The skeleton…• Advantages- framework, growth, attach to

muscles, flexibility• Bones and cartilage are living- can be infected but

can repair themselves

• Ossification…Begins as cartilage and is replaced with calcium and phosphorous- can help determine age.

• Can break, shouldn’t move some one with a fracture

http://leavingbio.net/skeletal/the%20skeleton%20and%20the%20muscles_files/the%20skeleton%20and%20the%20muscles.htm

Circulatory system

Circulatory system

• Galen- discovered the importance of the pulse in medicine

• William Harvey- the heart has 4 chambers and blood is carried through arteries and veins

• Heart rate is linked to activity• Heart contraction is linked to pacemaker cells in

the heart• SAN- cause atria to contract- stimulate AVN• AVN- cause the ventricles to contract

ECG and Cardiac cycle

http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart_and_blood_vessel_disorders/diagnosis_of_heart_and_blood_vessel_disorders/tests_for_heart_and_blood_vessel_disorders.html

Heart issues• Hole in the heart- happens

in unborn babies

• Results in less oxygen getting round the blood

• Damages or weak valves- reduce circulation

• Blocked coronary artery- reduce blood flow, need bypass surgery

• Heamophilia- genetic- problems with blood clots

Treatment

• Artificial valves- Can be replaced with artificial valves or valves from pigs or cows. As valves have no capillaries, there is no rejection of transplanted valves.

• Blood Donation• Blood Transfusion (can cause agglutination)• Clotting drugs- warfarin, heparin, aspirin• Clots are when platelets come into contact with

damaged vessels and leads to a mesh of fibrin fibres

• Heart assist devices

Blood groups

Respiratory system

• Amphibians- need moist habitat

• Fish- Gills

Mechanical breathing• Ventilation is the changing volume and

pressure of the lungs by the rib cage and diaphragm

•

• Tidal air- usual air flow• Vital capacity air- maximum usuable air• Residual air- air that remains in the lungs• Total lung capacity• Gaseous exchange happens in the alveoli-

they are permeable, moist, large surface area, blood supply, thin

Under attack

• The respiratory system is a ‘dead end’, in constant contact with outside world.

• Uses mucus and ciliated cells

• Industrial (asbestosis, imflamation/scarring)

• Cystic Fibrosis (Genetic, excess mucus)

• Lung Cancer (Lifestyle, rapid cell growth)

• Asthma- lining inflamed, fluid, muscles contract

Digestion

• Increase SA of food, pass easily through you, small molecule to be absorbed by the plasma or lymph

• Carbohydrase/amylase (Starch-maltose-glucose)• Protease• Lipase• Stomach acid• pH in body differs depending on optimum pH of

enzyme present• Bile improves fat digestion• Adaptations of small intestine- long, villi, thin walls

Kidneys

• High pressure

• Urea from liver

• Dialysis machine removes urea and maintains sodium and glucose

• Conc of urine depends on ADH• ADH increases pereability of kidney

tubules• Negative feedback• CO2 must be removed • Detected by the brain, breathing rate

increases

Fertility

Treatment of infertility

• Artificial insemination, FSH, IVF, egg donors, surrogacy, ovary transplant

• Foetal development checked for conditions usin chromosome analysis and amniocentesis

• Fertility can be controlled by the pill• Fertility reduced by hormones mimicking

pregnancy- inhibiting FSH

Growth

• Extreme height is usually caused by genes or hormone imbalance. It is influenced by diet & exercise

• It is important to monitor baby’s growth after birth

• Human growth hormone produced in the pituitary gland and stimulates general growth

• People are living longer- better diet, lifestyle, less industrial disease, medicine, increasing population

Organ Donars

• Shortage, tissue match problem, size and age, rejection, immuno-suppressent drugs needed

• Mechanical replacement- bulky, power supply, reactions to body

• Donors can be living

• Advantages and disadvantages of a register