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The Sixth Global Conference on Public

Policy and Administration in the Middle East

December 17 and 18, 2017

Public Administration in the Middle East

Challenges and Opportunities

Conference Chair

Dr. Meshari Al-Hajri

Dean, College of Business Administration

Kuwait University

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A Message from Conference Chair

The College of Business Administration at Kuwait University is excited

for the opportunity of hosting the AMEPPA 6th Annual conference on

Public administration in the Middle East: Challenges and Opportunities.

Our conference program is rich with two keynote speakers and eight

panels that are organized to represent some of the contemporary issues

that need to be addressed by public administration researchers and

practitioners in the Middle East. The conference sessions focus on the

challenges and opportunities associated with globalization, governance,

research, corruption, and accountability in public administration.

I hope that you will take the advantage of this conference by

contributing, discussing, interacting, and building networks with our

colleagues to reach new directions in improving public administration in

our region.

As a conference chair of AMEPPA2017, I know that the success of this

conference depends ultimately on many great people who have worked

hard to make it happens. Many thanks go out to the keynote speakers,

AMEPPA President, proposal reviewers, the administrative staff at the

College of Business Administration at Kuwait University, and all the

participants who have made this year conference a great success.

I hope that you find the conference valuable, educational, and

interesting. I also hope that you find your stay in Kuwait enjoyable and I

look forward to welcoming you in Kuwait.

Dr. Meshari Al-Hajri

Dean, College of Business Administration

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Thank You

The Association for Middle Eastern Public Policy and Administration (AMEPPA) would like to

express its profound gratitude and appreciation to Kuwait University for hosting its Sixth Global

Conference. In particular, the organization thanks Dr. Hussein Al-Ansari, President of Kuwait

University, Dr. Meshari Al-Hajri, Conference Chair and Dean of the College of Business

Administration- Kuwait University, and Dr. Hani Al-Sarraf, Conference Co-Chair & Coordinator

and Director of Scholarship at the College of Business Administration- Kuwait University. The

Association also thanks all scholars, practitioners, and students who participated in the

conference as well as guests from various public institutions. We value your contributions and

appreciate your tireless efforts for peace and prosperity in the Middle East through sound

governance.

We look forward to seeing you next year at our Seventh Global Conference at the American

University-Cairo, Egypt.

Sincerely,

Dr. Alexander Dawoody

President

Association for Middle Eastern Public Policy and Administration (AMEPPA)

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Sunday, December 17, 2016

8:00 Pick up at Ibis Sharq Hotel-Kuwait City

08:30 – 09:00 Conference Registration: Conference Hall, Abdullah Aljaber

Building, Shuwaikh Campus, Kuwait University.

09:00 – 10:00 Welcome and Opening Session

MC Dr. Gedeon Mudacumura, Professor of Public Administration,

Cheney University, USA

Dr. Meshari Al-Hajri, Conference Chair and Dean of the College of

Business Administration, Kuwait University

Dr. Alexander Dawoody, President and Founder of AMEPPA, Director of

the Master of Public Administration, Marywood University, USA

Keynote Speaker: Mr. Mohammed Hamad Al-Roomi, Undersecretary of

Civil Service Commission, The State of Kuwait

“Reforming the Kuwaiti Civil Service System: Challenges and

Opportunities”

11:30- 13:00 Panel 1: Public Administration in the Middle East: What is Working

and What is Not?

Moderator/ Discussant: Dr. Mohammad Awad, Al-Quds University,

Palestine

Economic Policy Challenge in Kuwait

Dr. M. Arif Al-Mahmood, Kuwait Public Policy Centre (KPPC), GSSCPD

and UNDP, Kuwait

The Gulf Cooperative Council’s Approach to Economic Strength: A

SWOT Analysis of GCC’s Countries and Regional Development

Dr. Wisam Samara, Al-Quds Open University, Palestine

Fighting Corruption after the Arab Spring in MENA Region;

Fighting Terrorism for Better Governance

Dr. Sarah Hariri Haykal, Saint Joseph University, Lebanon

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Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Program (ERSAP),

& Privatization Dr. Mohamed El-Sherif, American University-Cairo, Egypt

Dr. Ahmed Alaa Fayed, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Qatar

10:00- 11:30 Panel 2: Evidence-Based Research and Public Administration in the

Middle East

Moderator/ Discussant: Dr. Nasreen Naser, University of Drexel/ Doha

Institute

Military Expenditure and National Resource Rent in the Middle East

and North Africa: A Long Run Perspective

Dr. Hamid Ali, American University-Cairo, Egypt

Knowledge-Based Economy Transformation: A GCC Converging

Strategy Need

Dr. Haytham Abduljawad, Creighton University, USA

Evidence-based research on Critical Thinking in Political Science

Higher Education in Egypt

Dr. Yasmin Khodary, The British University in Egypt

13:00- 14:00 Lunch Break

14:00- 15:30 Panel 3: Transforming Public Administration in the Middle East to

the 21st Century: A Learning Curve

Panel Moderator/ Discussant: Dr. Wisam Samara, Al-Quds Open

University, Palestine

Public Administration in Education Reforms in Middle East

Dr. Qasem Newashi, General Secretariat of the Supreme Council for

Planning and Development

Kuwait City, Kuwait

The Role of Internet of Things (IoT) for Developing Smart

Governance in the MENA Countries

Dr. Shahjahan Bhuiyan, American University-Cairo, Egypt

Impacts of Globalization on Health and Inevitability to Reform

Health System and Policy: A Kuwait Case Study

Dr. Sungsoo Chun, Kuwait Public Policy Center, Kuwait and Sahmyook

University, South Korea

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Promoting and Endorsing Corporate Social Responsibility: A

Comparative Perspective Dr. Sherifa F. Sherif, Future University-Egypt and Dr. Alia A. Aref,

Cairo University, Egypt

15:30- 17:00 Panel 4: Learning from Other Models: Bridging Globalization with

Regionalism

Panel Moderator/ Discussant: Dr. Hamid Ali, American University-Cairo

Deinstitutionalization as Strategic Sectoral Survival? The Case

Filipino Migrant Civil Society Organization in the Gulf State

Dr. Froilan Malit, Zayed University, UAE

Dr. Jenny Knowles-Morrison, University of Texas at Austin/ Texas A &

M University

Policy Learning and Transfer for Qatari Public Administration: The

Impact of Singapore’s Experience

Dr. Mohamed Evren Tok, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar

Exploring Strategic Approaches to Fighting International Corruption

Dr. Gedeon Mudacumura, Cheney University, USA

Confessionalism System vs. Conflict in Lebanon: Problems and

Impact

Dr. Vadim Atnashev, St. Petersburg State University, Russia

17:30 Return to Ibis-Sharq Hotel-Kuwait City

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Monday, December 18, 2017

08:00 Pick up at Ibis-Sharq Hotel-Kuwait City

08:30-09:00 Registration: Conference Hall, Abdullah Aljaber Building, Shuwaikh

Campus, Kuwait University.

09:00-10:00 Opening Session

MC Dr. Gedeon Mudacumura, Cheney University, USA

Dr. Hamid Ali, President-Elect, AMEPPA and Chair of the Department of

Public Administration, American University-Cairo, Egypt

Keynote Speaker: Dr. Khaled Mahdi, Secretary-General of the Supreme

Council for Planning and Development, The State of Kuwait

“Planning the Process of Transition to a Knowledge-Based Economy”

ةجلسال الخامسة 11:30 -10:00

المناهج الدراسية و تحديات تعليم االدارة العامة في الشرق االوسط

مدير و مناقش اللجنة الدكتور محمد القريوتي -جامعة الكويت

واقع الحوكمة في جامعة القدس المفتوحة كإحدى الجامعات العامه الفلسطينية من وجهة نظر الموظفين اإلداريين رامي خليل جامعة القدس المفتوحة و الدكتور محمد عوض -جامعة القدس

دور مناهج وطرق تدريس االدارة العامة في بناء قدرات االدارة الحكومية في الشرق االوسط الدكتور صالح الدين محمد امين االمام -الجامعة التقنية الوسطى -العراق

جماهيريال في السياسات العامة فاعلية الخطاب الدكتور غسان نجم العثمان -جامعة البصرة -العراق

ادارة المعرفة و تاثيرها على االبداع االداري في المؤسسات الصحية العراقية هديل خليل -كلية ريفر كولج -الواليات المتحدة االمريكية

11:30- 13:00 Panel 6: Coordination, Access and Transparency versus Efficiency

and Effectiveness

Panel Moderator/ Discussant: Dr. Shahjahan Bhuiyan, American

University-Cairo, Egypt

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Can Accounting Regimes Really Protect the Public Interest?

Dr. Saeed Askary, Gulf University for Science and Technology (GUST),

Kuwait

How do Egyptians See Private Tutoring: Corruption or Norm?

Dr. Ahmed Alaa Fayed, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Qatar

One Path or Different Paths? Transparency, Participation and

Accountability versus Efficiency and Effectiveness

Dr. Yasmin Khodary, The British University in Egypt

Citizen Competence and Inclusive Political Accountability

Mechanism in Uganda

Dr. John Mary Kanyamurwa, Kyambogo University, Uganda

13:00-14:00 Lunch Break

ةلسجال السابعة - استراتيجية و تطبيق ادارة فعالة في المؤسسات العامة 15:30 -14:00

مدير و مناقش اللجنة الدكتور صالح الدين محمد امين االمام -الجامعة التقنية الوسطى -العراق

واقع المؤسسات العامة في الدول العربية وفقاً لمؤشرات البيئة المؤسسية الدولية الدكتور فيصل المناور - المعهد العربي للتخطيط بالكويت

تطبيق استراتيجية ادارية في المؤسسات الكويتية العامة من وجهة نظر الموظفين

الدكتور محمد القريوتي -جامعة الكويت

دور المجتمع المدني المحوكم في دورة السياسات العامة الدكتور عماد الجبوري -جامعة النهرين -العراق

ةجلسال الثامنة -االزمات و الحوكمة الرشيدة 15:30-17:00

مدير و مناقش اللجنة الدكتور فيصل المناور - المعهد العربي للتخطيط بالكويت

واقع ادارة االزمات االدارية في بلديات الضفة الغربيةفلسطين - محمد شديد -بلدية الخليل

ادارة االزمة وفق نظرية الوكالة و مبادئ االدارة الرشيدة (الحوكمة)العراق - قحطان خير هللا عذاب -وزارة التخطيط

ةكالوشي االدارة الرشيدة لتالفي االزمات العراق - غصون الطائي -وزارة الصناعة و المعادن

العراق - قحطان خير هللا عذاب -وزارة التخطيط

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17:00- 18:00 Closing Session: A Forward Vision

MC Dr. Gedeon Mudacumura, Cheney University, USA

Dr. Meshari Al-Hajri, Conference Chair

Dr. Hamid Ali, President-Elect of AMEPPA

Dr. Wisam Samara, Executive Director-Elect of AMEPPA

18:30 Return to Ibis-Sharq Hotel, Kuwait City

Thank you and see you next year at our Seventh Global

Conference at the American University-Cairo, Egypt

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List of Participants

Abdulaziz Al-Ouwais, Supreme Council for Planning and Development, Kuwait

Abdullah Albugami: University of Baltimore, USA/ Saudi Arabia

Adam Ghazi Alotaibi, Kuwait University

Ahmed Alaa Fayed, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Qatar

Ahmed Issam Khalil, Al-Quds University, Palestine

Alexander Dawoody, Marywood University, USA

Ali Al-Kazemi, Kuwait University

Alia A. Aref, Cairo University, Egypt

Arif Mahmood, United Nations Development Program, Kuwait

Ateif Mutwali, Civil Service Commission, Kuwait

Awadh Al-Enezi, Kuwait University

Bader Al-Daihani, Kuwait University

Duraid Al-Haddad, Ministry of Planning, Iraq

Emad Al-Gburi, Al Nahrayn University-Baghdad, Iraq

Essam Al-Rubaian, Kuwait University

Fadel Al-Fadli, Kuwait University

Faisal Al-Monawer, Arab Planning Institute, Kuwait

Falah Al-Muteri, Training and Administrative Development, Kuwait Council of Ministers

Froilan Malit, Zayed University, UAE

Gedeon Mudacumura, Cheney University, USA

Ghassan Al-Othman, Basra University, Iraq

Ghusoon Mahmood, Ministry of Minerals and Industry, Iraq

Hadeel Khaleel, American River College, USA

Hamed Al-Fraih, Kuwait University

Hamid Ali, Americn University-Cairo, Egypt

Hanan Arnous, American University-Kuwait

Hani Al-Sarraf, Kuwait University

Haytham Abduljawad: Creighton University, USA

Helaiel Al-Mutairi, Kuwait University

Jasem Khalaf, Kuwait University

Jenny Knowles-Morrison, University of Texas at Austin/ Texas A & M University, USA

John Mary Kanyamurwa, Kyambogo University, Uganda

Khaled Mahdi, Secretary-General of Supreme Council for Planning and Development,

Kuwait

M. Arif Al-Mahmood, Kuwait Public Policy Centre (KPPC), GSSCPD and UNDP, Kuwait

Mariam Buhamad, Supreme Council for Planning and Development, Kuwait

Mariam Jarah, Training and Administrative Development, Council of Ministers, Kuwait

Meshari Al-Hajri, Kuwait University

Mohamed El-Sherif, American University-Cairo, Egypt

Mohamed Evren Tok, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar

Mohammad Alfahad, Kuwait University

Mohammad Awad, Al-Quds University, Palestine

Mohammad Shadeed, Municipality of Hebron, Palestine

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Mohammed Al-Qarioti, Kuwait University

Mohammed Al-Roomi, Undersecretary of Civil Service Commission, Kuwait

Nabeel Al-Mojel, Assistant Undersecretary, Civil Service Commission, Kuwait

Nasir Abdul-Khidur, Training and Administrative Development, Council of Ministers,

Kuwait

Nasreen Naser, University of Drexel/ Doha Institute, Qatar

Omar Shareqi, University of Sana, Yemen

Qahtan Athab, Ministry of Planning, Iraq

Qasem Newashi, ICDI/KNDP Project, UNDP Kuwait

Rami Khalil, Al-Quds Open University, Palestine

Saeed Askary, Gulf University for Science and Technology (GUST), Kuwait

Salahaldin Al-Imam, Mid Technical University, Iraq

Salim Al-Saedi, Baghdad Business Board, Iraq

Sarah Hariri Haykal, Saint Joseph University, Lebanon

Shahed Al-Tammar, Kuwait University

Shahjahan Bhuiyan, American University-Cairo, Egypt

Sherifa F. Sherif, Future University, Egypt

Sungsoo Chun, Kuwait Public Policy Center, Kuwait / Sahmyook University, South Korea

Tariq Al-Khalid, Assistant Undersecretary, Civil Service Commission, Kuwait

Vadim Atnashev, St. Petersburg State University, Russia

Wisam Samara, Al-Quds Open University, Palestine

Yasmin Khodary, The British University in Egypt, Egypt

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Abstracts (Arranged by presentation schedule)

Economic Policy Challenges in Kuwait Dr. M. Arif Al-Mahmood, Kuwait Public Policy Centre (KPPC), GSSCPD and UNDP, Kuwait

The government of Kuwait has been working on enhancing economic growth, in order to develop a diversified,

private non-oil sector and develop a vibrant community in Kuwait. The medium-term development plans emanate

from the New Kuwait 2035 vision. The current plan contains seven pillars for delivering the vision, and the

economic pillar is one of these. The Kuwait National Development Plan’s (KNDP) policies those are most

challenging for the economic growth pillar is the context of this paper. In national plans, the economic pillar aims to

support policies that move away from oil revenue while maintaining Kuwait’s prosperity, supporting jobs and

income for all residents, and positioning Kuwait as a strong economy within the international arena. This paper is to

analyze policies that support and deliver the national plan’s economic pillar to achieve the 2035 vision for Kuwait.

Policy challenges for economic growth in this paper are discussed from two perspectives. Firstly, the longer- term

economic growth is discussed within a general economic growth framework, looking from a supply side perspective.

The second is from a demand-side perspective, and is based on short and medium-term growth prospects. The

analysis here is based on a review of the ongoing national plans and the current evidence base, as well as a literature

review and discussions with selected focus groups and stakeholders.

The Convergence of the Gulf Cooperate Council to an Economic Power and the

Importance of Oil Revenues: A SWOT Evaluation of GCC Countries and Regional

Integration Dr. Wisam Adnan Samarah, Al-Quds Open University, Palestine

M. Rahman, North South University, Bangladesh

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) was established in 1981. The six rich oil-producing Gulf States formed the

council; they are Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates (UAE). The council was

originally formed to combat military threats coming from some of the neighboring countries of the region. However,

the council quickly transformed into an economic bloc and eventually established a free-trade area in 1983. This

allowed the free flow of goods and labor within the boundaries of the region. In 2003, the GCC had developed a

common customs union, thus having a common external tariff. However the scenario has changed lately, although

military threats are not uncommon in recent world, more imminent and frequent threats are coming from economic

turf. This had become more prominent, especially after the persistent fall of oil price in international markets. Thus

the oil based GCC countries are now facing problems that seemed unlikely even few years ago. Such problems

brought economic affairs on the table. Based on this scenario this paper will try to shed lights on possible changes in

economic strategy for GCC countries.

This paper will start the discussion by evaluating the level of economic integration between the Gulf States by

looking at the path of the GDP per capita and evaluate the impact of revenues generated from oil exports on the

GDP per capita of each of the Gulf States. We plan to measure the level of integration among GCC countries

following an index like “EU Index. We will then utilize the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT)

evaluation technique to evaluate the current scenario of Arab Gulf countries following the evolving geopolitical

environment. The SWOT analysis is extensively used to analyze business environment. We will treat the whole

region as a unit and try to find its attributes. The importance of this topic lies in emphasizing the vital necessity of

building a self-sufficient GCC and demonstrating that a strong GCC must be built on a firm economic foundation. If

GCC countries want to reveal themselves as a strong player in geopolitical landscape then they have to have a

resilient economic foundation.

Such foundation should include all GCC countries together leading towards self-sufficiency. Some of the strength,

weaknesses, opportunities, and threats on the GCC are as follows:

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Strength

Weakness Opportunity

Threats

Large land area

Relatively uniform

climate (mostly warm)

with some diversity

Relative affluence of the

region (can undertake

large projects)

Affluent consumer class

(can afford high priced

goods)

Enough oil to meet own

consumption (Cheap

energy cost)

Huge source of chemical

and petrochemicals

Access to sea port

Dependence of oil revenue

Semi arid or arid land

No tradition of producing

manufactured goods at a

large scale

Low food security

Subsidy based economy,

absence of proper market

(in the sense of Economic)

Huge consumer demand

Population sharing same

language, culture and same

values

Comfortable with immigrant

workers

Excellent land, air and sea

communication

Sustained low oil price

Emergence of shale gas

and methane hydrates

Austerity/withdrawal of

subsidy may not be a

popular idea for the

general people

May suffer from Dutch

disease

Based on such reality we would like to argue that the easiest (and most probably the only) way for the Gulf countries

to survive and prosper in this evolving backdrop will be to cooperate and work for self-sufficiency as a region. That

means they need to produce most of the things that they use by themselves and to give internal trade more priority

over external trade. Of course they have to use not only economic arguments but also mass media to motivate people

who will have to make some (consumption and welfare) sacrifice to meet this goal. After exhausting their possibility

of becoming self-sufficient, they should focus on external trade with other countries.

Fighting Corruption After the Arab Spring in MENA Region; Fighting Terrorism for

Better Governance. Dr. Sarah Haykal, Saint Joseph University, Lebanon

This paper explores the relation between the governance, corruption and terrorism in the Middle East and North

Africa (MENA) region. Most MENA countries are characterized by bad governance, institutional inefficiencies and

lack of transparency. Over the last decade, MENA region has failed in ensuring substantial social and economic

development, while some countries have experienced an increase of terrorism and political instabilities. Hence, it is

important to trace back the political origins of corruption, in order to suggest sound and effective policies targeting

better institutional performances, government effectiveness and transparency. Indeed, traditional policies based on

public interventions defined on a local or national scale seem to be inefficient, since most MENA countries are

facing a rise in political instability and terrorism. Local and national authorities are therefore incapable of tackling

the bad governance due to internal political uncertainty and external chocks such as terrorist attacks or refugees’

influx. It seems an urge to analyze the political determinants of corruption before suggesting any policy that aims at

enhancing institutional performances. For this purpose, we discuss the relation between corruption, government

effectiveness and the level of terrorism in the MENA region. The high level of interaction in these countries between

the political elite, the terrorist groups and the social and political instabilities suggest that corruption in one country

couldn’t be addressed unless political instability is regulated on a regional scale.

A cross country model is developed in the paper in order to shed the light on the relationship between good

governance, corruption and political stability. Referring to the indicators developed by the World Bank, the quality

of the public service is apprehended by the indicator “government effectiveness”. The level of corruption is

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measured by the perception of corruption (CPI; Transparency International) and the political situation by the

political instability indicator (as measured by the worldwide governance indicator) and the GTI indicator. In order

to enhance the quality of its public service, MENA countries should fight against corruption from within and take

into account the political stability of the region as a whole, which requires cooperation and collaboration between

neighboring countries. Global cooperation and transnational policies are the key to any reform targeted against

corruption. International organizations should focus on the regional cooperation in combating corruption and

terrorism in MENA region and neighboring regions.

Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Program (ERSAP), & Privatization Dr. Mohamed El-Sherif, American University-Cairo

Dr. Ahmed Fayd, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies

The Privatization Program in Egypt has been described by many governmental officials as the corner-stone of

development and Economic Reform. But, one must question to what extent was this program successful? And to

what extent is the criticism directed to the Egyptian experience valid? It is very apparent that the privatization was

successful in attracting Foreign Direct Investment to the country (Coca-Cola investment in Egypt is around $ 250

million) and also providing the company with needed technology and training. However, closer examination shows

that a number of majority privatization have turned out to be mere reallocations of Public Sector assets among

different Public Sectors players. Many economists, diplomats, and consultants have suspected that in order to meet

donor nations’ requirements for continued debt relief, while avoiding the pain of the real transfer of assets, Public

Sector managers of just-for-show privatization to give the impression of successful reform. One useful means for

avoiding actual privatization is the sale of a certain percentage of shares to ESA, which are generally considered

under "de facto" management control. Another method is to sell enough shares to public sector banks or Mutual

Funds to hamper Private Sectors takeover. A study done in August 1996 showed that 6 of 11 local Mutual Funds

were organized by the biggest four Public Sector Banks. Finally, if a company is destined to be bought out, the

Public Sector can always sell to itself, the chairman and the board members are afraid of losing their job as

privatization is speeding up. A consultant working in the privatization management adds, "Sometimes so-called

private investors that try to present themselves as anchors are joint ventures founded by Publicly Owned Enterprises

or at least with a strong position held by a Public Sector Unit”. A number of examples prove the point. In May 1997,

the Holding Company for Egyptian Electricity Distribution offered part of all its shares in El-Naser Transformers

and Electrical Industries (EIMACO) through a Public Bidding. In June, a deal was signed completing of 89% of

EIMACO to a private investor. The buyer was a joint venture between a Private Sector Company and EGYMAC a

Publicly Owned Enterprise. On the remaining shares 10% went to ESA.

Another concern relating to the Privatization Program in Egypt is the valuation process. EI-Wafed, an opposition

magazine issued by the Wafed Party, believes that there is major corruption behind the privatization of some

companies. The latest was the sale of the Darfalh Factory by the Holding Company for LE. 650,000, while the

estimates given by experts was LE. 3,000,000. Another Company was on the verge of being sold for 8 million, but

the PEO stopped the operation after they discovered that the estimated price for the company was 32 million. On the

other hand, the Private Sector feels that the government fools them. In the first privatized company, Pepsi-Cola, the

company paid LE 10 million for the spare parts of the Production-Line, shortly after the purchase they discovered

that these spare parts does not function and is completely junk. The corruption behind all these operation cannot stop

a valuable project that has economic benefits such as privatization. However, the corruption that leveled to high and

dangerous positions in the hierarchy of the government should be excluded and placed in a place of discontent, not

honor.

Military Expenditures and Natural Resource Rents in the Middle East and North Africa: A

Long Run Perspective. Dr. Hamid E. Ali, the American University in Cairo, Egypt

The long-run relationship between military spending and natural resources rent in the Middle East and North Africa

(MENA) is not yet investigated due to data limitations. In addition, there is a meager research on the role of natural

resource rent in determining the military expenditures except for two studies by Perlo-Freeman and Brauner, (2012)

and Ali and Abdellatif (2013). Both studies established that natural resources rent in particular oil has positive

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impact on military spending. This paper aims to investigate the long-run relationship between military expenditure

and natural resources rents for 17 countries in the region during the period 1960-2016. Using panel cointegration

analysis, the results of the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) and Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS)

suggest the existence of a positive and statistically significant long-run co-integrating relationship between military

expenditure and natural resources rents, particularly the oil and the forest rents for the considered group of countries.

A one percent positive change in oil rents leads to around 0.4 percent increase of the of military expenditure per

capita. The analysis reveals quite alarming results as sometimes acquiring weapons in the name of national security

not only distort efficiency in allocating resources but it deprives the society form vital resources for economic

development.

Knowledge-Based Economy Transformation: A GCC Converging Strategy In-Need Dr. Haytham Abduljawad, Creighton University, USA

Due to recent global economic shifts resulting from changes in oil prices and the associated repercussions for oil-

producing countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region as developing economies, this paper will explore

the urgent need for a change in policy to converge siloed strategies to create the much-needed critical mass for

regional innovation strategy. Besides their similarities in terms of language, religion, environment, and cultural

values, GCC countries also share, for the most part, a similar foundation element in their economies. They all rely

on hydrocarbon products, to various degrees, and many derivatives such as petrochemicals and natural gas. In 2015,

the price of oil sharply began decreasing, due mainly to geopolitical reasons. Although GCC countries play a role in

geopolitical dynamics, they, however, have no control over the direction and slope of such changes in terms of how

they manifest in oil prices. Therefore, it is crucial for these countries to expedite their existing efforts to transform

their energy resource-driven economies into knowledge-based economies that benefit from accumulated wealth.

As economies of the developed world demonstrate increasingly greater growth based on knowledge-based goods

and services, the GCC region can play a vital role as a collaborator as well as a leader in its own right, especially in

the energy sector. Key challenges in terms of education, innovation, and supporting government policies will affect

the future growth of their development and economic progress. It is recommended that the GCC region focus more

on collaborating with other developing economies, specifically in Asia, which is home to a large percentage of

highly educated and industrious knowledge workers and professionals, who are recognized for their innovation.

More importantly, these countries have been and still are progressing in their endeavors to transform their

economies, which is a different learning experience from collaborating with developed economies that are

endeavoring to sustain their economies. Each scenario requires different planning and execution strategies to achieve

the objective, and taking examples from developing nations, such as those in Asia, may be more appropriate for

GCC states to learn how to adapt and adopt diversification policies.

This study will provide some useful lessons and insights, and will be helpful to policy-makers concerned with

evaluating the effectiveness of university-industry- government (UIG) partnerships in their respective countries and

identifying ways to improve them. However, it should be noted that in the GCC region, effective UIG partnerships

require strategies that focus on fundamental issues, some of which are prerequisites, while others are needed to

sustain the outcomes of such partnerships. GCC nations are continuing to carry out significant education reforms,

which is key to the success of any strategic initiatives that aim to achieve their ambitious visions. While these

reforms have improved the education systems in these countries, their impact on education output remains to be

evaluated. However, such reforms should, first, include primary and secondary education and not be limited to

higher education. Second, the ultimate goal of reform is to align education practices in primary and secondary

schools with successful higher education systems to better serve the local, national, and regional economies. If the

current gap between primary and secondary school systems and higher education is not urgently addressed, higher

education will always be disadvantaged by ill-prepared entrants.

Therefore, it is crucial that the ongoing reform efforts address the needs of higher education and mitigate the

perception of industry regarding the education system and the perception that school systems lack the key

specialization that industry requires, especially among the national universities and their national students. The

second challenge is that the majority of higher education specialties lack advanced practical hands-on experiences,

either as a result of inadequate laboratories or R&D facilities. This generally has an impact on how industry trusts

the credibility of student assessments, and subsequently the quality of the education and knowledge base of

16

graduates. In order for UIG to be effective, education reform and associated outputs must be based on and aligned

with the socioeconomic objectives set out in GCC national visions. The probability of success increases if this

alignment is practiced at the fundamental stages of education in grade/ primary and secondary schools. These

schools are the supply chain to universities, and if students are prepped and equipped with the skills needed to

transition to higher education, all stakeholders may perceive UIG partnerships in the region more favorably.

The paper will introduce a conceptual framework based on partnerships model that manages knowledge

creation and conversion to fuel a regional innovation system.

The paper will conclude with challenges and opportunities from a case study conducted in 2013 on UIG

partnerships in the state of Qatar.

Evidence-Based Research on Critical Thinking in Political Science Higher Education in

Egypt Dr. Yasmin Khodary, The British University in Egypt

Increasing students’ ability to think, analyze and investigate critically is expected to reduce extremism, boost

original ideas and unleash creativity. Hence, one value for assessing higher education in general, and fields such as

humanities and the social sciences should be to evaluate students’ critical thinking and find ways, eventually, to

assist them to think more critically. In an attempt to assess the effectiveness of political science higher education in

Egypt, critical thinking in political science was investigated in four Egyptian universities. Using mixed methods, this

research highlights and analyzes the main findings related to critical thinking in the four assessed universities, with a

special focus on the university which scored the highest results. Unlike the rest of the assessed universities, in one of

the assessed four universities, the increase in the levels of students’ critical thinking from year two to year four was

obvious. The levels of students with strong critical thinking increased from 0% in year two to 18% in year four. The

increase in the levels of critical thinking in that particular university can be traced back to the high number of

written assignments and research papers which students have to submit, the associated assessment criteria for

written assignments and research papers which explicitly emphasized critical thinking and originality as the sole

criterion for moving from a grade of ‘B’ to “A”, and the multi-cultural foreign staff engaged in teaching. Variables

such as students’ participation in activities outside university and number of studying hours outside class were found

significant to students’ reading comprehension. However, interestingly, variables such as the school GPA, non-

Egyptian high school degree and not meeting professors during office hours were found significant to students’

levels of critical thinking.

Methodology and Data Collection

This research is based on a combined methodology (mixed methods). Quantitative data were designed to be

collected from the teaching faculty in the political science department followed by a lengthier questionnaire for a

smaller sample of teaching faculty for the second and fourth year students. In addition, another set of questionnaires

were designed for students in the second and fourth years of political science to assess for example their

understanding of core facts and theories in political science. In addition, students had to read a passage based on a

blog post (originally in English) and answer few questions about the reading. On the other hand, qualitative data was

collected about students’ critical thinking. In that particular regards, students had to answer an online critical

thinking (CT) assessment, which is the California Critical Thinking Skills Test. In this particular research, the results

of assessing the extent to which the critical thinking abilities of political science students improved. The fieldwork

took place during the 2015/2016 academic only after formal approvals were secured from the Deans of the

designated faculties. Formal consents of interviewees were also ensured all through the data collection process. The

table below provides an overview of the sample. An overview of the Sample

University University A University B University C University D Total

Student

Interviews

Second Fourth Second Fourth Second Fourth Second Fourth

Student

Questionnaire

49 50 14 20 42 28 39 36 278

17

Public Administration in Education Reforms in Middle East Dr. Qasem Newashi, General Secretariat of the Supreme Council for Planning and Development Kuwait

City, Kuwait

Educational systems vary among countries in the Middle East, while all are public systems and centralized. During

the last two decades, most of these systems adapted several educational reforms but in most cases do not get at the

heart of the problem. These initiatives often introduce new forms of textbook titles, teacher training models, and

testing, while the public administrative of educational institutions and initiatives remain in theories but not in

practices.

The paper analyses the diverse public policies and administrative practices as a basis for developing a generalized

conceptual framework for educational administration in relation to human development approach through education;

decentralization; privatization; and education reform for knowledge economy. The guiding assumption for such

administrative system is that a collective participation as a political strategy should replace the existing

institutionalized authoritarianism of the bureaucratic structures. Specifically, the paper examines the following key

questions:

1. What is the Human Development approach adapted in education by public administrators?

2. What is the current discussions in Middle East around decentralization of its educational system as part of

ongoing reform efforts in public administration?

3. What are the most common directions around privatization that countries in the Middle East are seeking

for?

4. Has the trends of reforming education towards knowledge economy well understood and received proper

support from public administrators?

The analysis of these key questions will be based on selected cases of education reforms in Middle East.

Consequently, the researcher will attempt to conceptualize a multidimensional paradigm of educational

administration which takes into account interrelatedness of administrative functions, multicultural and cross-cultural

dimensions of the educational process.

The Role of Internet of Things (IoT) for Developing Smart Governance in the MENA

Countries Dr. Shahjahan Bhuiyan, American University-Cairo, Egypt

There has been a growing interest among the scholars of Public Policy and Administration about the roles the

Internet of Things (IoT) play in shaping smart governance. IoT is an arrangement of various devices such as home

appliances, surveillance cameras, smart phones and vehicles which not only connects among themselves for the

exchange of data/information but also communicate with users and serves as a driving force for the development of

new services for businesses, communities and governments (Kankanhalli et al., 2017). IoT plays a reformative role

in improving the quality of governance, making them more open, transparent and accountable to citizens. In this

context, the objective of this paper is to understand the role IoT plays to ensure smart governance in the Middle East

Student Critical

Reading

49 50 14 19 34 21 37 28 252

Student – Online

Critical Thinking

45 46 14 20 36 23 27 17 228

Instructor

Interview

Interviews

17 9 24 12 62

18

and North African (MENA) countries. To achieve the objective, the paper proposes the following research

questions:

(1) What roles IoT play for developing smart governance in the MENA countries?

(2) What are the problems and challenges of ensuring smart governance through IoT in the MENA countries?

The findings of the study show that IoT plays, in spite of great potential, limited role in the MENA countries. The

study identified many problems and challenges such as political instability, weak economy, shift in governmental

priority, bureaucratic barriers dealing with IoT, and lack of awareness of citizens. Drawing upon the learning from

global experience where IoT has played a significant role in shaping smart governance, the MENA countries may

develop appropriate policy guidelines to implement the IoT for ensuring smart governance.

Impacts of Globalization on Health and Inevitability to Reform Health System and Policy:

A Kuwait Case Study Dr. Sungsoo Chun, Kuwait Policy Center and Sahmyook University, South Korea

Purpose: This investigation aims to find impacts of rapid globalization on health status; health challenges and policy

gaps; and recommend a new health policy paradigm for further studies for ensuring evidence-based policy making.

Method: A series of desk research and systematic literature review; face-to-face interview of key stakeholders and

specialists; focus group discussions; and policy panel survey were conducted. The scope of investigation covers the

holistic view of national health system, including health service, health protection, health promotion, and

environmental safety.

Results: Rapid globalization last two decades have changed lifestyle and dietary patterns, increased risky behaviors,

including smoking, sedentary living and risky road environment, and many types of pollutions. Those changes

without proper interventions caused big burden of non-communicable diseases, including diabetes, cancers, and

cardiovascular disease, causing a hug financial burdens. Therefore financial uncertainty for remaining the National

Healthcare Service system has been issuing. In detail, nine health challenges and twenty two policy gaps were

found, and seven recommendations were raised.

Conclusion: It is needed to shift a paradigm, from treatment policy to preventive policy, from health service to

health promotion, and from typical view of health system to holistic view of health system, considering every

dimensions of health determinants for achieving healthy people goals.

Promoting and Endorsing Corporate Social Responsibility: A Comparative Perspective Dr. Sherifa Fouad Sherif, Future University, Egypt

Dr. Alia A. Aref, Cairo University, Egypt

Governments around the world have begun to promote and endorse CSR. Recognizing that the role of public

administration and public policy initiatives being the key in encouraging a greater sense of CSR. Looking at the

political agenda of different countries, the increasing role of CSR as a concept in government action is linked to

other challenges brought about by globalization and economic change. The debate on corporate citizenship, the

changing role of business in society and the interrelationship between trade, investment and sustainable development

have been on the top of agendas of many countries.

This empirical, exploratory research presents a comparative analysis between CSR public policies developed in

three European countries: Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom and the possibility of its application in Egypt.

These three countries show three different approaches in terms of governmental actions towards promoting CSR.

Each country applying different approaches, with different visions, strategies, objectives and priorities. Analyzing

these countries will give us the opportunity to learn and incorporate these best practices and introduce an action plan

that may be carried out by the Egyptian government in endorsing and facilitating the application of CSR.

While CSR outlines a framework for companies to contribute to the well being of society, it also presents

opportunities to create competitive advantages among companies and a positive reputation for the business world.

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Although there is broad consensus that CSR has a business-driven approach and that the main focus of CSR

development is the business sector, attention must also be paid to the development and application of CSR within

the framework of other stakeholders, such as governments. Over the last decade, governments have joined other

stakeholders in assuming a relevant role as drivers of CSR and adopting public sector roles in strengthening CSR.

The development of the analytical framework used in this research came from two preliminary research initiatives

that will try to analyze the new role of governments in the CSR arena focusing on the new relationships of

companies with governments and society. Look into developing a CSR public policy-relational analytical

framework in order to better understand the role of government in CSR. This paper’s main focus will be on the

collaboration between civil society, government and the business community. Also, touching on the importance of

public-private partnerships.

Deinstitutionalization as Strategic Sectoral Survival? The Case of Filipino Migrant Civil

Society Organizations in the Gulf States. Dr. Froilan Malit, Zayed University, UAE/ Dr. Jenny Knowles-Morrison, University of Texas at Austin

The paper examines the emerging model of informal cross-sector collaboration in the Gulf States among migrant

civil society organizations (MCSOs)—acting as welfare-providers—and the implications of created “workarounds”

to supplant formal government and protect migrants from labor violations. In the Gulf States, MCSOs’ operations

are regulated by restrictive government policies, thus influencing MCSOs to operate in informal, collaborative

arrangements to avoid state policing. Using 50 semi-structured interviews with UAE-based Filipino MCSO actors,

this study focuses on MCSOs and their complex inter-organizational structures, strategies, approaches, and barriers

in facilitating informal cross-collaboration objectives with governments and migrants alike. We investigate why and

how MCSOs informally operate to address migrant welfare issues. This paper empirically contributes to

understandings of MCSOs by highlighting their growing “informalization” as a strategic survival mechanism. This

study provides theoretical insights on the increasing “sectoral deinstitutionalization” of Gulf-based MCSOs, which

have significant implications on migrant welfare assistance across the region.

Policy Learning and Transfer for Qatari Public Administration: The Impact of

Singapore’s Experience. Dr. Mohamed Evren Tok, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar

This study examines the transformation of Qatari public administration. As Qatar’s modernization experience

unfolds with a strong pace and intensity, increasing exposure of the tiny Arabian Gulf state to the forces of

globalization induce major changes in Qatar’s nation and state building processes. There is no doubt that this

process necessitates a strong state capacity and introduction of Qatar National Vision in 2008 laid out the roadmap

has been a crucial. Transformation of the Qatari public administration needs to be understood within this context.

While enhancing state capacity is sought, a central dilemma has been around balancing global and local forces. An

integral element global forces has been learning from other experiences and engage in policy transfer, leaning and

adoption for the State of Qatar. One of these examples is the case of the case of Singapore-Qatar Asia-Middle East

Dialogue (AMED) Regional Training Centre for Public Administration (RTCPA) in Doha, Qatar, which was jointly

established by the governments of Singapore and Qatar in November 2006. The RTCPA has been providing training

courses to officials from AMED member countries in the areas of public administration, trade promotion, urban

planning, environment management, information communication technology, sustainability development, public

finance and quality management. This study will use RTCPA as a case study and explore Singapore’s approach

towards governance and policymaking, management tools, and information and communication technologies (ICT)

that have been effectively utilised in the public sector and how Qatari experience has been shaped by Singapore’s

experience. Through the previous trainings offered for Qatari public servants and administrators, elite interviews

with officials at Ministry of Administrative Development, Labour and Social Affairs of Qatar and investigation of

key reports related to Qatar National Vision 2030 and development strategies, the study will obtain data to be

analysed and assessed. A critical question that needs to be raised at the beginning is to understand whether

Singapore’s experience is transferable or not. If it is, then what aspects are conducive and what are potential areas of

resistance?

20

Confessionalism System vs. Conflict in Lebanon: Problems and Impact Dr. Vadim Atnashev, St. Petersburg State University, USA

The paper considers main features of the Lebanese confessionalism that is central to the political system of Lebanon.

There are different approaches to the system, from favorable to extremely unfavorable attitudes. According to the

position of the Government of Lebanon, “the denominational political system is perceived as one of the mainstays of

coexistence among the Lebanese people”. The term “Lebanization” is often used for political conflicts not only in

the Middle East but all over the world. In Lebanon, the fierce confrontation between different political opponents

impedes a moving toward compromise and mutual concessions. Some even say about a “symbiosis of the internal

and external geopolitics” in Lebanon. In any case, from 1990 the balance of ethnic and confessional groups has

significantly changed. The document of national understanding, also known as the Taif Agreement (22 October

1989), called for the step-by-step elimination of political confessionalism. The agreement resulted in amendments to

the Constitution, which were promulgated in September 1990. The amendments to the Constitution (1926) declare

that Lebanon is a republic with a multiparty system based on multiple religious groups. According to the new article

95, “The Chamber of Deputies, elected on the basis of equality between Muslims and Christians, shall take

appropriate measures to eliminate political confessionalism, according to a step-by-step plan”. Naturally, the

existence of quotas allocated for the representation of the main religious communities in power did not correspond

either to the spirit of the constitution, or to the principles and provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human

Rights, to which the Preamble refers. Meanwhile, the UN human rights treaty bodies strongly criticize such system.

For example, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women is concerned «about the rise

of religious conservatism and sectarian divisions in the country’s pluralist society, which have had a negative impact

on women’s rights. One should add that it concern all human rights in Lebanon. Until the present, there is no a

uniform law on personal status applicable to all Lebanese. Instead, any Lebanese citizen is subject to the laws and

courts of one of the 18 recognized religious communities that also regulate marriage, kinship and inheritance. It

seems to be necessary for the sake of religious pluralism, which played a major role in the constitution of Lebanon

and in the formation of the Lebanese state.

In general, the high clannishness of the Lebanese society directly or indirectly affects all aspects of the livelihoods

of the Lebanese. Hence, recently the Lebanese conflict has often tried to be presented as a confrontation between the

Sunni government and the predominantly Shiite opposition. However, the situation in Lebanon is much more

complicated in the ethnic and confessional terms. Representatives of certain families/clans often speak on behalf of a

community, which do not express the opinion of the whole community or even of its majority. In addition, the

foreign influence (with interfering in domestic affairs) is still a powerful factor. Moreover, according to the

UNHCR, the number of documented Syrian refugees in Lebanon is about 1,1 million, also there are about 450,000

Palestinian refugees. According to many researchers, the existing system of confessionalism leads to the loosening

of the state and dissolves the civil identity in the interests of individual communities. At the same time, a citizen has

rights independent of his belonging to a particular community, while modern citizenship distinguishes between the

state and the state, secularization and democratization. Liberal citizenship (a set of rights necessary for personal

freedom) is opposed to "communitarian citizenship". The system of confessionalism could not stay a “holy cow”

and must be really reformed according to the modern changes and challenges, also taking into consideration

transforming approaches of consociationalism. Finally, confessionalism is difficult to adapt to modern conditions,

since self-regulation mechanisms do not work. Though this system requests active reforms, due to serious challenges

the political elites of Lebanon are not ready to fulfill it either.

Can Accounting Regimes Really Protect the Public Interests? Dr. Saeed Askary, Gulf University for Science and Technology (GUST), Kuwait

Protecting the public interests, as per IFAC mission and vision, in the current pluralistic societies and organization

spawn damages to accounting profession reputation as a consequence of contribution of the profession in many

accounting scandals. This paper confers about accounting regimes and profession in its real ability to protect the

public interests by considering pluralism doctrine and accounting ethical values. We mobilized the concept of

pluralism into accounting regimes to theorize protecting the public interests by looking at accounting scandals. The

paper advanced prior works by unveiling the relationship between principle-based and ruled based accounting

standard setting methods with protecting the public interests. IFAC, the current global accounting regime, should

21

adopt conservative rule-based accounting method to protect the public interests. This method will help managers and

auditors reduces crucially risk of irrelevant and not reliable financial information.

How Do Egyptians See Private Tutoring: Corruption or Norm Ahmed Alaa Fayed, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies

This research is an empirical investigation that tackles the phenomenon of private tutoring in the Egyptian public

general secondary education sector. Tutoring has been cited to be a form of corruption. Private tutoring impedes

educational reform and decreases education equality and quality. This study aims to understand the main factors that

influence and affect the phenomenon of private tutoring. The focal question is: how do socioeconomic and

demographic contexts affect levels of bribery – private tutoring is regarded as such – in Egyptian public general

secondary schools? Along with the main research question, there are three minor questions, each acting as a guide to

an empirical analysis chapter: First, how have the intensity, frequency and dynamics of bribery (private tutoring)

varied over time? Second, how does bribery (private tutoring) vary across local contexts? Third, how do agent–

client dynamics condition variation in the amount spent on bribery (private tutoring)?

In an attempt to answer these questions, the researcher used a two-pronged approach – referred to as a mixed-

methods approach with an emphasis on qualitative techniques – in which a number of semi-structured interviews,

along with focus groups and observations were conducted. In addition to this, the researcher surveyed 550

individuals representing agents (teachers) and clients (students and parents) in 20 different schools within two

Egyptian governorates, namely Cairo and Assiut, during the 2015/2016 academic year. The researcher demonstrates

different historical, socioeconomic, demographical and individual-level variables that affect the dynamics, intensity

and frequency of private tutoring. Private tutoring is measured according to the number of Egyptian Pounds that are

being spent on it. The research argues that although private tutoring is a phenomenon that is deeply embedded in the

educational system and in the Egyptian society as a whole – socioeconomic, demographical, individual and

historical factors create, and control the variation of this nationwide phenomenon. Through the usage of original

primary data, the researcher managed to show that there is a strong temporal aspect of private tutoring in which the

path was originally created under Nasser’s regime and kept on expanding under the governments of Sadat and

Mubarak. Socioeconomic status generates strong influences on the amount spent on private tutoring across the two

studied governorates. Finally, the relationship between the agents and the clients is a very dynamic one, in which the

amount spent on tutoring depends on the interplay between the agents and clients, ultimately affecting the amount

paid, i.e. the degree of corruption.

One Path or Different Paths? Transparency, Participation and Accountability versus

Efficiency and Effectiveness Dr. Yasmin Khodary, The British University in Egypt

In Fostering Social Accountability: From Principle to Practice, , the UNDP Oslo Governance Center (OGC) asserted

in 2009 that “Clear and effective lines of accountability (legal, financial, administrative and political) are necessary

to ensure honest and efficient performance by civil servants in the delivery of public services to women and low-

income group”. Similarly, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which like its predecessor MDGs aims to

eradicate poverty and promote social development in addition to economic and environmental sustainability,

emphasized the value of well-designed accountability mechanisms on the national, regional and global levels in

effectively implementing the SDGs and eventually ensuring sustainable development. Both the UNDP-OGC and

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development assumed the correlation between transparency, participation and

accountability on the one hand and efficiency and effectiveness on the other hand is an automatic or logical one.

However, there is very little scientific evidence on the correlation between both. This paper provides some initial

attempts to investigate the relationship between transparency, participation and accountability on the one hand and

efficiency and effectiveness on the other hand. In doing that, it explores the results of assessing transparency,

participation, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness in education and water services in Egypt and attempts to

explore the relation between these various dimensions. In addition, it attempts to shed light over two initiatives in

Upper Egypt which succeeded to boost transparency and accountability in order to understand how the two

initiatives contributed in raising or reducing efficiency and effectiveness in the aligned services. The first initiative

invested in youth to spearhead community evaluations and to lobby for the implementation of their community's

demands and recommendations resulting from community score cards, on the local, regional then national levels.

22

The other initiative increased the agricultural cooperatives’ capacities for accountability and further transparency

without effective lobbying on the national levels. Both initiatives had different impact on service recipient’s

satisfaction about the levels of efficiency and effectiveness. In gathering data, analyzing the initiatives and reaching

conclusions, the study utilizes ‘Mixed methods’. In exploring the results of assessing transparency, participation,

accountability, efficiency and effectiveness in education and water services in Egypt, the research uses quantitative

data resulting of a household questionnaire which measured these dimensions. For the two initiatives in Upper Egypt

which attempted to boost transparency and accountability, a qualitative methodology is used including participant’s

observation and interviews with the participants in the two initiatives.

Citizen Competence and Inclusive Political Accountability Mechanisms in Uganda Dr. John Mary Kanyamurwa, Kyambogo University, Uganda

The political history of Uganda reveals that it is one of the countries where ordinary citizens’ participation in

demanding political accountability hardly occurred until the onset of the 1990s when the National Resistance

Movement (NRM) started undertaking different strategies to motivate public participation. The purpose of this paper

is to analyze the progress registered from 1990 to date. The chapter provides the rationale of improving political

accountability through the development of citizen competence and inclusive mechanisms. It also provides a critique

of the state of political accountability at the global, sub Saharan and Ugandan levels in the context of public

participation.

A review of theories existing evidence underpins the analysis on the relationship between citizen competence and

inclusive political accountability framework in developing countries. Findings demonstrate that the strategies

international development agencies recommended to help improve political accountability in the developing world,

particularly in Uganda have yielded totally mixed results. While progress has been made by the Ugandan

government to develop citizen competence as well as promotion of inclusive mechanisms, gaps in the state of

political accountability and participation partly explicate the gaps in civic competence. Generally, the findings

reveal that despite all the efforts that the government of Uganda has so far made to develop citizen competence and

to promote inclusive mechanisms, political accountability, one of the measures of public participation in deliberative

democracy, remains low in Uganda. The scanty political accountability only exhibited during elections, at which

point theoretical re-election of those who convincingly account and dropping those who fail to do so suggests

another dimension at which citizen competence can be understood. Ongoing political accountability is very low

because the strategies the government has been using to develop citizen competence and to promote the necessary

inclusive mechanisms are constrained by inherent weaknesses in participatory frameworks in the country. Citizen

competence has not been adequately developed to enable Ugandans at the grassroots level to effectively engage the

state by demanding political accountability through the inclusive mechanisms that the government claims to

promote. The recommendations call for relevant state-led reforms and civil society strategic involvement to address

the competence questions identified.

واقع الحوكمة في جامعة القدس المفتوحة كإحدى الجامعات العامه الفلسطينية من وجهة نظر الموظفين

اإلداريين رامي خليل جامعة القدس المفتوحة و الدكتور محمد عوض -جامعة القدس

تهدف هذه الدراسة بشكل رئيس إلى دراسة واقع الحوكمة في جامعة القدس المفتوحة كإحدى الجامعات ألعامه الفلسطينية من وجهة نظر

الموظفين اإلداريين وذلك من خالل التعرف على: مفهوم الحوكمة في الجامعات، أهداف الحوكمة في الجامعات، معيقات الحوكمة في الجامعات،

الحوكمة في الجامعات. ومعايير

بة.وسوف يستخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفي التحليلي من اجل تحقيق أهداف الدراسة، وسوف يتم استخدام اإلستبانة كأداة لجمع البيانات المطلو

( موظف، وسيتم استخدام العينة 732مجتمع الدراسة هو الموظفين اإلداريين في جامعة القدس المفتوحة في الضفة الغربية والبالغ عددهم )

العشوائية الطبقية من اجل الحصول على عينة الدراسة.

ومن المتوقع أن تصل الدراسة إلى النتائج التالية:

مفتوحة لمعايير الحوكمة، مدى رؤية ورسالة وإستراتيجية الجامعة، معرفة مدى تطبيق الجامعة لمعايير الشفافية، معرفة مدى تطبيق جامعة القدس ال

والمساءلة والمحاسبة، ومدى مشاركة المستفيدين وذوي العالقة بصناعة القرار في جامعة القدس المفتوحة.

ن هنالك فروق ذات داللة إحصائية في آراء أفراد عينة الدراسة حول واقع تطبيق معايير كما انه من المتوقع أن تصل الدراسة إلى معرفة فيما إذا كا

الحوكمة في جامعة القدس المفتوحة تعزى للمتغيرات الديموغرافية التالية:

)الجنس، العمر، نوع الوظيفة، المؤهل العلمي، وسنوات الخبرة(

23

ت االدارة الحكومية في الشرقدور مناهج وطرق تدريس االدارة العامة في بناء قدرا الدكتور صالح الدين محمد امين االمام -الجامعة التقنية الوسطى ,العراق

لتحاقه تعد الجامعات مصدر الموارد البشرية العاملة في القطاع الحكومي واالدارة الحكومية والتتوقف العملية التعليمية بمجرد تخرج الطالب وا

ان يستمر تفعيل الشراكة مع الجامعات بما يسهم في تطوير االدارة الحكومية واثراء البرامج والمناهج التعليمية االكاديمية باالدارة الحكومية , اذ البد

ي تواجه وضمان مواكبتها للتطورات والتغيرات والقوى البيئية بما يساهم بشكل فاعل وكفوء في ايجاد حلول عملية وتطبيقية للمسائل والتحديات الت

العامة في دول الشرق االوسط . االدارة

تدريس وهذا يتطلب تحقيق الموائمة واالنسجام بين متطلبات االدارات الحكومية ومخرجات النظام التعليمي من خالل العمل على تطوير مناهج وطرق

ت االدارات الحكومية من خالل العمل على االدارة العامة في الجامعات بما يؤدي الى تحقيق التوافق بين مؤهالت ومواصفات حملة الشهادات ومتطلبا

ة الحالية .بناء قدرات عالية تعمل في االدارات الحكومية من خالل تزويدها بالقابليات والمهارات الالزمة الداء عملها ضمن بيئة العمل الديناميكي

التي تواجه االدارة العامة في االلفية الثالثة بما يسهم وعليه فمن الضروري دراسة هذا الموضوع بالتفصيل لغرض ايجاد حلول مبتكرة الهم التحديات

كنولوجيا في احداث تغيير حقيقي في نمط الحياة واالنتقال من مرحلة رضا المستفيدين الى مرحلة الرفاهية والسعادة , كذلك العمل على تحديد دور ت

كومي .المعلومات واالتصاالت في تحديث المعلومات وتحقيق رشادة صنع القرار الح

مثل وهذا يتطلب العمل على تضمين مناهج االدارة العامة العديد من المواضيع التي تزيد من بناء قدرات االدارات الحكومية في الشرق االوسط

الدولية والمحاسبة مواضيع االدارة والمنظمة والبيئة وادارة التغيير والموازنات واالدارة المحلية واالتصاالت والسياسة العامة والتمويل والعالقات

العامة واالقتصاد وعلم االجتماع وتقانة المعلومات .

فاعلية الخطاب الجماهيري في انتاج السياسات العامة/ جامعة البصرةد. غسان نجم عبد هللا العثمان

هذه العالقة في ضوء نظريات االتصال إن الحديث عن الخطاب االشهاري ومدى عالقته في انتاج السياسات العامة يقودنا بالضرورة الى فحص

يات التي تحدد الحديثة وفلسفاتها الخاصة، إذ ال معنى أن نحاول قراءة الواقع السياسي من دون الوقوف على البنيات االشهارية التي انتجته ، تلك البن

ق من رؤية محاربة المركزيات واحالل مقترحات أخرى أطرها المعرفة في ضوء استراتيجية موجة ) الحداثة الحداثة وما بعد الحداثة ( في االنطال

اسي بديلة عنها رسخت مقترحات الالمركزية ال على صعيد الجغرافية السياسية فحسب بل على صعيد الخطاب بكل مستوياته، والتي يعد الخطاب السي

القدرة التسويقية لمنتجات الحضارة على صعيد الفكر من اهمها، إذ مع بدء التحديث والثورة التكنلوجية بدأت الحاجة إلى سقف فلسفي يستوعب

السياسي، وبالرصد والتعقب الحثيث يحضر سؤال السياسة في سياق محاولة الكشف عن سؤال يتحدد مركزه باهمية ) كيف قالت السياسة ال ماذا

ا قبل الحرب العالمية االولى وما بعدها بقليل، وبدى قالت السياسة(، الن ما ستقوله هو سؤال قد اسوعبته في مطلع القرن العشرين في التمهيد لم

مية الثانية التركيز بعد انتهاء الحرب الثانية على ) كيف ستقول السياسة قولتها(، بوصفها قد حددت رؤاها وتوجهاتها المركزية بعد حسم الحرب العال

تلف في آليات انتاجه عن أي منتج تجاريلصالح المنتصرين، ليغدو الخطاب السياسي واآليدولوجي خطابا تسويقيا ال يخ والن السؤال هو تقني .

رت محض حاولت هذه الورقة البحث في تقنيات انتاج الخطاب االشهاري ومدى عالقتها بالسياسات العامة، سيما أن وسائل االتصال الحديثة قد غم

لجماعات أن كل هذا التنوع والزخم المعرفي يجرنا وبقوة نحو قراءة الواقع االنساني بشكل فاعل، وغيرت طبيعة الراهن اليومي على صعيد الفرد وا

، والتركيز الخطاب االشهاري ومدى عالقته في انتاج السياسات العامة، بدءأ من تعريفات االتصال ، ومرورا بالتعريج على نطرياته المتعلقة باالشهار

الحتم التكنلوجي ( التي اسس من خاللها لرؤية ) القرية العالمية ( بما تكهن به:) على ما طرحه الكندي ) مارشال ماكلوها ( في نظريته الشهيرة )

ثم تحاول هذه الورقة الوقوف على تعريف االشهار وفحص عالقاته بدقة ، ثم الوقوف على عينات سياسية يظن الباحث أنها .(العالم سيصبح قرية

، من خالل المقاربة النقدية السياسية القائمة على التفكيك البنيوي لطبيعة عناصر االتصال ) مهمة في العالم وقراءة تجاربها في ضوء النظريات اعاله

لقد تغير العالم في حلول االلفية الثانية تغيرا كبيرا يستدعي النظر في تجاربه االشهارية على . ( الرسالة ، المرِسل ، المرَسل إليه، وسيلة االرسال

وفاقا لما يقتضيه العصر وهذا ما تحاول هذه الورقة تحقيقهوفق النظر الى اركان االتصال

وفقاً لمؤشرات البيئة المؤسسية الدولية –واقع المؤسسات العامة في الدول العربية الدكتور فيصل المناور - المعهد العربي للتخطيط بالكويت

"توسيع مدى الخيارات المتاحة للفرد ليختار فيما بينها". وفي سبتمبر بمفهوم الحرية الشخصية من خالل يُشير "أمارتيا سن" إلى "التنمية"

على تبني المفهوم األوسع للتنمية متجاوزاً "النمو االقتصادي" باعتبارها "توسيع الحريات األساسية التي يتمتع بها الدولية اجمعت الجماعة 2000من عام

ينها، وهي الحريات السياسية؛ واالقتصادية؛ واالجتماعية؛ وضمانات الشفافية التي تعزز الثقة البشر"، لينطوي على خمس حريات رئيسية تتكامل فيما ب

في المجتمع؛ واألمن الوقائي لتوفير شبكة حماية ورعاية اجتماعية.

وقدرتها على تدعيم وفي ظل التوافق الدولي حول أهمية ممارسات الحكم الرشيد، ودوره في تعزيز التنمية وتحقيق العدالة االجتماعية،

لحكم الرشيد الممارسات الديمقراطية، وتحسين فعالية المؤسسات وإعالء القانون والعدالة، بدأت الجماعة الدولية في تبني مبادرات ومشروعات لتعزيز ا

ج إدارة الحكم في البلدان العربية" عام وإصالح اإلدارة العامة بالبلدان النامية والمتقدمة على حد سواء، وعلى مستوى البلدان العربية انطلق "برنام

اإلقليمي ، بهدف تعزيز جهود التنمية في المنطقة العربية عبر دعم الجهود المؤيدة لترسيخ الحكم الرشيد فيها، وهي المبادرة التي أطلقها المكتب2000

على أنه ممارسة السلطة االقتصادية والسياسية واإلدارية لتسيير شؤون للدول العربية التابع لبرنامج األمم المتحدة اإلنمائي، وتبني مفهوم "إدارة الحكم"

مصالحهم، الدولة على كافة المستويات، شاملة جميع اآلليات والعمليات والمؤسسات التي يقوم المواطنون والفئات المجتمعية من خاللها بالتعبير عن

وممارسة حقوقهم، والقيام بواجباتهم، وتسوية خالفاتهم.

تقرير "تحديات التنمية في دول عربية عدة، يلُقى انتهجتهالرغم من الجهود التي تتبناها تلك المبادرة، ومبادرات اإلصالح القطرية التي با

، تتمثل في "إصالح 2015" الضوء على خمسة تحديات تنموية رئيسية تواجه دول المنطقة حتى عام 2009الدول العربية: نهج التنمية البشرية

24

. كذلك سسات؛ وتوفير فرص العمل؛ والحفاظ على عملية النمو لصالح الفقراء وتمويلها؛ وإصالح النظم التعليمية؛ وتنويع مصادر النمو االقتصادي"المؤ

إلى أن ذلك يعود في " ليؤكد على تنامي العقبات التي تعترض سبل التنمية في المنطقة العربية، ُمشيراً 2009جاء تقرير "التنمية اإلنسانية العربية للعام

األساس إلى هشاشة البنى السياسية واالجتماعية واالقتصادية والبيئية في المنطقة، وافتقارها إلى سياسات تنموية تتمحور حول اإلنسان.

الربيع العربي التي وتتجلى أهمية البعد المؤسسي للتنمية في الوقت الراهن كنِتاج لعاملين أساسيين: األول داخلي؛ ويتمثل في اندالع ثورات

العدالة االجتماعية"، والتي ارتأت أن نقطة االنطالق لمستقبل أفضل تتمثل في "إسقاط النظم القائمة". -الحرية -علت هتافاتها للمناداة بــــــ "العيش

والقصور الذي تعانيه أنظمة الحكم، وطبيعة العقود بين واقع المؤسسات والتنمية من جهة، -وفقاً لرؤية المجتمع -األمر الذي يؤكد على الرابط القوى

من جهة أخرى. ويتخذ العامل الثاني؛ صبغة العالمية حيث -سواء التنفيذية أو التشريعية -االجتماعية القائمة وضعف األداء من جانب حكومات تلك الدول

صادي العالمي أصبح أكثر وهناً واختالالً، وأن الثقة في إمكانية استعادته أعلن تقرير صندوق النقد الدولي "آفاق االقتصاد العالمي" أن "النشاط االقت

المنطقة لحيويته صارت أكثر ضعفاً. كما أضحت المخاطر االقتصادية أكبر عن ذي قبل". األمر الذي قد ينعكس سلباً على معدالت النمو االقتصادي في

ا. العربية، ومن ثم مستويات التنمية به

ه الدراسة لتبحث في أوضاع المؤسسات العامة في مختلف الدول العربية، وذلك بهدف استكشاف مواطن الضعف فيها، والتي فلذلك تأتي هذ

أدت بشكل أو بآخر إلى ضعف أطر التنمية في تلك الدولة.

( المشكلة البحثية:1)

ضعف المؤسسات في مختلف الدول العربية، مما أنتج عن ذلك مما سبق، يمكن القول أن ثمة إشكالية رئيسية تواجه البلدان العربية، تكمن في

مجموعة من المخاطر التي هددت استقرار وتنمية تلك الدول، والتي أثرت بدورها بالسلب على تطلعات الشعوب العربية وطموحاتها.

لرئيسي التالي: ما مستوى أداء مختلف وفي سبيل طرح تلك اإلشكالية على بساط النقاش تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى اإلجابة على التساؤل ا

المؤسسات العامة في الدول العربية في تحقيق التطلعات والطموحات التنموية للشعوب العربية؟

( منهجية البحث:2)ياس األوضاع فيما يخص المنهجية البحثية التي تبنتها هذه الدراسة، فقد تضمنت منهج التحليل الكيفي لمجموعة من المؤشرات الدولية بشأن ق

عض الكتابات المؤسسية في مختلف الدول العربية، وذلك للوقوف على مستوى كفاءتها وفعاليتها وأثرها على األوضاع التنموية بشكل عام، باإلضافة إلى ب

الرائدة التي تناولت تحليالت عامة حول أوضاع المؤسسات العربية، وخصوصاً في العقدين األخريين.

( تقسيم البحث: 3)

جاء هذا البحث في خمسة أقسام رئيسية، حيث يقدم الباحث في القسم األول مقدمة تتناول مشكلة البحث ومنهاجيته، ويهتم القسم الثاني

العربية ت باستعراض تعريف المؤسسات وطبيعتها، بينما يتناول القسم الثالث أثر المؤسسات على األداء التنموي، ويستعرض القسم الرابع وضع المؤسسا

وفقاً ألهم مؤشرات البيئة المؤسسية، ويقدم الباحث في القسم الخامس واألخير بعض المالحظات الختامية التي توصل إليها.

تطبيق ستراتيجية ادارية في مؤسسات الكويتية العامة من وجهة نظر الموظفين الدكتور محمد القريوتي ,جامعة الكويت

قات التي موظَّفيها، من منظور إلدارة االستراتيجي ةلمفهوم ا أجهزة اإلدارة العامة في دولة الكويت ى مدى تطبيقف علهذه الدراسة إلى التعر هدفت والمعو يئات ومؤسسات في مختلف الجهات الحكومية من وزارات، وه ( موظ فا381مكونة من ) عي نة عشوائية طبقيةتطبيق الدراسة على . تم هاتطبيق تعيق

ال يعرفون بوجود مثل هذه في حين أن أقل ية منهم فيها معتمدة استراتيجي ة يعرفون بوجود غالبية الموظَّفين بي نت الدراسة أن . وشركات عامةلموظفين صانعي القرار اتدن ي تأهيل وأن ،هتمام الجهات الحكومية بهااحيث ولى منأمرتبة تحظى بال أن مرحلة صياغة االستراتيجي ةات، و ستراتيجي االتباينًا ذا داللة معنوية في تقييم الموظفين لمدى االهتمام باإلدارة االستراتيجية وفقا . كشفت الدراسة أن هناك األول لتطبيق اإلدارة االستراتيجي ةعائق ال

قات تطب الدراسة يق اإلدارة االستراتيجي ة يعزى ألٍي من تلك المتغيرات. أوصت للمتغي رات الديمغرافية، وعدم وجود أي تباين ذي داللة معنوية حول معو ت العليا على إيجاد نظام معلومات استراتيجي لجمع وتحليل البيانات الخاصة بالبيئة الخارجية المحيطة باألجهزة الحكومية، والتدريب المستمر للقياداب

.االهتمام بتبن ي استراتيجي ات فع الة لتحقيق األهداف االستراتيجي ةمن أجل زيادة إعداد االستراتيجي ات الفعالة إلدارة تلك األجهزة

االدارة الرشيدة لتالفي االزمات الوشيكه غصون الطائي -وزارة الصناعة و المعادن ,العراق

قحطان خير هللا عذاب -وزارة التخطيط ,العراق

الحضارة اإلنسانية، ولكنه استخدم حديثا على نحو متزايد في علوم التطوير. ويعزى العلماء كل الشرور في ال يعد مصطلح اإلدارة مصطلحا جديدا فهو قديم قدم

تضمن اإلصالحات مجتمعنا إلى ما يعرف باإلدارة السيئة، ودليل على ذلك إن اغلب أصحاب الهيئات والمؤسسات المالية العالمية يقدمون مساعدتهم بشرط إن ت

الحكم الرشيد.

نستطيع مصطلح اإلدارة الرشيدة بعدة خصائص وتم استخدامه في عدة دول مثل اندونيسيا، اليابان، استراليا، فرنسا وبمراقبة تطبيقه في هذه الدول يتميز

االستفادة منه لتطبيقه داخل مجتمعنا العربي بنجاح.

لمة إدارة وأصلها ثم نتعرف بعد ذلك على ماهية اإلدارة الرشيدة.قبل أن نتطرق إلى تعريف مفهوم اإلدارة الرشيدة يجب أوال أن نتساءل عن معنى ك

ما هو أصل كلمة إدارة؟ -أوال:

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قد تم استخدامها على استخدمت المصطلحات المتعلقة بمفاهيم اإلدارة الحديثة في بدايات الحضارة البشرية،وهى كلمة إغريقية تعنى مديرا للدقة أو موجها لها و

بة وتشير إلى ممارسة ) السلطة،التحكم،التوجيه( وقد ظهر المصطلح مرة أخرى في األدب االيطالي القديم و أدب القرن الثالث عشر مدار الحضارات المتعاق

في تقرير كاد برى. 1992وكذلك في العديد من كتابات القرن السادس عشر،وظهر هذا المصطلح مرة أخرى في عام

-تعريف مصطلح اإلدارة: د متفق علية لمصطلح اإلدارة وذلك بسبب المستويات المختلفة والمضامين المتنوعة التي طبق فيها الحكم.ال يوجد تعريف واح

وخدمات تخدم عرف )لينين،هنري،هيل،(اإلدارة بأنها النظم والقوانين والقواعد والقرارات القضائية والممارسات اإلدارية التي تساعد على تقديم أهداف

العامة.

يرد،أوفليد( االدارة بأنها عبارة عن وضع القواعد والقرارات الرسمية وغير الرسمية والتكوينات والعمليات التي نتعرف من خاللها على وكذلك عرف)بوفا

الطرق التي تمكن األفراد والمؤسسات من ممارسة القوة على القرارات التي تؤدى بهم إلى رخاء حياتهم.

سلطة السياسية واإلدارية إلدارة شئون الدولة.وعرف )بوتسكاب( اآلدارة بأنها ممارسة ال

(Good Governance) -تعريف اإلدارة الرشيدة : -ثانيا:

عمل المؤسسات العامة اإلدارة الرشيدة هي عملية إصدار القرارات وهى العملية التي يتم من خاللها تنفيذ أو عدم تنفيذ هذه القرارات بمعنى أن اإلدارة تكمل

المعقول وال استغالل فيها، وتأخذ في االعتبار قوة القانون حيث أن اإلدارة تقدم لنا نموذج ليس صعبا في التنفيذ ككل لكنه يضمن تطور اإلنسان بطريقة ال فساد

ويتحقق هذا النموذج من خالل بعض األفعال.

-(:صفات الحكم الرشيد)اإلدارة الرشيدة

واختيار القادة ومدى العم والثقة لهم.طريقة تكوين المكونات الخاصة بها، -. الشرعية:1

القدرة القضائية والسلطة إلصدار وتنفيذ القوانين وحل النزاعات. -. القـــــوة:2

طبيعية،اجتماعية،اقتصادية وتكنولوجيا المعلومات التي نحتاجها لإلنشاء والتنفيذ. -. المصادر:3

لسلطة ومعرفة قراراتهم وأفعالهم.المدى الذي البد عنده من محاسبة أصحاب ا -.المحاسبية:4

-خصائص اإلدارة الرشيدة: المشاركة للرجال والنساء معا على حد سواء ويكون مباشر او من خالل ممثلين من خالل شرعية المشاركة،وان تكون منظمة ومعروفة. – 1

وق الناس كليا.سيادة القانون ويتطلب ذلك أشكال عمل شرعية تفرض على نحو غير متحيز حتى تحفظ حق – 2

طريق من سيقع الشفافية وتعنى أنه يتم اتخاذ القرارات ويحدث التنفيذ بطريقة تتواءم مع القوانين،وأن تكون المعلومات متوافرة وسهل الوصول إليها عن – 3

عليهم تأثير هذه القرارات وتأثير تطبيقاتها.

الرهان في اطار وقت معقول.االستجابة وتطلب هذا من المؤسسات خدمة كل متسلمي – 4

تمع ككل وكيف تمركز الموافقة)مركزية الموافقة( اي أن يكون هناك تعادل بين االهتمامات المختلفة في المجتمع للوصول إلى اتفاق على ما هو أفضل للمج – 5

يمكن تحقيق ذلك ،ويتطلب ذلك أيضا منظور طويل المدى للتطور البشرى وكيف يمكن تحقيق أهدافه.

المساواة والشمول وهو أن يشعر كل أعضاء المجتمع أن لهم رهان فيها وال يشعروا أنهم مستبعدون،وهذا يتطلب أن يحصل كل الناس على فرص – 6

للتحسين والتطوير والحفاظ على حياتهم.

م للمصادر الطبيعية معقول وحماية البيئة.الفعالية والكفاءة وتعنى أن تتوافق النتائج مع احتياجات المجتمع وهذا يعنى أن يكون استخدامه – 7

لقرارات المحاسبية ويعنى هذا أن تقع كل المؤسسات الحكومية والخاصة ومنظمات المجتمع المدني تحت المحاسبية أمام العامة وأمام من سيتأثرون با – 8

واألفعال.

اإلدارة الرشيدة بين النظرية والتطبيق إدارة الشركة ومجلس إدارتها والمساهمين، ويتم عبرها ارساء االسس التي تحدد األهداف المرجوة منهي االطر التي تنظّم العالقة بين

النظام ومراقبة األداء، كما تعمل على تكّوين بواعث جيّدة للنظام لتحفيّزهم على متابعة مصالح المؤسسة ومساهميها، االمر الذي يسهل

.الممكن ضمن اقتصاديات وفعاليات السوق توفير الثقة الضرورية لالستخدام والتوظيف

كما تشتمل الحوكمة على الطريقة التي يقوم بها مجلس اإلدارة واإلدارة العليا بالسيطرة على العمل وشؤون النظام التي تؤثر بدورها

:على أداء المؤسسة بالميزات التالية

.معرفة حلقات العمل الرشيد في كل إدارة وقسم -

.مع المستجدات الطارئة بأسلوب ينسجم واإلدارة الرشيدة كيفية التعامل -

.آليات اعتماد المنتجات والخدمات المستحدثة بأسلوب رشيد -

.توظيف التقدم الفني والتقني لتحقيق االستخدام األمثل لإلدارة الرشيدة -

.كشف الثغرات والمخالفات الطبيعية والتواطئية -

.ريرشفافية الممارسة وانتظام التقا -

.اإلفصاح األفضل عن العمل وطبيعته وانعكاس ذلك ثقة مع المتعاملين -

:نظّمت المؤسسات مسؤولياتها وصالحياتها حيث جاءت على الشكل التالي

. وضع األطر واألنظمة الداخلية المتعلقة بالمؤسسات وفقاً للقواعد والتوصيات المتعارف عليها دولياً -1

.نظمة الداخلية المتعلقة باإلدارة الرشيدة لمتابعة تنفيذها من قبل المؤسساتاإلشراف والتنسيق لتطوير األ -2

ة بجوانب التعامل حماية مصالح عمالء المؤسسات عن طريق تقديم اإلقتراحات لإلدارة العليا التنفيذية لجهة إصدار التعليمات واإلرشادات الداخلية المتعلق -3

اح والشفافية وتوزيع األرباح.كافة بين المؤسسات وعمالئها بما فيها اإلفص

تزويد مجلس اإلدارة بشكل دوري وكلما دعت الحاجة، بالتقارير والتوصيات بناًء على النتائج المتوصل إليها. -4

التأكد من تقيد جميع األقسام بالسياسات واإلجراءات المكّملة ألنظمة اإلدارة الرشيدة التي تضعها اإلدارة. -5

للوصول إلستراتيجية اإلصالح اإلداريالسياسات الواجب اعتمادها الستخدامها كمراجع للمستويات اإلدارية المختلفة تتضمن تحديد الواجبات والمسؤوليات وخطوط السلطة عداد أدلة تنظيمية حديثةإ .1

والصالحيات والعالقة بين اإلدارات المختلفة من اجل خلق عالقات عمل واضحة تتفادى االزدواجية والتداخل في انجاز اإلعمال.

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من خالل إشاعة األساليب اإلدارية الحديثة في العمل وخاصة أساليب اتخاذ القرارات ديها تطوير القيادات اإلدارية وتعزيز التراكم المعرفي ل .2

والتحفيز من خالل تطوير المهارات اإلدارية والفنية عن طريق دورات تأهيلية وتطويرية تم التخطيط لها.

ناعة والوالء لدى العاملين في منظمات الجهاز اإلداري والمشاركة في اتخاذ القرارات لتعزيز القإشاعة مفاهيم الديمقراطية والعمل الجماعي .3

وتقليل مقاومة التغيير التي تصاحب عمليات التطوير والعمل على رفع الروح المعنوية.

نتاجيةالسعي إلى ربط األجر باإللتركيز على اعتماد أساليب المحافظة على الموارد البشرية وتعزيز دورها في العملية اإلنتاجية بما يشمل ذلك ا .4

وتطبيق معايير لتقويم اداء العاملين ومراعاة ظروف العمل وتحسين البيئة وتعزيز دور السالمة المهنية.

العمل على وضع برنامج وظيفي شامل يحقق االستثمار األفضل لقدرات ومجهودات الموارد البشرية ويستند إلى مجموعة من الدراسات الشاملة .5

وتحليل اإلعمال ووصف الوظائف واحتساب أعباء العمال واختيار العاملين وإعادة توزيعها وغيرها وصوال من دراسات تخطيط القوى العاملة

االرتفاع بمستوى األداء الفردي والجماعي.إلى

خطط تدريب وتعزيز حاالت اإلبداع والتطوير والعمل على وضع وربط التدريب بتقويم األداءزيادة فعالية العملية التدريبية بمختلف أنواعها .6

تتناسب مع االحتياجات التي تحددها منظمات الجهاز اإلداري والتعاون بين مراكز ومعاهد التدريب على تلبية تلك المتطلبات بمستوى علمي

ومهني عال.

ه والتزامه بأخالقيات وقيم لتعزيز انتماء الموظف لوظيفتتقويم الشفافية والنزاهة والمساءلة اإلدارية ومكافحة الفساد اإلداري االهتمام ببرامج .7

العمل التي تعكس مستوى عاليا من اإلخالص والتفاني.

في دعم عمليات وضع األهداف وتحديد السياسة واتخاذ القرارات. بناء قواعد المعلومات لإلسهاماستخدام التقنيات الحديثة في .8

ق وقدرات فكلما تظافرت النوايا الصادقة والمؤهالت الكفؤة لعمل المؤسسات كلما خالصة الموضوع ان االدارة الرشيدة هي تكاتف جهود وطاقات وشفافية تطبي

.حصلنا على النتيجة المرجوة واالداء االكمل

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