the simultaneous determination of pcdds/pcdfs/cpcbs,...

Wayman Turner, Wanda Whitfield, Troy Cash,

Emily DiPietro, Cheryl McClure and Andreas Sjodin

6th Thermo Scientific Symposium on Recent Advances in POPs Analysis

April 28-29, 2011

The Simultaneous Determination of PCDDs/PCDFs/cPCBs, PCNs and PBDDs/PBDFs in Human Serum

National Center for Environmental Health

Division of Laboratory Science

Data HandlingQA/QC & Reporting

Mass

Spectrometry

HRGC/ID-HRMS

Specificity

& Sensitivity

Sample

Preparation

& Cleanup(Automation)

Anal Chem 56 (1984) 1830-1942

Our Current FMS Power-Prep System

Serum dioxin (ppt)

With chloracne

Without chloracne

New Zealand sprayers

German plant workers

quintile 5

quintile 4

quintile 3

quintile 2

NIOSH workers - quintile 1

Enlisted men - non-flying

Enlisted men - flying

Officers - flying (pilots)

Officers - flying (navigators)

Officers - non-flying

Controls

High

Medium

Low

Controls

Median serum dioxin levels in selected populations

157

4540

16,600

Ground troop veterans in AOVS

Ranch Hand veterans

Occupational exposures

Seveso, Italy population

355

0 20 40 60 80 100 1000 10,000

400

300

200

0

100

1010 20 30 40 50 60 70 800

Se

rum

TC

DD

le

ve

l (p

pt)

Ranch Hand exposure index

The Ranch Hand Dioxin Exposure Index

was not correlated with serum TCDD levels

(N = 147)

Total Lipid References

• Akins J.R., Waldrep K., and Bernert J.T. Jr. The Estimation of Total Serum Lipids by a Completely Enzymatic 'Summation' Method. Clin. Chim. Acta. 184: 219-226 (1989).

• Phillips D.D., Pirkle J.L., Burse V.W., Bernert J.T., Henderson L.O. and Needham L.L. Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Levels in Human Serum: Effects of Fasting and Feeding. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18: 495-500 (1989).

• Bernert J.T., Turner W.E., Patterson D.G. Jr. and Needham L.L. Calculation of Serum “Total Lipid” Concentrations for the Adjustment of Persistent Organohalogen Toxicant Measurements in Human Samples. Chemosphere 68: 824-831 (2007)

Short Formula = (2.27*TCHOL + TRIG + 62.3Long Formula = 1.667*((TCHOL-FCHOL) + FCHOL +TRIG + PLIPID

Selected References• Chang R.R., Jarman W.M. and Hennings J.A. Sample Cleanup by Solid-Phase Extraction for the

Ultatrace Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzoburans in Biological Samples. Anal. Chem. 65: 2420-2427 (1993).

• Turner W., DiPietro E., Cash T.P., McClure P.C., Patterson, D.G Jr., and Shirkhan H. An Improved SPE Extraction and Automated Sample Cleanup Method for Serum PCDDs, PCDFs and Coplanar PCBs. Organohalogen Compounds 19: 31-35 (1994).

• Brock J.W., Burse V.W., Ashley D.L., Najam A.R., Green V.E., Korver M.P., Powell M.K., Hodge C.C. and Needham L.L. An Improved Analysis for Chlorinated Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Human and Bovine Sera Using Solid-Phase Extraction. J Anal. Toxicol . Nov/Dec: 528-536 (1996).

• Barr J.B., Maggio V.L., Barr D.B., Turner W.E., Sjodin A., Sandau C.D., Pirkle J.L., Needham L.L., and Patterson D.G. Jr. New High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Approach for the Measurement of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Human Serum. J. Chromatography B, 794: 137-148 (2003).

• Sjodin A., Jones, R.S., Lapeza C.R., Focant J-F, McGahee E.E. and Patterson D.G. Jr. Semiautomated High-Throughput Extraction and Cleanup Method for the Measurement of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Polybrominated Biphenlys and Polychlorinated Biphenlys [& Organohalogen Pesticides] in Human Serum. Anal. Chem. 76: 1921-1927 (2004).

NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLEFor those who don’t have to do the work!

Selected References• Chang R.R., Jarman W.M. and Hennings J.A. Sample Cleanup by Solid-Phase Extraction for the

Ultatrace Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzoburans in Biological Samples. Anal. Chem. 65: 2420-2427 (1993).

• Turner W., DiPietro E., Cash T.P., McClure P.C., Patterson, D.G Jr., and Shirkhan H. An Improved SPE Extraction and Automated Sample Cleanup Method for Serum PCDDs, PCDFs and Coplanar PCBs. Organohalogen Compounds 19: 31-35 (1994).

• Brock J.W., Burse V.W., Ashley D.L., Najam A.R., Green V.E., Korver M.P., Powell M.K., Hodge C.C. and Needham L.L. An Improved Analysis for Chlorinated Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Human and Bovine Sera Using Solid-Phase Extraction. J Anal. Toxicol . Nov/Dec: 528-536 (1996).

• Barr J.B., Maggio V.L., Barr D.B., Turner W.E., Sjodin A., Sandau C.D., Pirkle J.L., Needham L.L., and Patterson D.G. Jr. New High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Approach for the Measurement of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Human Serum. J. Chromatography B, 794: 137-148 (2003).

• Sjodin A., Jones, R.S., Lapeza C.R., Focant J-F, McGahee E.E. and Patterson D.G. Jr. Semiautomated High-Throughput Extraction and Cleanup Method for the Measurement of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Polybrominated Biphenlys and Polychlorinated Biphenlys [& Organohalogen Pesticides] in Human Serum. Anal. Chem. 76: 1921-1927 (2004).

Top : Native PCBs

Bottom: 13C-labeled PCBs

Figure 118

28

52

49

4474

66

101

15

199

87

110

14

9

11

8

32

28

52

37

70

101111

118

153

105

138178

128

167

15

6

15

7

18

0

17

0

18

9

19

4

209

20

6

209206

10

5

14

61

53

19

6-2

03

13

8-1

58

17

8

18

7 18

31

28

16

7

17

71

56 15

71

72

18

0

17

02

01

19

51

89

19

4

Figure 2

Top : Native Pesticides

Bottom: 13C-labeled Pesticides

HCB

HCCHOXYCHLOR

H. EPOX

T-NONA

ppDDE

DIELDRIN

opDDTppDDT

MIREX

HCB

OXYCHLOR

H. EPOX

T-NONA

ppDDE

DIELDRIN

opDDT

ppDDT

MIREX

HCCH

HCCH

HCCH

High Resolution Mass Spectrometers

• Micromass 70E (Missouri Adipose)

• Micromass 70SE (Missouri Serum)

• Micromass Autospec

• Micromass Autospec Ultima

• Thermo Electron MAT95 XL (Apr ‘00)

• Thermo Electron MAT95 XP

• Thermo Fisher DFS (May ‘06)

• 2-D GC (GCxGC)/HRMS (Future?)

Thermo Fisher DFS

NHANES (www.cdc.gov/nhanes)

• National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (administered by NCHS, CDC)

– Stratified, multistage, national probability sample of the civilian, non-institutionalized population

– Data cycles every 2 years starting 1999-2000

– 30 localities via mobile trailers; about 10,000 people every 2 year cycle

– Environmental components are 1/3 subsets

Data collected

– Extensive questionnaire on demographics and health behaviors

– Extensive physical exam

– Medical and nutritional laboratory tests

Analyte List

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) 2,3,7,8-Tetrabromorodienzo-p-dioxin (TBDD)

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) 1,2,3,7,8-Pentabromodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeBDD)

1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD) 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexabromorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxBDD)

1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD) 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexabromodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxBDD)


1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD) 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptabromoodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpBDD)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octabromodibenzo-p-dioxin (OBDD)

1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) 2,3,7,8,-Tetrabromodibenzofuran (TBDF)

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran (HpCDF) 1,2,3,7,8-Pentabromodibenzofuran (PeBDF)


1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexabromodibenzofuran (HxBDF)



1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) 2,3,4,6,7,8,-Hexabromodibenzofuran (HxBDF)

2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptabromodibenzofuran (HpBDF)

2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptabromodibenzofuran (HpBDF)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octabromodibenzofuran (OBDF)

Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls - cPCBs Polychlorinated Naphthalenes3,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77) 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorinated naphthalene (PCN 27)

3,4,4',5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 81) 1,2,3,5,7- and 1,2,4,6,7-Pentachlorinated naphthalene (PNC 52 & 60)

3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) 1,2,3,4,5,7- and 1,2,3,5,6,8-Hexachlorinated naphthalene (PNC 64 & 68)

3,3',4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 169) 1,2,3,4,6,7- and 1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexachlorinated naphthalene (PNC 66 & 67)

1,2,3,5,7,8-Hexachlorinated naphthalene (PCN 69)

1,2,3,4,5,6,7-Heptachlorinated naphthalene (PCN 73)

What is the most frequently asked question?

How much blood do you want?

The most frequent answer…

“It depends.”

LOD (pg/g Lipid) for TCDD MAT95 vs. DFSAssumptions: 70% Recovery & Total Lipid 0.6 %

SWEIGHT MAT95 DFS

5 1.786 0.595

10 0.893 0.298

15 0.595 0.198

20 0.446 0.149

25 0.357 0.119

30 0.298 0.990

35 0.255 0.085

40 0.223 0.074

45 0.198 0.066

50 0.179 0.060

Geometric Selected percentile

mean ( 95% confidence interval) Sample

(95% conf. limit) 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th size

2378-TCDD * < LOD < LOD < LOD < LOD 4.00(

Geometric Selected percentile

mean ( 95% confidence interval) Sample

(95% conf. limit) 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th size

12378-PeCDD * < LOD < LOD < LOD 6.00(5.50-6.70) 9.00(8.20-9.60) 10.90(9.90-12.20) 1878

Age group

12-19 years * < LOD < LOD < LOD < LOD < LOD 4.70(

Polychlorinated Dibenzo Dioxins and Furans

Figure 3

Native Dioxins

13C Labeled Dioxins3355P

3445P3344P

3344P

3445P

2378F

2378F

2378D

2378D

33445P

33445P

1234D

12378F

23478F

12378D334455P

12378F

23478F

334455P12378D

123478F

123678F234678F

123478D123678D

123789D

123789F

123478F

123678F

234678F

123478D

123678D

123789D

123789F

OCDF

OCDD

OCDD

OCDF

1234678F

1234679D

1234678D

1234789F

1234678F1234789F

1234679D

1234678D

Polychlorinated Naphthalens

Figure 4

Native PCNs

13C Labeled PCNs

N42

N42

N28

N27

N27

N48

N52/60

N50N54

N53

N52/60

N66/67

N71/72N64/68

N69

N73

N66/67 N64/68

N73

1234D

Polybrominated Dibenzo Dioxins and Furans

Native Brominated Dioxins

13C Labeled Brominated Dioxins

Figure 1

2468BF

2468BF

2378BF

2378BF

2378BD

2378BD

12378BF

12378BF

23478BF

23478BF

12378BD

12378BD

123478BF

123478BF

123478/678BD

123478/678BD

123789BD

123789BD

1234678BF

1234678BF

1234678BD

1234678BD

OBDF

OBDF

OBDD

OBDD

LOD (pg/g Lipid) TCDD vs. TBDD on DFSAssumptions: 70% Recovery & Total Lipid 0.6 %

SWEIGHT TCDD TBDD

5 0.595 20.0

10 0.298 10.0

15 0.198 6.7

20 0.149 5.0

25 0.119 4.0

30 0.990 3.3

35 0.085 2.9

40 0.074 2.5

45 0.066 2.2

50 0.060 2.0

Native Pesticides

13C Labeled Pesticides

Pesticides 2010

Figure 2

a-HCCHHCB

PCAnisol

b-HCCH

g-HCCH

HCB PCAnisol

a-HCCH

b-HCCH

g-HCCH

Aldrin

Aldrin

OCS

OCS

Isodrin

Isodrin

Oxychlor

Oxychlor

H.Epox

H.Epox

g-Chlrdn

g-Chlrdn

a-Chlrdn

a-Chlrdn

t-Nona

t-Nona

op-DDE

op-DDE

pp-DDE

pp-DDE

Dieldrin

Dieldrin

Endrin

Endrin

op-DDT

op-DDT

pp-DDT

pp-DDT

Par50

Par50

Par62

Par62

Par2

6P

ar2

6

Mirex

Mirex

c-N

ona

c-N

ona

pp-Moxyc

pp-Moxyc

1234D

PCDDs/PCDFs/cPCBs (pg/g Lipid)

ANALYTE P5 P10 MEAN MEDIAN P90 P95 N MIN MAX

2378D 0 0 0.20 0 0.7 0.9 68 0 1.6

12378D 0 0 1.86 1.8 3.5 4.1 68 0 4.8

123478D 0 0 1.09 0 3 3.7 68 0 4.5

123678D 4.8 5.3 13.65 11.4 25.6 31.6 68 0 44.4

123789D 0 0 1.81 1.8 4.2 4.4 68 0 8

1234678D 4.6 5 14.32 12.2 27 31.1 68 0 50

OCDD 72.3 78.6 189.87 139.5 374 419 68 51 830

2378F 0 0 1.29 0 4.8 5.1 68 0 9.3

12378F 0 0 0.27 0 1 1.2 68 0 2.8

23478F 0 0 2.21 1.95 4.3 6.6 68 0 8

123478F 0 0 1.97 1.7 3.9 4 68 0 7.7

123678F 0 0 2.14 1.8 3.9 4.2 68 0 10.5

123789F 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 68 0 0

234678F 0 0 0.36 0 1.2 1.5 68 0 1.9

1234678F 1.9 2.4 6.03 5.3 10.9 13.3 68 0 18.3

1234789F 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 68 0 0.4

OCDF 0 0.3 1.11 0.9 2.2 2.7 68 0 3

3344P 14.7 17 29.90 27.55 48.4 59.1 68 12.5 93.4

3445P 0 0.6 1.40 1.4 2.3 3 68 0 4.3

33445P 0 1.7 4.95 3.75 10.5 11.2 68 0 17.8

334455P 1.5 1.8 7.11 5.9 15.6 17.4 68 0 21

PBDDs/PBDFs (pg/g Lipid)


2378BD 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 70 0 11.7

12378BD 0 0 0.66 0 0 0 68 0 28.5

123478/678BD 0 0 1.80 0 0 0 68 0 78.8

123789BD 0 0 0.49 0 0 0 69 0 33.5

1234678BD 0 0 0.36 0 0 0 67 0 23.8

2378BF 0 0 0.49 0 0 0 68 0 19

12378BF 0 0 1.09 0 0 0 68 0 39.6

23478BF 0 0 1.06 0 0 0 69 0 38.6

123478BF 0 0 2.84 0 0 23.3 68 0 54.2

1234678BF 0 0 43.91 0 131 201 66 0 818

Geometric Means (adjusted 95% confidence intervals) in pg/g Lipid

for Polychlorinated Naphthalene (PCN) Congeners in Serum Pools

for NHANES 2001-2002 by Race/Ethnicity, Sex and Age.

NHW AGE PCN 52/60 PCN 66/67

M 12-19 34.5 (13.7-86.9) 44.7 (30.5-65.7)

20-39 49.3 (23.2-104.9) 58 (42.4-79.4)

40-59 68.1 (32.0-144.7) 94.2 (68.8-128.8)

60+ 180.6 (85-384) 238.3 (174.2-326)

F 12-19 39.3 (15.6-99) 42 (28.6-61.7)

20-39 87.7 (45.6-168.4) 72.2 (55.0-94.7)

40-59 112.3 (52.9-238.8) 113.7 (97.8-183)

60+ 299 (155.5-573.9) 370.4 (282.4-485.9)

NHB

M 12-19 46.4 (21.8-98.6) 43.5 (31.8-59.5)

20-39 28.5 (7.7-105.3) 42.9 (24.9-73.8)

40-59 73.7 (20.0-272.2) 101.1 (58.7-173.9)

60+ 121.2 (32.4-453) 187.8 (109.1-323.3)

F 12-19 30.5 (14.3-64.8) 38.6 (28.2-52.8)

20-39 64.0 (17.3-236.4) 58 (33.7-99.8)

40-59 118.9 (32.2-439.1) 134.2 (78-230.9)

60+ 245.4 (66.5-905.9) 418.1 (242.9-719.5)

PCNs (pg/g Lipid)


PCN27 0 0 11.69 11.9 19.2 20.8 65 0 44.3

PCN52-60 16.9 18.1 46.56 37.5 86.7 113 68 11.7 208

PCN66-67 10.4 12.1 31.97 25.45 62.4 89.6 68 6.4 124

PCN64-68 0 0 1.04 0 3.9 4.3 68 0 8.1

PCN69 3.3 4 9.96 8 19.5 24.2 68 0 30.9

PCN73 0 0 0.13 0 0 0 68 0 3.5

We Have Come a Long WayAutomation has significantly changed our throughput

• In 1987 one person (original LLE & semi-automated cleanup method) could process 10 samples for TCDD only in 5 days.

• Today one person (using SPE & PowerPrep) can process 60 samples in 5 days for PCDDs/PCDFs/cPCBs + PCNs and PBDDs/PBDFs.

• In addition today one person (using SPE & Rapid Trace) can process 150 samples in 5 days for PCBs (including mPCBs for TEQ), OC pesticides and PBDEs.

Observation from the „real world‟ by an analytical

chemist who retired after 57 years from NIST ...

It has been estimated that concentrations of 1 in 1018 of almost any

substance can be expected to be present in almost any sample. This

translates to approximately a thousand molecules. In: Quality Assurance of

Chemical Measurements by John K. Taylor (1987, p48).

Extra Slides

Weight Moles Molecules of 2378-TCDD

1 microgram (Fg) or 10-6 g 3.1x10-9 or 3.1 nanomoles 1,866,200,000,000,000 [2x1015]

1 nanogram (ng) or 10-9 g 3.1x10-12 or 3.1 picomoles 1,866,200,000,000 [2x1012]

1 picogram (pg) or 10-12 g 3.1x10-15 or 3.1 femtomoles 1,866,200,000 [2x109]

1 femtogram (fg) or 10-15 g 3.1x10-18 or 3.1 attomoles 1,866,200 [2x106]

1 attogram (ag) or 10-18 g 3.1x10-21 or 3.1 zeptomoles 1,866 [2x103]

1 zeptogram (zg)or 10-21 g 3.1x10-24 or 3.1 yactomoles 1.866 [2x100]

1 yactogram (yg) or 10-24 g PHANTOM MOLES 0

Ultra-Trace Analysis of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin (2378-TCDD)

Avogadro's number = 6.02 x 1023 molecules/mole --- 2378-TCDD MW=322 or 322 g/mole

Notes on calculations

1 x 10-15 g

------------- = 3.1 x 10-18 moles of 2378-TCDD

322 g/mole

3.1 x 10-18 moles x 6.02 x 1023 molecules/mole = 1.8662 x 109 or 1,866,200,000 molecules

One part-per-quadrillion

(fg/g or ppq)

is like measuring

1 second in 1 x 1015 seconds

… or 1 second in 320,000,000 years

NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLEFor those who don’t have to do the work!

NHW AGE PCN 52/60 PCN 66/67 PCN 69

M 12-19 34.5 (13.7-86.9) 44.7 (30.5-65.7) 5.7 (0.6-55.4)

20-39 49.3 (23.2-104.9) 58 (42.4-79.4) 4.3 (0.6-29.4)

40-59 68.1 (32.0-144.7) 94.2 (68.8-128.8) 10.9 (2.1-57.6)

60+ 180.6 (85-384) 238.3 (174.2-326) 22 (5.2-92.5)

F 12-19 39.3 (15.6-99) 42 (28.6-61.7) 3.8 (0.3-41.9)

20-39 87.7 (45.6-168.4) 72.2 (55.0-94.7) 34 (11.1-104.8)

40-59 112.3 (52.9-238.8) 113.7 (97.8-183) 12.7 (2.5-63.8)

60+ 299 (155.5-573.9) 370.4 (282.4-485.9) 22.4 (6.5-77.1)

NHB

M 12-19 46.4 (21.8-98.6) 43.5 (31.8-59.5) 8.4 (1.5-48)

20-39 28.5 (7.7-105.3) 42.9 (24.9-73.8) 3.8 (0.1-114.6)

40-59 73.7 (20.0-272.2) 101.1 (58.7-173.9) 11.7 (0.7-201.3)

60+ 121.2 (32.4-453) 187.8 (109.1-323.3) 12.3 (0.7-219.4)

F 12-19 30.5 (14.3-64.8) 38.6 (28.2-52.8) 3.4 (0.5-25.1)

20-39 64.0 (17.3-236.4) 58 (33.7-99.8) 10.8 (0.6-194.0)

40-59 118.9 (32.2-439.1) 134.2 (78-230.9) 11.3 (0.6-197.6)

60+ 245.4 (66.5-905.9) 418.1 (242.9-719.5) 24.8 (2.2-275.4)

MA

M 12-19 20.2 (9.5-42.9) 31.2 (22.8-42.7) 2.1 (0.3-17.6)

20-39 21.5 (8.5-54.2) 35.4 (24.1-52) 4.6 (0.4-48.4)

40-59 55.4 (15.0-204.6) 68.3 (39.7-117.5) 4.9 (0.2-130.3)

60+ 64.6 (17.5-238.4) 137.8 (80.1-237.2) 5.8 (0.2-143.3)

F 12-19 23.2 (12.1-44.6) 23.8 (18.1-31.2) 4.9 (0.9-25.2)

20-39 27.2 (10.8-68.5) 41.0 (28-60.2) 4 (0.4-43.8)

40-59 88.3 (23.9-325.8) 84.9 (49.3-146.1) 6.2 (0.3-147.6)

60+ 116.8 (31.6-431.1) 226 (131.3-389) 8.9 (0.5-177.2)

Geometric Means (adjusted 95% confidence intervals) in pg/g Lipid

for Polychlorinated Naphthalene (PCN) Congeners in Serum Pools

for NHANES 2001-2002 by Race/Ethnicity, Sex and Age.

Analyte List

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans

Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and

Dibenzofurans

1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) 2,3,7,8-Tetrabromorodienzo-p-dioxin (TBDD)

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) 1,2,3,7,8-Pentabromodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeBDD)

1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD) 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexabromorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxBDD)



1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD) 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptabromoodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpBDD)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octabromodibenzo-p-dioxin (OBDD)

1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) 2,3,7,8,-Tetrabromodibenzofuran (TBDF)






1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) 2,3,4,6,7,8,-Hexabromodibenzofuran (HxBDF)

2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF) 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptabromodibenzofuran (HpBDF)

2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptabromodibenzofuran (HpBDF)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octabromodibenzofuran (OBDF)

Polychlorinated Naphthalenes

1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorinated naphthalene (PCN 27)

1,2,3,5,7- and 1,2,4,6,7-Pentachlorinated naphthalene (PNC 52 & 60)

1,2,3,4,5,7- and 1,2,3,5,6,8-Hexachlorinated naphthalene (PNC 64 & 68)

1,2,3,4,6,7- and 1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexachlorinated naphthalene (PNC 66 & 67)

1,2,3,5,7,8-Hexachlorinated naphthalene (PCN 69)

1,2,3,4,5,6,7-Heptachlorinated naphthalene (PCN 73)

the simultaneous determination of pcdds/pcdfs/cpcbs,...

Documents