AR

AB

I AN

PE

N

I NS U

L A

T A K L A M A K A N D E S E R T

K U N L U N M O U N T A I N S

TURKMENISTAN

IRAQ

KAZAKHSTAN

JORDAN

SYRIA

AZERBAIJAN

RUSSIA

RUSSIA

IRAN

TURKEY

MONGOLIA

SAUDIARABIA

UZBEKISTAN

TAJIKISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

CHINA

BANGLADESH

MYANMAR

NEPAL

INDIA

BHUTAN

PAKISTAN

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

VIETNAM

LAOS

YEMEN

QATAR

KUWAIT

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

OMAN

LEBANON

ISRAEL

PALESTINE

SOMALILANDSOMALIA

EGYPT

SUDAN

ETHIOPIA

LIBYA

ERITREACHAD

ARMENIA

GEORGIA

ESTONIA

BELARUS

UKRAINE

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

MOLDOVA

DENMARK

BULGARIA

HUNGARY

ITALY

GREECE

SERBIA

AUSTRIA

POLAND

SLOVAKIA

GERMANY

CZECH REP.

BOSNIA & HERZ.

MONTENEGRO

SLOVENIA

KOSOVO

ALBANIAMACEDONIA

ROMANIACROATIA

SRI LANKA

PHILIPPINES

TAIWAN

A N A T O L I A

C A U C A S U S

LE

VA

NT

Black Sea

AralSea

Caspian Sea

Red Sea

Persian Gulf

Arabian Sea

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a Tigris

Syr Darya (Jaxartes)

Tashkent

Cairo

Damascus

Tehran

Baghdad

Delhi

Baku

Kiev

Islamabad

BeijingAnkara

Tbilisi

Turfan

Takrit

Bukhara

Merv

NishapurKhotan

Aden

Kirman

Yazd

Urumchi

Kashan

Samarqand

Dunhuang

HeratSamarra

Yarkand

Takht-i Sulaiman

Karakorum

Tabriz

Basra

Venice

Lhasa

Guangzhou

Medina

Mecca

Quanzhou

Luoyang

Odessa

Ghazna

Kashgar

Shiraz

Lahore

Mashhad

Almaty

Fergana

Bandar Abbas

KandaharShanghai

Istanbul

Aleppo

Isfahan

Konya

Mumbai(Bombay)

Trabzon

Hangzhou

Lijiang

15°E 30°E 45°E 60°E 75°E 90°E 105°E 120°E

15°N

30°N

45°N

Modern country borders and names

Modern national capitalsDakar

The Silk Road and Related Trade Routes

Other trade routes

Silk Road

0 1000 km

0 500 miRobinson Projection, 70°E

AR

AB

I AN

PE

N

I NS U

L A

T A K L A M A K A N D E S E R T

K U N L U N M O U N T A I N S

TURKMENISTAN

IRAQ

KAZAKHSTAN

JORDAN

SYRIA

AZERBAIJAN

RUSSIA

RUSSIA

IRAN

TURKEY

MONGOLIA

SAUDIARABIA

UZBEKISTAN

TAJIKISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

CHINA

BANGLADESH

MYANMAR

NEPAL

INDIA

BHUTAN

PAKISTAN

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

VIETNAM

LAOS

YEMEN

QATAR

KUWAIT

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

OMAN

LEBANON

ISRAEL

PALESTINE

SOMALILANDSOMALIA

EGYPT

SUDAN

ETHIOPIA

LIBYA

ERITREACHAD

ARMENIA

GEORGIA

ESTONIA

BELARUS

UKRAINE

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

MOLDOVA

DENMARK

BULGARIA

HUNGARY

ITALY

GREECE

SERBIA

AUSTRIA

POLAND

SLOVAKIA

GERMANY

CZECH REP.

BOSNIA & HERZ.

MONTENEGRO

SLOVENIA

KOSOVO

ALBANIAMACEDONIA

ROMANIACROATIA

SRI LANKA

PHILIPPINES

TAIWAN

A N A T O L I A

C A U C A S U S

LE

VA

NT

Black Sea

AralSea

Caspian Sea

Red Sea

Persian Gulf

Arabian Sea

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a Tigris

Syr Darya (Jaxartes)

Tashkent

Cairo

Damascus

Tehran

Baghdad

Delhi

Baku

Kiev

Islamabad

BeijingAnkara

Tbilisi

Turfan

Takrit

Bukhara

Merv

NishapurKhotan

Aden

Kirman

Yazd

Urumchi

Kashan

Samarqand

Dunhuang

HeratSamarra

Yarkand

Takht-i Sulaiman

Karakorum

Tabriz

Basra

Venice

Lhasa

Guangzhou

Medina

Mecca

Quanzhou

Luoyang

Odessa

Ghazna

Kashgar

Shiraz

Lahore

Mashhad

Almaty

Fergana

Bandar Abbas

KandaharShanghai

Istanbul

Aleppo

Isfahan

Konya

Mumbai(Bombay)

Trabzon

Hangzhou

Lijiang

15°E 30°E 45°E 60°E 75°E 90°E 105°E 120°E

15°N

30°N

45°N

Modern country borders and names

Modern national capitalsDakar

The Silk Road and Related Trade Routes

Other trade routes

Silk Road

0 1000 km

0 500 miRobinson Projection, 70°E