the skeletal system - henry county school district...gouty arthritis (gout) • uric acid...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Slide 5.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Parts of the skeletal system
• Bones (skeleton)
• Joints: hold bone together & mobility
• Cartilages:
• Ligaments & Tendons
• Divided into two divisions
• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton
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Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones
Slide 5.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation
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Bones of the Human BodyBones of the Human Body
Slide 5.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The skeleton has 206 bones
• Two basic types of bone tissue
•Compact bone
•Homogeneous
•Spongy bone
•Small needle-like pieces of bone
•Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Slide 5.4aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Long bones
•Typically longer than wide
•Have a shaft with heads at both ends
•Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Slide 5.4bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Short bones
•Generally cube-shape
•Contain mostly spongy bone
•Examples: Carpals, tarsals
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Classification of Bones on the Basis Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shapeof Shape
Slide 5.4cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1
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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Slide 5.5aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Flat bones
•Thin and flattened
•Usually curved
•Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
•Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Slide 5.5bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Irregular bones
•Irregular shape
•Do not fit into other bone classification categories
•Example: Vertebrae and hip
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Gross Anatomy of a Long BoneGross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Slide 5.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Diaphysis
•Shaft
•Composed of compact bone
• Epiphysis
•Ends of the bone
•Composed mostly of spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
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Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone
Slide 5.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Periosteum
• Outside covering of the diaphysis
• Fibrous connective tissue membrane
• Sharpey’s fibers
• Secure periosteum to underlying bone
• Arteries
• Supply bone cells with nutrients
Figure 5.2c
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Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone
Slide 5.8aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Articular cartilage
• Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
• Made of hyaline cartilage
• Decreases friction at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a
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Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone
Slide 5.8bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Medullary cavity
•Cavity of the shaft
•Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
•Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2a
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Bone MarkingsBone Markings
Slide 5.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
• Passages for nerves and blood vessels
• Categories of bone markings
•Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface
•Depressions or cavities – indentations
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.10aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Osteon (Haversian System)
•A unit of bone
• Central (Haversian) canal
•Opening in the center of an osteon
•Carries blood vessels and nerves
• Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
•Canal perpendicular to the central canal
•Carries blood vessels and nerves
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.10bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.11aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lacunae
•Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
•Arranged in concentric rings
• Lamellae
•Rings around the central canal
•Sites of lacunaeFigure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.11bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Canaliculi
•Tiny canals
•Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
•Form a transport system Figure 5.3
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Changes in the Human SkeletonChanges in the Human Skeleton
Slide 5.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
• During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
• Cartilage remains in isolated areas
•Bridge of the nose
•Parts of ribs
•Joints
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Bone GrowthBone Growth
Slide 5.13aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
• Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood
•New cartilage is continuously formed
•Older cartilage becomes ossified
•Cartilage is broken down
•Bone replaces cartilage
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Long Bone Formation and GrowthLong Bone Formation and Growth
Slide 5.14aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.4a
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Long Bone Formation and GrowthLong Bone Formation and Growth
Slide 5.14bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.4b
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Types of Bone CellsTypes of Bone Cells
Slide 5.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Osteocytes• Mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts• Bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts• Bone-destroying cells
• Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
• Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Bone FracturesBone Fractures
Slide 5.16Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A break in a bone
• Types of bone fractures
• Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
• Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
• Realignment of the bone
Bone FractureTypes
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Quiz on Types of Fractures
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Repair of Bone FracturesRepair of Bone Fractures
Slide 5.18Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
• Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus. Osteoclasts break down bone.
• Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus. Osteoblasts form bone and become Osteocytes .
• Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch.
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Stages in the Healing of a Bone FractureFracture
Slide 5.19Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.5
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Self-Care for Broken Bones
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Check Out Dem Bones!
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Facial Bones Quiz
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Classification of Bones Quiz
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Fetal Skull• Adult skull is 1/8 body length (infant
is ¼)
• When born, skeleton is unfinished –fontanels(soft spots)
• Largest are anterior and posterior
• Allow skull to compress in birth, room for brain to grow
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Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses
Slide 5.25bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Functions of paranasal sinuses
•Lighten the skull
•Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10
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Structural Classification of JointsStructural Classification of Joints
Slide 5.45Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Fibrous joints
•Generally immovable; bones connected by fibrous tissue: sutures
• Cartilaginous joints
• Immovable or slightly moveable; bones connected by cartilage: spine
• Synovial joints
•Freely moveable; have joint cavity with synovial fluid: elbow, wrist
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Functional Classifications of Joints
• Synarthrosis
-immovable joint
• Amphiarthrosis
-a slightly movable joint
• Diarthrosis
-a freely movable joint
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Let’s see the joints move.
• Don’t click on the cowboy, just hit next.
Moving Joints
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Different Joint StructuresDifferent Joint Structures
Slide 5.46Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.27d, e
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Structures Associated with the Structures Associated with the Synovial JointSynovial Joint
Slide 5.50Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
• Lined with synovial membranes
• Filled with synovial fluid
• Not actually part of the joint
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The Synovial JointThe Synovial Joint
Slide 5.51Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.28
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Slide 5.52aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29a–c
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape
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Slide 5.52b
Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Bejamin Cummings
Figure 5.29d–f
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape
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Types of Joints Quiz
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Inflammatory Conditions Associated Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Jointswith Joints
Slide 5.53Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
• Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
• Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
•Over 100 different types
•The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
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Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis
Slide 5.54aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Osteoarthritis
• Most common chronic arthritis
• Probably related to normal aging processes
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
• Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
• Often leads to deformities
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Two types of arthritis explained.
• Click on both boxes
Rheumatoid Arthritis Osteoarthritis
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Gouty Arthritis (gout)• Uric acid accumulates in blood and
deposited in soft tissues of joints –painful attack of single joint (big toe)
• Males after 30, genetic
• Treatment – drugs, weight management
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Developmental Aspects• Fetal development – flat and long
bones are converted to bone
• Birth – fontanels still remain for brain growth up to 2 years
• Adolescence – epiphyseal plates of long bones are ossified (quit growing)
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Developmental Aspects• Puberty – female pelvis broadens
for childbearing, male skeleton becomes more robust
• Osteoporosis– loss of bone mass leading to thin, fragile bones
• In women – menopause estrogen deficiency, diet poor in Ca, smoking, or inactivity
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Osteoporosis
Normal Osteoporosis
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Herniated Disc
• Pressure on a disc ruptures the outer layer and forces the soft center (nucleus pulposus) out, which then puts pressure on a spinal nerve
• Most occur in lumbar region
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Abnormalities of Spine• Scoliosis – abnormal lateral
curvature, can result in having one leg longer than the other
• Kyphosis (hunchback) – exaggerated thoracic curve
• Lordosis (swayback) – exaggerated lumbar curve
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Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis