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The Simulation Geologic Features and Forming Mechanism of the Salt Diapiric Structure of the Wensu Canyon in Xinjiang

Wang Huiping, Lu Lin

Resources Academy, Chang’ an University, xi’ an, Shaanxi, China,[email protected]

Abstract Based on the regional geological surveying and the contrary with the resemble salt diapiric

structure at home and abroad, this paper indicates that the Ochirbat salt diapiric structure in the Canyon of Xinjiang Wensu County has typical and integral spatial pattern and huge body. By analyzing its forming mechanism and its evolution stages, we conclude that plasticity of the plastic salt deposited for a long time becomes very bigger under the different gravity pressures supported such as different deposition and compaction and goes over top-storey, and flows out along its surface through a few stages of the salt-pillow, salt- anticline, salt diapiric, overcrowd and strength, which took place in the course of the Himalayas tectonic movement. All in all, the Ochirbat salt diapiric structure in the Canyon of Xinjiang Wensu County has unique and scientific characteristic whether from the space form or mechanism of formation. There are very precious values of remains protection and geological expedition in the fields of science and investigation. In addition, the salt diapiric structure is a better geological structure in which there is plenty of oil and has very important economic development value.

Keywords: Diapiric Structure, Ochirbat Salt Diapiric, Spatial Pattern, Forming Mechanism

1. Introduction

Diapirs in deep underground are plastic rock salt, gypsum or shale, etc of relative low -density, high

-viscosity. It is caused by the differences gravity or under the other force to squeeze into even pierce through the overlying strata. Finally the dome, fold or mushroom-shaped structure is formed, which are referred to as the diapir [1, 10,11]. Diapiric can be divided into salt diapirs, mud diapir, magma diaper according to its material composition and among them salt diapers come from the rock salt, gypsum and other evaporite formation. However the salt dome diapires are the most widely distributed, and the most common [2]. In China, up to now, the study on salt tectonics is relatively rare, and the latest researches are focused on the deformational and combinational styles of the salt and related tectonics, 3D geological modeling, 3D visualization. But the and the weaker links are the researches on the formation mechanism of salt tectonics and geodynamic evolution[3]. The study found that the China's Tarim Basin is an ideal place in study of salt diapirs. The Ochirbat salt diapirs in Wensu Canyon of Xinjiang analyzed in the article are part of salt dome diapirs and located in the Tarim Basin. Its structural characteristics and formation mechanism are typical representatives. Besides, it’s well known that salt basins with oil and gas occupy 80% of natural gas reserves and 89% oil reserves.[4] The relationship between salt and oil and gas mainly lie in the salt layer itself may be a good source rock, which forms various salt-related traps. The good salt cap has an abnormal thermal conductivity that influences the formation of oil and gas. In recent years, exciting achievements have obtained on the salt tectonics research at abroad. The scientists in our country also have done lots of work about the deformation style, deformation time, tectonic overlay and tectonic points. However, the study on the relationship between salt tectonics and hydrocarbon is quite weak. Therefore, the work on the Geologic features and forming mechanism of the salt diapiric structure of the Wensu Canyon in Xinjiang is important and essential. This research has significant theoretical and practical significances. 2. The area geological survey of the Wensu Canyon Ochirbat salt diapirs

The canyon is located in the northern about 50 km away from Xinjiang Wensu County, mainly composed of two winding valleys named KuduLuke Valley and Ochirbat Valley, respectively. The mainly geologically scarce features are salt dome remains with a very huge scale and a magnificent Yardang landform landscape. There are five kinds of landscapes: Danxia, Jadin, sub-Jadin, karst and salt diapers. It is a complicated geological and geomorphological valley. Recently, the canyon has

The Simulation Geologic Features and Forming Mechanism of the Salt Diapiric Structure of the Wensu Canyon in Xinjiang Wang Huiping, Lu Lin

International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications(JDCTA) Volume6,Number12,July 2012 doi:10.4156/jdcta.vol6.issue12.10

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ranked the national AAA level tourist attractions by the Tourist Spots Quality Grade Evaluation Committee in Wensu Xinjiang, and Wensu County in conjunction with the Aksu Land Office is making efforts to bid for the Wensu Canyon National Geological Park.

The tectonic position of the canyon is located in the northern margin of Tarim Basin, Kuqa depression of the edge zone of Late Paleozoic tectonic belt western package Qiulitag tectonic zone. adjoining the junction of Baicheng sag on the east, matching Wushi sag on the west; layers are completely exposed in the surrounding area; the mainland layers surrounding areas range from the Upper Proterozoic to Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic (as shown in Figure 1). Of which, Sinian - Lower Permian is marine, paralic deposition while the Upper Permian - Quaternary are mainly continental deposits[4] 25 ~ 30Ma ago, the late Tertiary crustal slowly uplifted, and subsequently the Kuqa Basin and the Tethys were isolated, and finally they turned into inland lakes. As the water is not deep and it is in a long-term oxidation of sedimentary environment, the deposition of a 3000m thick red mudstone, siltstone and sandstone is appeared out between 22Ma. And as Tianshan Mountains is not high, precipitation more frequent rain turn dry season, a thin layer of band structure has been formed (Figure 2). About the early Pleistocene, the Kuqa Basin turned into the land because of the strong Himalayan movement. Thus, the third line of red and brown rock formations resulted in intense folding and faulting, the strong fold along the Kuqa - Wensu, multi-group fracture. In Pliocene, the lake basin became shallower, and deposited a brown or gray-brown sandstone, mudstone and conglomerate layers. The early Quaternary, a strong orogeny produced in the southern of Xinjiang, a sharp increase in Tianshan Mountains, the Kuqa basin ended its lake evolution, the third line of red and brown rock were squeezed by crustal movement, folded into mountains, formed many bundles back oblique and syncline, followed by the formation of a gorge form of exotic and unique salt diapirs, after year after year, weathering, erosion, erosion and gravitational collapse of comprehensive geological, created a type of complex and diverse region geological heritage resources, and large-scale, high quality. So it is a complicated “geological museum.” Based above analysis, the Ochirbat salt diapirs' evolution is divided into five stages, according to the development process of the stratigraphic and geologic history, combining with the region's geological evolution and tectonic movement, , as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 1 The Geologicalmap of the Ochirbat Salt Diapiric 3. The structural characteristics of Ochirbat salt diapirs Ochirbat gourd-shaped salt diapers are located in the west of Wensu Canyon, and its structural features are very typical and prominent. In the early stage of investigation of bidding for the Wensu Grand Canyon National Geological Park, the experts of the investigation and assessment of regional geological heritage center noted that it was the largest salt diapirs landscape found in China even in the world so far. Its integrity and typical spatial form comprehensively displayed the typical theoretical


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basic form of diapirs and the formation mechanism, and the phenomenon is very rare that its lower evaporation rock salt firstly went through a plastic deformation, secondly squeezed into even pierced through the overlying strata, finally outward expansed and amushroom-shaped outflew. Thus the even more uniqueness and scientific significance of Ochirbat gourd-shaped salt diapirs are displayed.

Figure 2. Stratigraphic Profile of Ochirbat Salt Diapiric Area

Figure 3. The evolution stages of the Ochirbat salt diapirs

Basic structural elements of diapirs include diapir nuclear, Nucleus structure and Nucleation construct. Diapir nuclear is composed of high-plastic material to provide with material source for diapers body. The common diapir core competitive materials have rock salt, gypsum and clay. The Nucleus structure was constructed by the diapirism of the overlying rock on the core, recorded various tectonic events after the salt deposition, acted as an important role in the identification of diapirs time and manner. As it is controlled by the nuclear properties and the role of other factors, its types and shapes are more complex and diverse. Nucleation is constructed in the underlying strata during or related to the geological tectonic period, reflected the pre-salt sedimentary structures sedimentation events. It is generally simpler, and sometimes can grow a number of basement faults and basement faulting related to diapirism. The Wensu Canyon salt diapers has a typical three elements of diapirs (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Geological Map of Ochirbat Salt Diapiric

Nucleus structure

Diapir core

Core substructure


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The Ochirbat salt diapirs has an area of about 16km2, is the largest one of all salt dome structures found in China's at present. The inner of salt dome was messy reflection, and its round-rock reflection interface suddenly is interrupted in this pot, by which, we can paint the contour of the salt domes (Figure 4). The plane forming the salt domes were almost round and flat shape. the salt core arched upward as the patterns of salt pillows, salt ridge or a salt suppository form, and its shape is a typical salt dome and fornix and anticline structure with a height of about 500m. In its core, there is a funnel-shaped topography which concaves downward like a volcano. From the inside to outside, rock salt and rock were mixed. During the process of the rock salt squeezing into rock stratum, a variety of faults and fissures are formed. The outside are upper rock stratum for the salt brine ditch group (rock), the outermost are the circumference of the inclined part of the dome with a dramatic decline in the terrain, and the strata gradually turned to normal. This ring structure is constructed of a salt dome with significant geological features (Figure 4). The salt dome center grows salt-soluble effect, and forms a unique salt-soluble landscape, such as vertical cave, about several hundred meters depth, often goes straight through the base level of erosion, and connects to the Ochirbat river in east of the salt dome. Salt water discharges from the top of the salt dome, and forms a unique landscape of white salt creek (Figure 5).

Ochirbat salt diapir, from the outside, has a very complex terrain. In addition to different sizes and interlocking funnel, there are many underground rivers and salt caverns. In the holes, there are towers and salt stalactites pagoda formed by salt crystals. At the top of salt dome, the salt karst landscape is densely distributed. Its plane distribution in the plane structure has a clear zonation; its long axis has the same direction as the cracks or in parallel. Its structural development location has obvious relevance to fracture location, and its size is generally controlled by the fracture scale. In profile, which is located within or near the fault zone, the overlying strata showed a dome-type anticline, which often developed graben-type faults, pierced through in the round of diapiric nucleus, and the rock salt expanded as a mushroom outward to a few kilometers away. The stratum was often tilted strata-like (Figure 2, 5), and its appearance was gourd-shaped morphology (Figure 4).

Figure 5. Outer Profile of Ochirbat Salt Diapiric Structure 4. The formation mechanism of Ochirbat salt diapirs 4.1. Theory

Even if the salt diapirs are various, all of them contain three essential components: (1) basement under the living (layer), (2) the salt layer and the cladding (3) basal layer (basement or subsalt strata) of rock salt layer. If the salt layer on the growth of salt tectonics, they are called the Yanyuan layer, or the mother salt layer. The overlying layer overburden sedimentary rock layers above the salt layer and a variety of geological events are recorded after the deposition of salt layer, where the time and manner of its recognition salt tectonic movement plays a key role.

The vast majority of the salt structures developed in the shallow crust (<8km), sedimentary rocks in this range generally show brittle deformation behavior. This argument, experimental rock mechanics and field observations proved to be true. For example, in sedimentary rocks, most of the deformation


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tectonic breaks. The brittle deformation is independent on time and recoverable elastic deformation occurs to the rock. A linear relationship exists between shear stress τ and shear strain γ, shown as follows:

G (1)

Where G represents the shear modulus. When the stress exceeds the yield strength, the unrecoverable friction plastic deformation occurs to the rock, which follows the Mohr - Coulomb fracture failure criterion:

tannc (2)

τ is the shear stress; c is rock bond strength; σn is normal stress; Ф is the internal friction angle of rock or the slope of the Mohr envelope.

From the very shallow surface (a few meters to tens of meters), the deviation of stress and higher strain rate case, it’s possible for rock salt perform as the brittle-plastic body. In other cases, halite is manifested as a strong plastic fluid. Rock mechanics indicate that, the dry salt is usually a power law fluid and follow the dislocation creep criteria:

n

zzxxRTQAe ))(/exp( (3)

Where e the strain rate; A is a material constant; Q is the activation energy; R is the universal gas constant; T is the absolute temperature; (σxx-σzz)

n represents the deviation of stress; n is the stress exponent, generally greater than 1.

Under normal conditions, the nature of the rock salt contains 0.1% to 1.0% of the intergranular brine. In these cases, coupled with geological deformation of low strain rate conditions, the wet salt is usually Newtonian fluid (ie, the stress exponent of 1) and diffusion creep follows these guidelines:

))(/exp()/( 3zzxxRTQTdAe (4)

Where d is the average particle size of salt crystals, and other parameters, see equation (3). Compared with the dislocation creep of dry salt, wet creep strain rate of salt diffusion control temperature. The depth of the wet salt of the brittle-plastic transition in a hydrostatic state and tensile tectonic movement environment ranges from a few centimeters to a few meters, while in the compression tectonic movement, the transition depth becomes smaller. Wet salt viscosity varies with temperature, and almost has nothing to do with the stress or strain rate. Therefore, the wet salt doesn’t yield strength and the fracture in the overlying layer or the basal layer is generally terminated at the contact with the salt layer. The above theory can find evidence in the thickness change percentage of lateral distance from axes, as shown in Fig. 6. It can be seen that the growth strata will gradually turning thinner from the two wings to the top when the salt diapirs begin to develop.

Figure 6. Thickness Change Percentage of Lateral Distance from Axes


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4.2. Formation mechanism

Salt diapirs is a special kind of salt structures where rock salt is a visco-elastic fluid. It has a good plasticity in deep geological formations under high temperature and pressure conditions, and therefore it’s easy for plastic deformation. Experimental studies have shown that, the rock salt can reach the softening point, and its plasticity significantly changes better and begin to flow laterally, accompanied by unconventional deformation, even if without structural movement, in the room temperature, under the gravity differences loading effect such as the deposition, differential compaction and other differences, and at the pressure of 10MPa; and then various salt structures are formed in the process of flow and deformation. Therefore, the salt plastic flow and unconventional deformation are the main features of salt structures. It is generally believed that the formation of salt diapirs need two basic conditions:

(1) The temperature and pressure in certain depth have to meet or exceed the rock salt, cream and soft mudstone softening point and the plastic state, which is prerequisite caused by puncture or the implicit pierce. The greater thickness of plastical salt, cream and soft shale, the bigger chance of the formation of piercing or implicitly structure.

(2) Differences in the load zone are often a hidden piercing or piercing favorable development zone. Because plastic rock flows are always from high (load) pressure area to low one. In the difference loading zone, due to the suddenly decreased small load or pressure, plasticity rock salt, gypsum and shale is induced upward arch to form diapers structure.

To sum up the previous research, the salt structure is produced by six mechanisms such as buoyancy, the different load, the gravity expansion, thermal convection, compression and stretching. The Ochirbat salt diapirs discussed in this article fully meet the above basic conditions, and the formation process largely reflects the formation of salt diapirs mechanism.

The latest studies suggest that differences in load-deformation are the main driving force of plastic rock salt flowing and a major factor in the formation of salt structures. The differences in the salt layer load Caused by a variety of geological factors result in salt lateral pressure difference, and squeeze into the cover arch layer of rock salt to form a variety of salt diapirs. The difference in load Mainly is caused by sediment, compaction and erosion differences and effects the structuring region, promotes the development and the formation of salt diapirs[5]. The formation and evolution of Ochirbat salt diapirs mainly due to the control and impact of t the differences in load in result of ectonic compression. Overall, because of strong activities of Himalayan movement in the late Neogene about 23Ma ago great power was generated, which made the Oligocene Miocene strata above the rock salt layer extrude, bend and bulge upward to form a dome anticlinal diapirs.

Under the early Himalayan Movement tectonic compression, the uplift of the northern Tianshan leaded to salt rock deposition area in the north is taller than that in south, and salt rock by squeezing plastically soften and thermal expanse. On the one hand, under the action of gravity, the south level squeezing pressure makes the deeply buried rock salt layer plastically deform under high temperature and pressure, forming a detachment surface and initially slide along the plastic layer. On the other hand, when the reducement of the density and pressure in salt rock generated a pressure difference, the overlying rocks overburden, and then the overlying rock settled down. Otherwise, rock salt began to squeeze into the weak area on the arch and on the cover and produced uplift forms a salt pillow structure (Figure 7a). The salt pillow’s formation makes the cover on the top part of stratum thinning and easily uplifted due to erosion of the exposed surface, and make the deposition in relatively depressed area thicken, pressure enlarged and not susceptible to eroded. Otherwise, the flowing and withdrawal of the plastic rock salt make the cover sink and occupy the space, so all of those increased differential loading of sediment, thereby accelerating the layer of rock salt to squeeze and arch up on the cover, so as to increases the overlying strata bent, deformation, uplift and the formation of dome anticline. The latter part of the Himalayan orogenic tectonic movement, more compressed, results in a greater degree of difference between the load, so that the Tertiary rocks have a strong folding and faulting, anticlinal structures along the vertical rock fractures and fracture surface upward, and the withdrawal of the plastic rock basement fault further activity, the rapid development of salt diapirs and even pierce the overlying sedimentary cover, by the overburden lithology, topography and other factors affecting body movement and control of the direction of rock salt, methods, distribution, and associated structural features, layered rock salt around the drain was the expansion of the mushroom-shaped, rock salt exposed to the surface, the easy loss of salt dissolved to form the funnel, dissolved salt flow, salt


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and other secondary salt river micro topography, erosion and weathering during the acceptance of the role of the salt dissolved, the final form Today's gourd-shaped Ochirbat salt diapirs (Figure 7b).

Figure 7. Schematic Maps of the Forming Mechanism of Ochirbat Diapiric

The above analysis shows that the initial tectonic compression leads to the formation of salt diapirs

and distribution of the final development of the predisposing factors. The beginning plastic rock salt slides along the floor under gravity, in the process of tectonic compression and plastic slide formed by a variety of factors, the differential loading exacerbates the overburden of salt rock, and then load changes to reach regional lithology and topographic conditions of the rock salt body and control the direction of flow, methods, distribution. We did a modeling and simulation to clarify the formation mechanism of Ochirbat diapiric structure, shown in Figure 8. As revealed, the differential loading produced in the whole system would render lateral flow of salt rock, which subsequently results in wavy low-amplitude folds and salt pillow structures.

Figure 8. Modeling and Simulation of Formation Mechanism of Ochirbat Diapiric Structure.

5. Comparison of salt diapers at home and abroad

After literature investigated, the main salt remains are mainly hidden in the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain in North America, Europe, North German Plain, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific coast and near the Arctic Circle [5], and generally have smaller body size; East Texas basin is composed of 15 salt dome salt group, and the depth of these salt domes is generally less than 1220m; the Persian Gulf basin with the world's largest active salt tectonic basin, is the world's richest oil region; the bedrock sedimentary thickness of is up to several kilometers and the development of salt diapirs prepares a sufficient condition, in which the salt diapirs taken together in different regions have hundreds, but not great individual scale[6]. Domestic salt diapirs find there are Bohai Laizhou Bay Sag area, Jianghan Basin region and the Jiangling depression Kuqa depression, Tarim Basin region, including areas of Laizhou Bay Sag external form of salt diapirs more broken, only 300m thick Shahe Street multiple sets of

(a) Rock salt slides along layers under gravity (b)Salt diapir formation under extrusion

salt bed salt bed

Differential load


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sedimentary layers to the rhythm of rock salt, gypsum and mudstone, in which the total thickness of rock salt and gypsum, 111m and 1.5 m, [7,8] respectively; Jianghan basin sediments and Jiangling depression as rock salt, gypsum, Glauber's salt rock, Glauber's salt and gypsum mudstone mudstone strata composed of such salt, rock salt, salt, cream, mango cream section of the total thickness of rock concentrate 796m, an area of 2.7km2, larger than 300m, but according to the existing seismic and drilling data found , the salt diapirs are all buried diapirs, which don’t pierce the overlying diapiric rock[9]; and Ochirbat geological relics protection area of 16km2, the deposition thickness of several thousand meters of rock salt; another general sense salt diapir is squeezed upward to form the base layer of gypsum, and here is pierced by the rock salt and squeeze up to the cap height 500m, is able to mushroom-shaped outflow from several kilometers deep and huge body, and form a complete , which is a rare geological landscape of the world, unique in the country and the world, a typical representative of the expedition and its geological heritage protection value is self-evident. 6. Ochirbat salt diapirs and hydrocarbon accumulation

Lots of researches and the facts show that the salt diapirs or salt-related structures for oil and gas gathering location has an important role in controlling, such as the Gulf of Mexico, northwestern Europe, Lai Chau Bay, Bohai depression salt oil and gas field gathering with salt diapirs structure, so the salt diapirs study has been has been attached to the basin. Up to now, China has found a large number of salt basin, in which you can find substantial reserves of oil and gas fields, such as the Bohai Bay Basin, Jianghan Basin, Tarim Basin.

The tectonic position of the canyon is located in the northern margin of Tarim Basin, Kuqa depression of the edge zone of Late Paleozoic tectonic belt western package Qiulitag tectonic zone. adjoining the junction of Baicheng sag on the east, matching Wushi sag on the west; layers are completely exposed in the surrounding area; there thick layer of salt supply and the growth of salt domes typical salt diapirs are bound to gather closely related to oil and gas. First, the formation environment of the rock salt layer can form a lot of organic matter such as a weak oxidation-reduction environment conducive to the preservation of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation. Second, the salt layer has a good compact and easy to produce high pressure below the salt layer to prevent sandstone from further compaction; with good reservoir properties and its special nature, it can serve as an excellent closed area cap. This rich and complex fracture as well as the vertical distance of the oil and gas migration provides the ideal transport channel for oil and gas accumulation space spaces, combined with the existence of the load differential pressure, the free convection of the oil and gas with the hot salt migrates. Finally, the thick salt dome may lead the surrounding rocks to being strongly deformed, and the formation of various types of hydrocarbon traps in the process of upward pierced, which can form a variety of traps and the salt diapirs around types of oil and gas luxuriant:

① Ochirbat salt diapir in its development process along with the surrounding syncline, subsidence and water deepened, organic matter accumulation, preservation and conversion give rise to the formation conditions.

②The provision of nuclear upper part of the drape anticlines, fault blocks, tectonic fissures traps hydrocarbon traps combination type bottom, is an important reservoir of oil and gas structures to make up for the extensional basin trap development defects, which often forms a light source type diapir composite oil and gas accumulation zone.

③ From the long-term deposition process, the growth and development of this constructor, to some extent, lead to the deposition, depression or basin topography fluctuation, handling and accumulation of sediment, changing the distribution of sediments, which are often formed in the vicinity of phase transition zone, resulting in the sandstone pinch.

④ Depression often develop into lenticular sand bodies, and the formed lenticular sand body can work as oil and gas reservoir in the deep-water deposition of the diapir.

⑤ Bottom split underwater bulges at the top can improve the reservoir storage space, and the sandstone is well developed due to repeated washing, and subsequently the reservoir pores.

⑥ Diapir core cladding is often in a state of tension, resulting in porous and non-porous rock, and usually develops into tensile cracks, and finally forms fractured reservoirs.

In the end, the structure of the salt diapirs is closely related to oil and gas and assists the accumulation of oil and gas.


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7. Conclusion

(1) Compared to other salt diapirs at home and abroad, the morphology of Wensu Canyon salt diapirs in Xinjiang is well preserved; the site of rock salt remains is relatively complete; the sounding body is great. It is really a typical representative of salt diapers no matter from its typical, integrity or scale level of its external structural characteristics.

(2) Its formation mechanism has fully demonstrated that the formation of salt diapirs is of important scientific value. Especially the phenomenon is very rare that the native evaporated plastic rock salt arches and squeezes into the cover to form a salt dome anticline, and finally even wear out the cap, in the end, rock salt expanses and outflows outward like a mushroom-shaped, under the role of tectonic compression and differential loading.

(3) The Wensu Canyon salt diapirs in Xinjiang and other salt diapirs can form a variety of hydrocarbon traps, which is an important hydrocarbon reservoirs structure with a very important petroleum geological significance, and is a favorable target for oil and gas exploration. Therefore it’s expected to attract the attention of the relevant departments.

Based above analysis, it can be concluded that Ochirbat salt diapirs exhibits more unique, more scientific significance in heritage conservation and economic development value. 8. References [1] Zhu Zhicheng, "structural geology", China University of Geosciences Press, China 2006. [2] Hu Wang water, Xue Tianqing,"Diapirs genetic type", Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute,

vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1-2, 1997. [3] Tang L J., Yu Yixin, "Petroliferous Basins Salt Tectonics Research", Earth Science Frontiers, vol.

12, no. 4, pp. 375-383, 2005. [4] Guo Wei, "Xinjiang Wensu Comprehensive Survey of National Geological Parks repor", Chang'an

University, Chang'an University, Earth Sciences and Resources, 2009. [5] Wu brilliant, "Cai Zhen in the Tarim Basin salt structures in Kuqa depression of genetic

mechanism", Xinjiang Geology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 182-186, 2006. [6] Wan Guimei, Tang L J., "Kuqa foreland basin and the Persian Gulf basin salt structures

comparative study", World Geological, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 59-66, 2006. [7] Zhou Xinhuai, Yu Yixin, "Bohai Diapirs and Petroleum Geological Significance", Journal of

Petroleum, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 518-521, 2009. [8] Sun, wind, Zhou Xinhuai, "Laizhou Bay Sag eastern strike-slip tectonic features associated with

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[11] Haidong Zhong, Jie Yin, Jianping Wu, Shenjun Yao, Zhanhong Wang, Zhenhua Lv, Bailang Yu, "Spatial Analysis for Crime Pattern of Metropolis in Transition Using Police Records and GIS: a Case Study of Shanghai, China ", JDCTA: International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 93-105, 2011.


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