Strengthening
• End-to-End Situational Awareness
• Alarm Management and Real-Time Root-Cause Diagnosis
• Dynamic Models of all Generators and Loads
• Faster System Restoration
• System Integrity Protection Schemes
– Faster reflex actions on wide-area problems
– Measurement-based safety nets to prevent cascading blackouts, e.g., load shedding, islanding/separation, damping
15
Major Power System Disturbances
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Duration in Hours
Lo
ad
Lo
st in
GW
1 - 2003 NE
2 - 1965 NE
3 - 1977 NYC
4 - 1982 WSCC 5 - 1996 WSCC
6 - 1996 WSCC
7 - 1998 MW
Restoration Objectives: ▪ Minimize Duration of Outages ▪ Minimized Unserved Loads ▪ Avoid Equipment Danage
Source: NSF/EPRI Workshop on Understanding and Preventing Cascading Failures in Power Systems, Oct 28, 2005.
Effective System Restoration Can Reduce The Societal Impact Of Widespread Blackouts
Extensive (magnitude & duration) blackouts cost Billions of $ to the economy
16
New Solutions Are Needed
• Optimal end-to-end commitment and dispatch by ISO/RTO as backstop for system reliability
• Virtual Service Aggregators serving as Energy Balancing Authorities
– Dispatch and control stochastic renewable generation
– Dispatch and control (and own?) large scale energy storage plants
– Manage demand response proactively
– Manage smart electric vehicle charging
17
Role of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on Smart Grid Standards
• In cooperation with the DoE, NEMA, IEEE, GWAC, and other stakeholders, NIST has “primary responsibility to coordinate development of a framework that includes protocols and model standards for information management to achieve interoperability of smart grid devices and systems…”
Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 Title XIII, Section 1305
Smart Grid Interoperability Framework
17
18
Smart Grid Domains
CustomerCustomerCustomerCustomer
DistributionDistributionTransmissionTransmission Bulk
GenerationBulk Generation
Service ProviderService ProviderOperationsOperationsMarketsMarkets
19
Smart Grid Networks
20
Key Standards Organizations Involved in the Development of “Smart Grid” Infrastructure
ISO IECInternationalstandards-developing organizations
National Organizations
Trade, technical,and government
Consortia anduser groups
JTC 1
ANSI(US) EIA/CEMA IEEEASHRAE
SAE
UCA International
Zigbee Alliance
AEIC MeterGroup
BACnet™Users
ITU
IEC 61970/68CIM Users
IEC 61850Users Open AMI
AHAM
Utility AMI Open HAN
BACnet™Mfrs
JTC 1 WG 25
*Representative Sample
ASHRAE SSPC 135 UIWG
ANSI C12Series
EPRI IWG
ISA
IETF
CENELEC
Other Projects
NIST
RD&D
ProjectsEPRI ProjectsCEC Projects DOD ProjectsDOE Projects
21
NIST Phase 1 Plan
21
March September2009
Key Milestones:
• Stakeholder workshops April 28-29 & May 19-20
• NIST Recognized Standards Release – May 08
• EPRI delivers Interim roadmap to NIST – Wednesday, June 17
• Standard Development Organizations workshop – August 3-4
• NIST smart grid interoperability report – September 2009
EPRI Project Objectives:
• Develop an Interim Roadmap that describes the high-level Smart Grid architecture, principles and interface design.
• Describe the current status, issues, and priorities for interoperability standards development and harmonization including an action plan that addresses these issues.
• Rapidly build consensus for the Interim Roadmap among the various Smart Grid stakeholders.
22
NIST Phase 2 and Phase 3 Plan
22
PHASE 1Recognize a set of
initial existing consensus standards
and develop a roadmap to fill gaps
PHASE 2Establish public/private
Standards Panel to provide ongoing recommendations
for new/revised standards to be recognized by NIST
PHASE 3Conformity Framework
(including Testing and Certification)
March September2009 2010
23
Smart GridEnabling Consumers to be More Efficient
Feedback Studies - % Electricity Savings; Direct and Indirect Feedback
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Study #
% S
avin
gs
....
Numerous studies have been conducted to quantify the impact of information on electricity consumption
Making Consumers Energy Aware
24
EfficientBuildingSystems
UtilityCommunications
DynamicSystemsControl
DataManagement
DistributionOperations
DistributedGenerationand Storage
Plug-In Hybrids
SmartEnd-UseDevices
ControlInterface
AdvancedMetering
Consumer Portaland Building EMS
Internet Renewables
PV
Prices to DevicesTomorrow’s Smart Pricing
• Thermostat receivesday-ahead hourlyprices
• Consumer sets upperand lower limits
• Thermostat “learns”thermal, consumerand weather impacts
25
Future HAN Applications for Energy Management
Smart Energy Application Profile 2.0
Air Conditioner Pool Pump Water Heater Refrigerator
Computer/Laptop Flat Screen TV Washer/Dryer
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Wind Turbine Solar Panels
• Zigbee• HomePlug• Wi-Fi
26
What is Demand Response?
• Voluntary, temporary adjustment of power demand by end-user or counter-party in response to market signal (e.g. price, emergency, etc.)
• Three basic forms
– Direct Load Control
– Price Response
– Interruptible Tariff
• Enabling technology automation ubiquity DR magnitude & reliability
• Still subject to human behavior
– Even with automation, overrides possible
– Persistence a question
Image source: GDF Suez
27
…and DR will be needed to help balance increasing intermittent resources on the Grid…
V f
High
LowSupply Demand
But a Smarter Grid isn’t a panacea for DR… lack of Measurement &Verification standards still a key barrier
28
Smart GridEnabling PHEV Through Smart Charging
MainframeMainframeMainframe
Back Office Systems
MainframeMainframeMainframeMainframeMainframeMainframe
Back Office Systems
Plug-In VehicleAMI Path
Smart Charging Back EndEnergy Management, Cust ID, Billing
Non-AMI Path
StandardInterface• Utility – Auto industry
collaboration
• Standardize interface vehicle-to-grid
• Open systems
29
Variability of Wind Generation
30
Solar Thermal (CSP) vs Photovoltaic (PV) Output
Source: Larry Stoddard, Black & Veatch
Sunny Day
Cloudy Day
31
Load, Wind Output, Solar Output
Time of Day
MW
Load
Solar
Wind
32
Net Load
Time of Day
MWNet Load
Load
Faster Ramp
Sudden V-turn
33PUCT Project 37339 Workshop08/20/2009
Typical Spring Week Generation by Fuel Type [ACTUAL]
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
Nuclear Coal CombCycle GasSteam PrivateGas GasTurbine Wind Other
Sunday 04/19/09
Monday 04/20/09
Tuesday 04/21/09
Wednesday 04/22/09
Thursday 04/23/09
Friday 04/24/09
Saturday 04/25/09
34
Positioning of Energy Storage Options
Flow Batteries: Zn/Cl Zn-Air
ZrBr VRB PSB Novel Systems NaS Battery
Li-Ion Battery
NiCd
NiMH
High Power Fly Wheels
SMESHigh Power Super Caps
1 kW 10 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1 GW
Lead Acid Battery
High Energy Super
Caps
ZEBRA Battery
System Power Ratings
Dis
cha
rge
Tim
e a
t R
ate
d P
ow
er
Sec
on
ds
M
inu
tes
H
ou
rs UPS Grid Support Energy Management
Power Quality Load Shifting Bridging Power Bulk Power Mgt
Pumped
Hydro
CAES
© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Advanced Lead Acid Battery
Metal-Air Batteries
Nano-cap hybrids?
35
Compressed Air Energy StorageAEC CAES Plant (McIntosh, Alabama):
- - Arial View - -
• First US CAES Plant: Alabama Electric Cooperative McIntosh Plant (110MW – 26 Hr)
• Started commercial operation: midnight May 31, 1991
• Due to excellent part load efficiency, regulation ramping, and/or spinning reserve duty are often used
AEC McIntosh Site: CAES Plant On Right and Two Combustion Turbines On Left
36
CT Module
Exhaust
Air
Compressor
Combustion Turbine
Motor
• Storage
Air
IntercoolersRecuperator
Fuel
Expander
Storage
Advanced CAES Plant: Schematic- - - Second Generation “Chiller” Design- - -
Estimated Cap. Cost (2008 $) ~ $600/kW to $750/kW + Substation, Permits & Contingencies
Constant Output Pressure Regulation Valve
(For Salt Geology)
The CAES plant design and technology presented above is described in U.S. Patent Numbers 7389644 and 4872307, invented by Dr. Michael Nakhamkin, Chief Technology Officer, Energy Storage and Power LLC. Use of this technology may require a license.
Heat RateEnergy Ratio
38100.70
37
Online Stability Monitoring & Analysis
Wide Area Visualization
Model Validation & Adjustment
Controlled Separation & Restoration
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (seconds)
Vol
tage
(pu
)
Hassayampa 500 kV
Measured
Simulated H=0.3Simulated H=0.03
Simulated H=0.05Simulated H=0.1Simulated H=0.2
Simulated H =0.5
PMU Applications
Improve situational awareness
Increase transfer capabilities
Prevent cascading failures & reduce wide-area blackouts
Reduce system restoration time and outage durations
Improve accuracy of modelsResearch
Development
Application
Demonstration
38
Wide Area Visualization using PMU and EMS Data
• Industry Issues
– How to use PMUs to improve system operators situational awareness?
– How to handle large volume of PMU data?
• EPRI Solutions: Developed wide area visualization tool using PMU and EMS data
– Developed event-replay function to assist post-event analysis
– Developed real-time security monitoring function
– Developed disturbance location determination function
39
Measurement-based Voltage Stability Analysis
• Industry Issues– Need online voltage stability
monitoring and analysis capabilities– Simulation-based voltage stability
analysis approach has limitations.• EPRI Solutions: Developed three-level
voltage stability monitoring and analysis framework
– Developed Voltage Instability Load Shedding to calculate voltage stability margin at substation level
– Developed Measurement-based Voltage Stability Monitoring and Control algorithm to calculate voltage stability margin at Voltage Control Area level
– Developing visualization tool to help system operators monitor system-wide voltage stability condition
40
PMU-based Controlled Separation Scheme
• Industry Issues
– Where to separate?
– When to separate?
– How to separate?
• EPRI Solutions: Developed PMU-based Controlled Separation Framework
– Study cascading scenarios offline and determine potential separation interfaces
– Use PMU to monitor oscillation and developed algorithm to quickly identify the dominate oscillation mode.
– Developed PMU-based Out-of-Step Relay scheme to determine the separation timing
41
Application of Synchrophasor Measurements for Validating System Planning Models
• Industry Issues
– Having accurate models is important for system planning studies
– Validation of models is challenging
• EPRI Solutions:
– Developed measurement-based load modeling methods and tools that can use measured disturbance data to validate load models.
– Developed methods and tools that can use measured disturbance data to validate generator dyanmic models
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (seconds)Vo
ltage
(pu)
Hassayampa 500 kV
MeasuredSimulated H=0.3Simulated H=0.03
Simulated H=0.05Simulated H=0.1Simulated H=0.2Simulated H =0.5
42
Conclusions
• Need to Make the Bulk Power System Smarter
• Interest in Smart Grid could modernize the Electric Power System
• Key Messages:
– Focus on Benefits to Cost Payback
– Consider all parts together (Holistic approach)
– Remove deficiencies in foundations
– Implement new solutions
THANK YOU!