Mr. Kurtis D. Werner

The Decline of the Empire: 18c

Crimean War: 1854-1856

The “Sick Man of Europe”!

The Ottoman Empire in 1914

Sultan Abdul Hamid II: 1876-1909

The Last Ottoman Emperor!

The Young Turks Revolt: 1908

Progressive Individuals who wanted to rid the Empire of the Sultan and introduce reform

Mehmet Talaat

Grand Vizier,

1917-1918

Enver Pasha Minister of War

Ottoman Commander- in-Chief

The Young Turks Program

Pushed for reforms basic democratic rights:

freedom of speech.

freedom of assembly.

freedom of the press.

Problem of nationalism within (heterogeneous empire).

T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935]

• “Lawrence of Arabia,”The Legend Begins

The Arab Revolt: 1916-1918

The Allied Advance Against the Ottoman Turks

Br. GeneralEdmund Allenby

The British & Arab Armies Meet

Lawrence & Faisal’s Forces

British Forces

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

• 1.5 million: A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey

1914 1922

Erzerum 215,000 1,500

Van 197,000 500

Kharbert 204,000 35,000

Diarbekir 124,000 3,000

Bitlis 220,000 56,000

Sivas 225,000 16,800

     

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

   

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000

European Turkey 194,000 163,000

Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total: 2,133,190 387,800

World War I Alliances: 1914-1918

Two Armed CampsCentral PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Europeans Carve Up the Ottoman Empire After WW1

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938) Republican People’s Party Goals:

republicanism (National Assembly).

nationalism (“Turkification”).

populism (for the benefit of the people).

statism (state-controlled economy).

secularism (free from religious control).

reformism.

1924 abolished the caliphate.

“Father Turk”

Atatürk’s Reforms1. “Turkify” the Islamic faith

Translate the Qur’an into Turkish.

Secular education.

Ministry of Religious Affairs abolished.

Sharia courts closed newsecular courts.

2. Western-style clothing Forbid the wearing of the fez

Western-style men’s suits.

Attacked the veiling of women.

Atatürk’s Reforms

3. Language Reform: Roman alphabet replaced

theArabic script.

Literacy in new alphabet required for government positions.

4. State Socialism: State banks established to

finance government-controlled businesses.

5. Adoption of a Surname

Treaty of Lausanne, 1923

Modern Turkey Is Born.

Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia!

First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persiain 1908.

Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.

Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledgingallegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,promised exclusive oil rights to the British.

Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.

In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

Oil Becomes the New International

“Coin of the Realm!” American oil companies

[Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929.

In 1933, American oil companies win an oilconcession in Saudi Arabia.

ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.

Rezah Khan (1877-1944)

an Iranian officer, seizedcontrol of the govt. in 1921.

declared himself SHAH in1925.

created the Pahlavi Dynasty.

ruled from 1925-1941.

initiated some modern reforms.

forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.

Reforms in Iran

Secularization seizure of religious lands.

Adoption of the French civilcode.

Built the Trans-IranianRailroad.

Improved education.