the single european act

8/8/2019 The Single European Act

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Single European Act


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The Single European Act (SEA) revises the Treaties of Rome in order to addnew momentum to European integration and to complete the internal market. It

amends the rules governing the operation of the European institutions and expandsCommunity powers, notably in the field of research and development, the

environment and common foreign policy.

BIRTH

The SEA, signed in Luxembourg on 17 February 1986 by the nine Member Statesand on 28 February 1986 by Denmark, Italy and Greece, is the first majoramendment of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (EEC). Itentered into force on 1 July 1987.

The main stages which led to the signature of the SEA were:

y the solemn declaration of Stuttgart of 19 June 1983This text, prepared on the basis of the plan drafted by Hans DietrichGenscher, the German Minister for Foreign Affairs and his Italiancounterpart, Emilio Colombo, was accompanied by declarations by theMember States concerning the objectives to be achieved as regards inter-institutional relations, the Community's powers and political cooperation. TheHeads of State and Government undertook to review the progress made in


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these areas and to decide whether they should be incorporated in a Treatyon European Union;

y the draft Treaty establishing the European UnionUnder the impetus of the Italian parliamentarian Altiero Spinelli, a

Parliamentary Committee on Institutional Affairs was created with a view topreparing a treaty replacing the existing communities by the European Union.The European Parliament adopted the draft Treaty on 14 February 1984.

y The Fontainebleau European Council of 25 and 26 June 1984.Inspired by the Parliament's draft Treaty, an ad hoc committee consistingof personal representatives of the Heads of State and Government andchaired by the Irish senator Dooge examined the institutional questions. TheDooge Committee's report invited the European Council to convene an inter-governmental conference to negotiate a Treaty on European Union.

yThe White Paper on the Internal Market of 1985The Commission, under the impetus of its new President, Jacques Delors,published a White Paper which identified the 279 legislative measuresneeded to complete the internal market. It put forward a schedule andproposed a deadline of 31 December 1992.

The Milan European Council of 28 and 29 June 1985 finally proposed convening anInter-Governmental Conference (IGC), which opened under the LuxembourgPresidency on 9 September 1985 and closed in The Hague on 28 February 1986.

OBJECTIVES

The chief objective of the SEA was to add new momentum to the process of theEuropean construction so as to complete the internal market. However, this goalwas difficult to achieve on the basis of the existing treaties, notably because ofthe decision-making process at the Council, which imposed unanimity for theharmonisation of legislation.

This is why the Inter-Governmental Conference which culminated in the SEA had a

dual mandate. It was necessary to conclude, on the one hand, a Treaty relating tocommon foreign and security policy and, on the other hand, an act amending theEEC Treaty, notably at the level of:

y the decision-making procedure within the Council;y the Commission's powersy the European Parliament's powers;


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y the extension of the Communities' responsibilities.STRUCTURE

The Act consists of a preamble and four titles and includes a series of declarationsadopted by the conference.

The preamble states the fundamental goals of the Treaty and expresses theMember States' determination to transform their relations as a whole with a viewto creating a European Union. The preamble also establishes the unique characterof the act, which brings together the common provisions as regards cooperation inthe field of foreign policy and the European Communities. Finally, it focuses on thetwo objectives of revising the treaties, i.e. "to improve the economic and socialsituation by extending common policies and pursuing new objectives" and "to ensure

a smoother functioning of the Communities".

Title I contains provisions common to political cooperation and the EuropeanCommunity. Title II is devoted to amendments of the treaties establishing theEuropean Communities and Title III to European cooperation in the field of foreignpolicy. Title IV concerns general and final provisions.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE TREATY - INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES

To facilitate the establishment of the internal market, the act provides forincreasing the number of cases in which the Council can take decisions by qualifiedmajority voting instead of unanimity. This facilitated decision-making and avoidedthe frequent delays inherent to the search for a unanimous agreement among thetwelve Member States. Unanimity is no longer required for measures designed toestablish the Single Market, with the exception of measures concerning taxation,the free movement of persons, and the rights and interests of employed persons.

The SEA established the European Council, which formalises the conferences orsummits of the Heads of States and Government. However, the competencies of

this body are not specified. The European Council has no decision-making powers orpowers of constraint vis--vis the other institutions.

Parliament's powers were enhanced by including the requirement of Parliamentassent when concluding an association agreement. Besides, the act institutes thecooperation procedure, which reinforces the position of the European Parliament ininterinstitutional dialogue and gives it the possibility of two readings of the


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proposed legislation. However the scope of application of this procedure remainedlimited to cases in which the Council acts by qualified majority, with the exceptionof environmental matters.

The Act clarifies existing provisions concerning implementing powers. Article 10amends Article 145 of the EEC Treaty, providing, as a general rule, that the Councilconfer on the Commission powers for the implementation of the rules which theCouncil lays down. The Council can only reserve the right to exercise directlyimplementing powers in specific cases. The SEA creates the foundations for theCourt of First Instance (CFI). All cases may be transferred to this court with theexception of preliminary rulings requested by the Member States or theinstitutions as well as references for preliminary rulings.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE TREATY - POLITICAL CHANGES

Article 8A clearly defines the objective of the Act, which is to progressivelyestablish the internal market over a period expiring on 31 December 1992. TheSingle Market is defined as "an area without internal frontiers in which the freemovement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured in accordance with theprovisions of this Treaty".

As regards monetary capacity, the Act does not permit the implementation of anew policy, but proceeds to insert provisions on monetary capacity. The

convergence of economic and monetary policy already belongs in the framework ofexisting powers.

Social policy is already regulated by the EEC Treaty, but the act introduces twonew articles in this area. Article 118A of the EC Treaty authorises the Councilacting by a qualified majority in the framework of the cooperation procedure totake the minimum requirements with a view to "encouraging improvements,especially in the working environment, as regards the health and safety ofworkers". Article 118B of the EC Treaty entrusts the Commission with the task ofdeveloping dialogue between management and labour at European level.

The Act establishes a Community policy of economic and social cohesion tocounterbalance the effects of the completion of the internal market on the lessdeveloped Member States and to reduce development discrepancies between theregions. The Community intervenes via the European Agriculture Guidance andGuarantee Fund (EAGGF) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).


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As regards research and technical development, Article 130F of the EC Treatyestablishes the objective "to strengthen the scientific and technological basis ofEuropean industry and to encourage it to become more competitive at internationallevel". To this end the act provides for the implementation of framework

multiannual programmes adopted unanimously by the Council.Concern for environmental protection at Community level is already reflected inthe Treaty of Rome. The act adds three new articles (Artices130R, 130S and 130Tof the EC Treaty) which permit the Community "to preserve, protect and improvethe quality of the environment, to contribute towards protecting human health, andto ensure a prudent and rational utilization of natural resources". It specifies thatthe Community can only intervene in environmental matters when this action can beattained better at Community level than at the level of the individual MemberStates (subsidiarity).

Article 30 provides that Member States must endeavour jointly to formulate andimplement a European foreign policy. To this end they undertake to consult oneanother on questions of foreign policy that might be relevant to the security ofthe Member States. The presidency of the Council is responsible for initiatingaction and coordinating and representing the positions of the Member States inrelations with third countries in this area.

THE SEA: REVIEW AND PERSPECTIVE

The SEA provided for the transformation of the Common Market into a singlemarket on 1 January 1993. By creating new Community competencies and reformingthe institutions the SEA opened the way to political integration and economic andmonetary union to be enshrined in the Treaty of Maastricht on the European Union.

AMENDMENTS TO THE TREATY

y Treaty on European Union, known as the "Maastricht Treaty" (1992)The Maastricht Treaty brought the three Communities (Euratom, ECSC,EEC) and institutionalised cooperation in the fields of foreign policy,defence, police and justice together under one umbrella, the European Union.The EEC was renamed, becoming the EC. Furthermore, this Treaty createdeconomic and monetary union, put in place new Community policies (education,culture, cooperation and development) and increased the powers of theEuropean Parliament (codecision procedure).


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y Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)The Treaty of Amsterdam increased the powers of the Union by creating aCommunity employment policy, transferring to the Communities some of theareas which were previously subject to intergovernmental cooperation in the

fields of justice and home affairs, introducing measures aimed at bringingthe Union closer to its citizens and enabling closer cooperation betweencertain Member States (enhanced cooperation). It also extended thecodecision procedure and qualified majority voting and simplified andrenumbered the articles of the Treaties.

y Treaty of Nice (2001)The Treaty of Nice was essentially devoted to the "leftovers" ofAmsterdam, i.e. the institutional problems linked to enlargement which werenot resolved in 1997. It dealt with the make-up of the Commission, the

weighting of votes in the Council and the extension of the areas of qualifiedmajority voting. It simplified the rules on use of the enhanced cooperationprocedure and made the judicial system more effective.

The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was signed in October 2004. Itwas designed to repeal and replace by a single text all the existing treaties (withthe exception of the Euratom Treaty), and consolidates 50 years of Europeantreaties. To enter into force, the Treaty establishing the Constitution had to beratified by all the Member States in accordance with each one's constitutionalrules, namely either parliamentary ratification or referendum. Following the

difficulties in ratifying the Treaty in some Member States, the Heads of Stateand Government decided, at the European Council meeting on 16 and 17 June 2005,to launch a "period of reflection" on the future of Europe. At the European Councilmeeting on 21 and 22 June 2007, European leaders reached a compromise andagreed to convene an IGC to finalise and adopt, not a Constitution, but a "reformtreaty" for the European Union.

This Treaty has also been amended by the following treaties of accession:

y Treaty of Accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden (1994) whichincreased the number of Member States of the European Community to 15.y Treaty of Accession of Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,

Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia (2003)This Treaty increased the number of Member States of the EuropeanCommunity from 15 to 25.


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y Treaty of Accession of Bulgaria and Romania (2005). This Treatyincreased the number of Member States of the European Community from25 to 27.

Moved by the will to continue the work undertaken on the basis of the Treatiesestablishing the European Communities and to transform relations as a whole amongtheir States into a European Union, in accordance with the Solemn Declaration ofStuttgart of 19 June 1983.Resolved to implement this European Union on the basis, firstly, of theCommunities operating in accordance with their own rules and, secondly, ofEuropean co-operation among the signatory States in the sphere of foreign policyandto invest this Union with the necessary means of action.Determined to work together to promote democracy on the basis of the

fundamental rights recognized in the constitutions and laws of the Member States,inthe Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedomsandthe European Social Charter, notably freedom, equality and social justice.Convinced that the European idea, the results achieved in the fields ofeconomicintegration and political co-operation, and the need for new developmentscorrespondto the wishes of the democratic peoples of Europe, for whom theEuropeanParliament, elected by universal suffrage, is an indispensable means ofexpression.

Animati de vointa de a continua opera intreprinsa ncepnd cu Tratatele deinstituire a Comunitilor Europene i de a transforma ansamblul relaiilor dintrestatele lor ntr-o uniune european, n conformitate cu Declaraia solemn de laStuttgart din 19 iunie 1983.Hotarati s pun n aplicare aceast uniune european, n primul rnd, pe bazaComunitilor care funcioneaz conform propriilor norme i, n al doilea rnd, pe


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baza cooperrii europene ntre statele semnatare n materie de politic extern is nvesteasc aceast uniune cu mijloacele de aciune necesare.Decisi s conlucreze pentru promovarea democraiei pe baza drepturilorfundamentale recunoscute n constituiile i legislaiile statelor membre, Convenia

privind aprarea drepturilor omului i a libertilor fundamentale i Carta SocialEuropean, n special libertatea, egalitatea i justiia social.Convinsi de faptul c ideea european, rezultatele obinute n domeniile integrriieconomice i cooperrii politice, precum i necesitatea unor noi evoluii corespunddorinelor popoarelor democratice ale Europei, pentru care Parlamentul European,ales prin vot universal, reprezint un mijloc de expresie indispensabil.

The European Communities and European Political Co-operation shall have as theirobjective to contribute together to making concrete progress towards Europeanunity.The European Communities shall be founded on the Treaties establishing theEuropean Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community, theEuropean Atomic Energy Community and on the subsequent Treaties and Actsmodifying or supplementing them.Political Co-operation shall be governed by Title III. The provisions of that Titleshallconfirm and supplement the procedures agreed in the reports of Luxembourg(1970),Copenhagen (1973), London (1981), the Solemn Declaration on EuropeanUnion(1983) and the practices gradually established among the Member States.The European Council shall bring together the Heads of State or of Government oftheMember States and the President of the Commission of the EuropeanCommunities,They shall be assisted by the Ministers for Foreign Affairs and by aMember of theCommission.The European Council shall meet at least twice a year.

Comunitile Europene i cooperarea politic european au drept obiectiv scontribuie mpreun la realizarea unui progres concret ctre unitatea european.Comunitile Europene se ntemeiaz pe tratatele de instituire a ComunitiiEuropene a Crbunelui i Oelului, a Comunitii Economice Europene, a ComunitiiEuropene a Energiei Atomice, precum i pe tratatele i actele ulterioare demodificare sau completare a acestora.


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Cooperarea politic este reglementat de titlul III. Dispoziiile acestui titluconfirm i completeaz procedurile convenite n rapoartele de la Luxemburg(1970), Copenhaga (1973), Londra (1981) i n Declaraia solemn privind UniuneaEuropean (1983), precum i n practicile stabilite treptat ntre statele membre.

Consiliul European reunete efii de stat sau de guvern ai statelor membre i pePreedintele Comisiei Comunitilor Europene. Acetia sunt asistai de ctreminitrii afacerilor externe i de ctre un membru al Comisiei.Consiliul European se reunete cel puin de dou ori pe an.

n scopul promovrii unei dezvoltri armonioase a ansamblului Comunitii, aceastadezvolt i urmrete aciuni care conduc la ntrirea coeziunii sale economice isociale.Comunitatea urmrete, n special, reducerea decalajelor dintre diferitele regiunii a rmnerii n urm a regiunilor defavorizate.Statele membre i promoveaz politicile economice i le coordoneaz astfel ncts ndeplineasc i obiectivele stabilite la articolul 130a. Punerea n aplicare apoliticilor comune i a pieei interne ia n considerare obiectivele stabilite la

articolele 130a i 130c i contribuie la realizarea lor. Comunitatea sprijinrealizarea acestor obiective prin aciunile ntreprinse prin intermediul FondurilorStructurale (Fondul European de Orientare i Garantare Agricol, Seciunea deOrientare, Fondul Social European, Fondul European de Dezvoltare Regional), alBncii Europene de Investiii i al altor instrumente financiare existente.Fondul European de Dezvoltare Regional este menit s contribuie la corectareaprincipalelor dezechilibre regionale din cadrul Comunitii prin participarea ladezvoltarea i adaptarea structural a regiunilor rmase n urm i la reconversiaregiunilor industriale aflate n declin.

In order to promote its overall harmonious development, the Community shalldevelop and pursue its actions leading to the strengthening of its economic andsocialcohesion.In particular the Community shall aim at reducing disparities between the variousregions and the backwardness of the least-favoured regions.


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Member States shall conduct their economic policies, and shall co-ordinate them, insuch a way as-, in- addition, to attain the objectives set out in Article 130a. Theimplementation of the common policies and of the internal market shall take intoaccount the objectives set out in Article 130a and in Article 130c and shall

contributeto their achievement. The Community shall support the achievement oftheseobjectives by the action it takes through the structural Funds (EuropeanAgriculturalGuidance and Guarantee Fund, Guidance Section, European Social Fund,EuropeanRegional Development Fund), the European Investment Bank and the otherexistingfinancial instruments.The European Regional Development Fund is intended to help redress the principalregional imbalances in the Community through participating in the development andstructural adjustment of regions whose development is lagging behind and in theconversion of declining industrial regions.

Obiectivul Comunitii acela de a ntri baza tehnologic i tiinific a industrieieuropene i de a o ncuraja s devin mai competitiv la nivel internaional.n acest scop, Comunitatea ncurajeaz activitile de cercetare i dezvoltare

tehnologic ale ntreprinderilor, inclusiv ale ntreprinderilor mici i mijlocii, alecentrelor de cercetare i ale universitilor; aceasta sprijin eforturile acestora decooperare, n special cu scopul de a permite ntreprinderilor s exploateze pe deplinpotenialul pieei interne a Comunitii, n special prin atribuirea de contracte de

achiziii publice naionale, definirea de standarde comune i ndeprtareabarierelor juridice i fiscale din calea cooperrii respective.Pentru atingerea acestor obiective, se va ine cont n special de legtura dintre

efortul comun de cercetare i dezvoltare tehnologic, stabilirea pieei interne ipunerea n aplicare a unor politici comune, n special n ceea ce privete concurenai comerul.Statele membrei coordoneaz politicile i programele realizate la nivel naional.n strns legtur cu statele membre, Comisia poate lua orice iniiative utilepentru a promova aceast coordonare.

The Communitys aim shall be to strengthen the scientific and technological basisof European industry and to encourage it to become more competitive atinternationallevel.In order to achieve this, it shall encourage undertakings including small andmedium-sized undertakings, research centres and universities in their research and


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technological development activities; it shall support their efforts to co-operatewithone another, aiming notably at enabling undertakings to exploit theCommunitysinternal market potential to the full, in particular through the openingup of nationalpublic contracts. the definition of common standards and the removal

of legal andfiscal barriers to that co-operation.In the achievement of these aims, special account shall be taken of the connectionbetween the common research and technological development effort, theestablishment of the internal market and the implementation of common policies,particularly as regards competition and trade.

Member States shallco-ordinate among themselvesthe policies and programmescarried out at national level. In close contact with theMember States, theCommission may take any useful initiative to promote such coordination.

Glossary1. Amendment procedure- the way in which the treaties are updated, it

involves an IGC, which must agree by unanimity, and then ratification inevery member state. The the new constitution proposes a new, simplermethod for some minor changes in the future.

Amendament- mbuntire, modificare adus unui proiect de act normativsau de tratat.

2. Amsterdam treaty- a set of reforms to the treaties that were agreed inJune 1997.Tratatul de la Amsterdam- un set de reforme al tratatelor care au fostaceeptate in 1997.

3. Budget- the money that is available to an organization or person, or a planof how it will be spent.Buget - Bilan al veniturilor i cheltuielilor unui stat, ale unei ntreprinderietc. pe o perioad determinat.


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4. Citizen -someone who legally belongs to a particular country and has rightsand responsibilities there, whether they are living there or not.Cetatean - Locuitor al unui stat, care se bucur de drepturi civile i politicei care are anumite obligaii fa de acel stat.

5. Council - a group of people that are chosen to make rules, laws, or decisions,or to give advice.Consiliu - Colectiv organizat, cu sarcini de conducere, de administrare sau deavizare etc. a activitii unei organizaii, firme, societi comerciale,instituii etc.

6. Common market- a shorthand and old-fashioned way of referring to theEEC.Piata comuna- un mod invechit de a se referi la CEE.

7. Communityacquis-is the body of common rights and obligations which bind allthe Member States together within the European Union.Acquis-ul comunitar - este ansamblul de drepturi i obligaii asumate destatele membre ale Uniunii Europene, normele juridice ce reglementeazactivitatea Comunitilor Europene i a instituiilor UE, aciunile i politicile

comunitare.

8. Council of Europe- separate from the EU, it is based in Strasbourg, France,and deals with issues such as human rights and youth policy. It is strictlyintergovernmental.

Consiliul Eurpei -cu sediul la Strasbourg, a luat natere la 4 mai1949 ireunete toate statele Uniunii Europene precum i alte state din centrul iestul Europei. Este independent de Uniunea European, i este diferit i de

Consiliul European sau de Consiliul Uniunii Europene.

9. Council of Ministers- the main decision-making body in the EU. Sometimes ituses qualified majority voting, sometimes it votes by unanimity; this depends


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on the issue. It normally meets in secret rather than in public. It is properlycalled just the "Council".Consiliul de ministry - este instituia Uniunii Europene care reprezint directstatele membre i n care particip fiecare prin reprezentani la edinele

care se in, de obicei la Bruxelles. Conform Tratatului Comunitii Europene,Consiliul a fost creat pentru a asigura coordonarea politicilor economicegenerale, pentru a aciona ca organ de luare a deciziilor i pentru a definioperaiile de management general ale Comisiei.

10.Constitution-a set of basic laws and principles that a country or organizationis governed by.Constitutie -Lege fundamental a unui stat, investit cu o for juridic

superioar celorlalte legi, care cuprinde principiile eseniale ale organizriilui, stabilete drepturile i datoriile principale ale cetaenilor, sistemulelectoral, organizarea organelor supreme i locale etc.

11.Culture - the beliefs, way of life, art, and customs that are shared andaccepted by people in a particular society.Cultura - Totalitatea valorilor materiale i spirituale create de omenire i ainstituiilor necesare pentru comunicarea acestor valori.

12.Debate - discussion of a particular subject that often continues for a longtime and in which people express different opinions.Dezbatere - analiz amnunit, discutare, deliberare; discuie larg asupraunei probleme de interes general.

13.Policy - a way of doing something that has been officially agreed and chosenby a political party, business, or other organization.Politica - Activitate a claselor sociale, a grupurilor sociale, n raport cu

statul, determinat de interesele i de scopurile lor; activitate a organelorputerii i conducerii de stat n domeniul treburilor publice interne i externe,care reflect ornduirea social i structura economic a rii; participare latreburile statului.


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14.Declaration - an important official statement about a particular situation orplan, or the act of making this statement.Declaratie - act oficial prin care se aduce la cunotin, se ntrete omsur luat; notificare.

15.Development - the process of gradually becoming bigger, better, stronger,or more advanced.Dezvoltare - Aciunea de a (se) dezvolta i rezultatul ei; cretere, evoluare;amplificare.

16.EEC- European Economic Community, an old name for the European UnionCEE- comunitatea economica europeana, un vechi nume pentru Uniunea

Europeana17.Employment - the condition of having a paid job, the number of people who

have jobs.Serviciu - Ocupaie pe care o are cineva n calitate de angajat; slujb.

18.Environment - The totality of circumstances surrounding an organism orgroup of organisms.Mediul inconjurator - Natura nconjurtoare alctuit din totalitateafactorilor externi n care se afl fiinele i lucrurile.

19.European Council- a meeting of the heads of the national governments,which is held normally four times a year. Disagreements at the Council ofMinisters are sometimes referred here.Consiliul European - este forul politic suprem al Uniunii Europene. n cadrulUE acesta este instituia care a promovat n mod decisiv procesul deintegrare european.

20.European Commission- the equivalent of the government in a member state.It has 25 Commissioners. It is not a huge bureaucracy: it has fewer staffthan a typical local authority in Britain.Comisia Europeana - este organul executiv al Uniunii Europene, avnd rolul dea ntocmi proiecte de legi i de a monitoriza aplicarea acestora. Comisia este


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un organ al Comunitilor Europene, independent de statele membre, avnddeci un caracter cu adevrat supranaional.

21.European Parliament- the part of the European Union directly elected bythe citizens. A unique institution, it is the only supranational directly-electedparliament in the worldParlamentul European - Parlamentul european este unul din organeleComunitilor Europene. ncepnd cu anul 1979 este ales direct, o dat la 5ani, prin alegeri generale, libere i secrete.

22.Euro- the new currency of the EU, which has replaced the nationalcurrencies of twelve member states.

Euro- este moneda comun pentru cele mai multe state din UniuneaEuropean. Monedele Euro (i bancnotele euro) au intrat n circulaie pe 1ianuarie2002, dar anul emiterii lor poate s mearg napoi pn n anul 1999,cnd moneda a fost lansat oficial.

23.European elections- held every five years to elect the European Parliament,they are the only international elections in the world.Alegeri Europene - se tin o data la 5 ani pentru a allege parlamentul

European, alegerile europene sunt singurele alegeri international din lume.

24.European integration - the means by which the rule of law and internationaldemocracy (i.e. federalism) have come to replace war and the threat offorce in Europe.

Integrarea europeana - Integrarea european este procesul de politice,juridice, economice (i, n unele cazuri, sociale i culturale) de integrare a

statelor n ntregime sau parial, n Europa.In the present day, EuropeanIntegration is primarily achieved through the European Union and the Councilof Europe . n ziua de azi, de integrare european este realizata, in principalprin intermediul Uniunii Europene i Consiliul Europei.

25.Government -the group of people who govern a country or state


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Guvern - Organ de stat care exercit puterea executiv; cabinet, consiliu deminitri.

26.Globalisation - the idea that money, trade and information can flow aroundthe world much more quickly and easily than before.Globalizare - descrie un proces permanent prin care economiile regionale,societati, i culturile au devenit integrate printr-un glob-ntinde reea decomunicare i de execuie. The term is sometimes used to refer specificallyto economic globalization : the integration of national economies into theinternational economy through trade , foreign direct investment , capitalflows , migration , and the spread of technology . [ 1 ] However, globalisationis usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic,

technological, sociocultural, political, and biological factors.[ 2 ]

The term canalso refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popularculture through acculturation .

27.IGC - Inter-Governmental Conference, that brought togetherrepresentatives of the national governments to discuss amendments to thetreaties. It concluded with a meeting of the European Council and agreedthe new constitutional treaty closely based on a proposal from theConvention.

CIG - Conferin interguvernamental este procedura formal de negocieremodificri ale tratatelor fondatoare ale Uniunii Europene.Under the treaties,an IGC is called into being by the European Council , and is composed ofrepresentatives of the member states, with the Commission , and to a lesserdegree the Parliament also participating. n temeiul tratatelor, o CIG estepus n curs de ctre Consiliul European, i este format din reprezentani aistatelor membre, cu Comisia, i ntr-o mai mic msur a Parlamentului, deasemenea, participante.

28.Intergovernmental- describing institutions which cover more than onecountry and which are controlled entirely by national governments. It is theopposite of supranational.

Interguvernamental- ntre, dintre guverne; interstatal.


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29.Institution - a large organization that has a particular kind of work orpurpose.

Institutie - Form de organizare a raporturilor sociale, potrivit normelor

juridice stabilite pe domenii de activitate; institute.30.Legislation - a law or set of laws

Legislatie - Totalitatea legilor unei ri sau ale unui domeniu juridic.

31.Maastricht treaty- agreed at the end of 1991, this transformed theEuropean Community into the European Union as we know it today.

Tratatul de la Maastricht - semnat in 1991, a transformat Comunitatea

Europeana in Uniunea Europeana.

32.Mandate - if a government or official has a mandate to make importantdecisions, they have the authority to make the decisions because they havebeen elected by the people to do so.

Mandat - mputernicire dat cuiva de ctre o persoan sau de ctre oautoritate de a vorbi sau de a lucra n numele su.

33.Nice treaty- this is the latest set of amendments to the treaties to comeinto force.

Tratatul de la Nisa - a fost semnat de liderii europeni la 26 februarie 2001 iintrat n vigoare la 1 februarie 2003. It amended the Maastricht Treaty (orthe Treaty on European Union) and the Treaty of Rome (or the Treatyestablishing the European Community). Acesta a fost modificat Tratatul dela Maastricht (sau Tratatul privind Uniunea European), precum i Tratatul

de la Roma (sau Tratatul de instituire a Comunitii Europene).34.Nationalism - the desire by a group of people of the same race, origin,

language etc to form an independent country.

Nationalism - Doctrin politic bazat pe aprarea (uneori exagerat) adrepturilor i aspiraiilor naionale.


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35.Parliament - the group of people who are elected to make a country's lawsand discuss important national affairs.

Parlament - Organ legislativ din unele ri, compus din una sau din doucamere i constituit din reprezentani ai diferitelor partide politice alei,total sau parial, prin votul cetenilor.

36.Petition - A written request signed by a lot of people, asking someone inauthority to do something or change something.

Petitie - Expunere scris adresat de o persoan sau de un grup de persoaneunei instituii, unei organizaii, unei autoriti, n care se formuleaz ocerere, o revendicare, un punct de vedere etc.

37.Presidency- each member state takes it in turn for six months at a time tobe responsible for chairing meetings of the Council of Ministers.

Presedintie - Funcia i activitatea de conducere a preedintelui; perioada deactivitate a unui preedinte.

38.Referendum- a common way for a member state to decide European issues,such as whether or not to join the European Union or ratify the constitution.These questions are often extremely controversial, so they are decided bythe citizens rather than the national government. Each country decides foritself whether to hold a referendum.Referendum - Consultare direct a cetenilor, chemai s se pronune, prinvot, asupra unui proiect de lege de o deosebit importan pentru stat sauasupra unor probleme de interes general.

39.Right- something that you are morally, legally, or officially allowed to do orhave.Drept - Totalitatea regulilor i normelor juridice care reglementeazrelaiile sociale dintr-un stat.


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40.Single European Act - intended to eliminate barriers on trade and capital

flows between and among European countries.

Actul unic European - (SEA) a fost prima revizuire major a Tratatului de1957 de la Roma. Acesta a intrat n vigoare la 1 iulie 1987, n cadrul ComisieiDelors.

41.Subsidiarity- the idea that no decision should be taken by the EuropeanUnion if it can be taken by its member states instead.Subsidiaritate - este principiul conform caruia Uniunea nu intreprinde actiuni(cu exceptia domeniilor care tin exclusiv de competenta sa) daca acestea nusunt mai eficiente decat actiunile intreprinse la nivel national, regional sau

local.42.Summits - gatherings of the heads of government of the member states,

normally meeting in secret and voting by unanimity. Often criticised forbeing a less democratic and efficient means of taking decisions than theCommunity method.

Summit - O reuniune (de obicei ntre liderii de grup aceluiai), n cazul ncare bugetelefinanciare,previziuni, i / sau produse similare sunt discutate.It can also serve as an informative session . Acesta poate servi, de

asemenea, ca o sesiune de informativ.

43.Single market- a free market among all European Unionmember states. It isthe richest trading block in the world.

Piata unica - O pia comun este un tip de bloc de comer care este compusdin vamale, o uniune cu politicile comune privind reglementarea produsului,precum i libertatea de micare a factorilor de producie(de capital i aforei de munc), precum i de ntreprindere.The goal is that the movement

of capital, labour, goods, and services between the members is as easy aswithin them. Scopul este ca circulaie a capitalului, a forei de munc, bunurii servicii ntre membrii este la fel de uor ca n cadrul ei. This is the fourthstage of economic integration . Aceasta este a patra etap de integrareeconomic.


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44.Taxation - A contribution for the support of a government required ofpersons, groups, or businesses within the domain of that government.

Impozit - Plat obligatorie stabilit prin lege, pe care cetenii, instituiile

etc. o vars din venitul lor n bugetul statului; dare.45.Treaty- an international agreement amongst the member states that is

binding upon them. In addition to agreement by the national governments, itwill normally need to be ratified in each member state.

Tratat- nelegere scris ncheiat ntre dou sau mai multe state, nvederea determinrii, ntr-un anumit domeniu, a drepturilor i a obligaiilorprilor contractante sau n scopul stabilirii unor norme juridice; acordinternaional, convenie internaional.

46.Treaty of Rome- signed in 1957, it created what was then called theEuropean Economic Community. It has since been amended by the SingleEuropean Act, the Maastricht treaty, the Amsterdam treaty and the Nicetreaty, but much of it still applies.Tratatul de la Roma: Tratatelor de laRoma sunt dou dintre cele tratate ale Uniunii Europene, semnat la 25 martie1957. Both treaties were signed by The Six : Belgium , France , Italy ,Luxembourg , the Netherlands and West Germany . Ambele tratate au fostsemnate de ctre ase:Belgia,Frana,Italia,Luxemburg,Olanda si Germania de

Vest.47.Transparency- the idea that the decisions and actions of the European

Unioninstitutions should be as visible to citizens as are those of nationalgovernments, because the process of European integration should increaseand not reduce the level of democracy.Transparenta - idea conform careia deciziile si actiunile Institutiilor UniuniiEuropene ar trebui sa fie la fel de vizibile cum sunt si pentru guvernelenationale, deoarece procesul de integrare europeana ar trebui sa mareasca si

nu sa reduca nivelul democratiei.

48.Unanimity- the idea that decisions can be taken by the Council of Ministersor the European Council only if every member state agrees. Any one countrycan, on its own, prevent agreement. Unanimitate: Acord total de idei, deopinii, de sufragii; totalitate de persoane.


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49.Veto - the power that each member state has to prevent a decision beingreached in the Council of Ministers, when decisions are taken by unanimity.Veto: Drept excepional pe care l are cineva (recunoscut prin lege sau princonvenii) de a se opune adoptrii unei propuneri sau unei hotrri; formul

prin care se exercit acest drept.

50.Vote - an act of voting in an election or meeting,or the choice that you makewhen you vote:Vot -exprimarea opiniei cetenilor unui stat n legtur cu alegereareprezentanilor lor n organele de conducere; opinie exprimat de membriiunei adunri constituite n legtur cu o candidatur, cu o propunere sau cu ohotrre; adeziune dat n acest scop.

Bibliografie:

Single European Act(1986)Official Journal L 169 of 29 June 1987

Palmowski Jan, A Dictionary of Contemporary World History , 2004

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

EUABC, Dictionar de termini UE

Marcu, Florin, Marele Dictionar de Neologisme

http://europa.eu/index_en.htm

the single european act

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