The SESAME* Story

*Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East

Chris Llewellyn SmithDirector of Energy Research, Oxford University

President SESAME Council

‘Science for Peace’Two organisations created under the umbrella of UNESCO:

CERN

Conceived late 1940s - two aims:

•Enable construction of a facility beyond means of individual members

•Foster cooperation between peoples recently in conflict

SESAME

Conceived late 1990s with the same aims:

•Members: Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, Palestinian Authority, Turkey

•Hope start commissioning mid 2016

It will work politically provided science is first class

Location of SESAME

Observers:Observers: Brazil, China, EU, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Portugal, Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA

SESAME is a 3rd generation light-source (‘very powerful flash lamp → microscope’) under construction near Amman

BAHRAIN

SESAME will foster- science and technology in the Middle East and neighbouring countries (from biology and medical sciences through materials science, chemistry, and physics to archaeology)- cooperation across political divides

Buildings can be used for high-quality Middle East Scientific meetings

There are some 60 synchrotron-light sources in the world

None in the Middle East International Collaboration is the obvious way for countries with relatively small scientific communities and/or limited science budgets to build a synchrotron-light source

Broad programmes make synchrotron-light sources ideal facilities for building scientific capacity

SESAME will be a user facility: scientists will typically go to SESAME two or three times a year for a week or two to carry out experiments, in collaboration with scientists from other institutions/countries

The electromagnetic field surrounding the electrons is unable to respond instantaneously when the electrons are deflected; some of the energy in the field keeps going, producing a tangential cone of synchrotron radiation. As the electrons’ energy increases, the cone of radiation narrows, and the radiated power goes up dramatically.

In third generation sources, devices in straight sections (wigglers, undulators) put magnetic ‘bumps in the road’ – radiation from successive bumps adds to make much a more intense beam

Synchrotron RadiationSynchrotron Radiation

Inside the SESAME Experimental Hall -Schematic

Shielding houses electron accelerator and storage ring

Intense beams of light (infra-red to X-rays) generated by circulating electrons exit through ports in the shielding

Shielding houses electron source, pre-accelerator and booster synchrotron

Experimental Hall May 2012

Booster November 2013Beam stored & brought to full energy (800 MeV) September 2014

The highest energy accelerator in the Middle East

Spain : quadrupoles

UK : dipoles

Italy : Dipoles power supply

France : sextupole

coils

Israel : power supplies for quadrupole sand sextupoles

In Addition

Turkey : quadrupole

coils

Germany: vacuum

chambers

Pakistan : sextupoles

Spain girders

Cyprus : sextupoles

Collaboration between CERN, SESAME Members and Observers

Switzerland: controllers + correctors power supplies

First of 16 sectors of the main storage ring at CERN 31 March 2015

X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTUREAND FLUORESCENCE BEAMLINE

VFMVCM

DCMM-SltBPM

Picture of the pre-aligned Beamline Components in the Test Area

VCM: Vertical Collimating MirrorBPM: Beam Position MonitorDCM: Double crystal MonochromatorM-Slt: Monochromatic SlitsVFM : Vertical Focusing Miroor

Science Beginning with Infra-Red Microscope11 proposals approved. First experiments in 2014

e.g. Study of breast cancer by

Fatemeh Elmi, Assistant Professor,

University of Mazandaran, North Iran

+ Randa Mansour and Nisreen

Dahshan, PhD students in the Faculty

of Pharmacy, University of Jordan.

Programme with synchrotron-radiation will begin in 2017

Very Brief History of SESAMEVery Brief History of SESAME• Convergence of two ideas – build a light source in the Middle East

(Abdus Salam – early 1980s) + foster projects that cross divides

• Original proposal (1997) - rebuild old 0.8 GeV Berlin Synchrotron (BESSY 1) in the Middle East, as basis for a new international organisation, modelled on CERN

• 1999 - (Interim) Council established under auspices of UNESCO, followed by international advisory committees

• 2002 - decision to build a new 2.5 GeV ring (still using BESSY booster) competitive 3rd generation facility

• Ground breaking (2003); completion of building (2008)

• Commissioning should start mid 2016

SESAME GROUND BREAKING CEREMONY - 6 JANUARY 2003

Training Programme (thanks to external support listed later) Users’ Meetings, Schools, Workshops, Fellowships, visits to operating light-sources,.. . are building technical and scientific capacity in the region

1st Users’ Meeting Amman 2002

SESAME-JSPS School Cairo 2008

10th Users’ Meeting Amman 2012

Began training accelerator expertswho returned to the Middle East

Members of SESAME Accelerator Group, 2007

Now Training ScientistsLeft @ Advanced Light Source Users’ Meeting, Right @ NSLS

SESAME SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY

SESAME People’s ThoughtsEngin Ozdas, Hacettepe University, Ankara: “SESAME has created trust and personal friendships between researchers in the member countries and developed countries, which may help solve regional and global political problems”.

“SESAME will provide me a great opportunity to access a synchrotron light source near home. I expect SESAME to support a broad range of science and technology in the Middle East and bring together bright scientific minds”.

Azadeh Shahsavar, pictured at the 8th SESAME Users’ Meeting at Petra (Jordan) in 2009, Iranian PhD student, University of Copenhagen:

Eliezer Rabinovici, Hebrew University and Israeli representative on the SESAME Council: “As a string theorist, I work on parallel universes. I was always curious about what a parallel universe was like, and now I know. I'm living in one when I go to SESAME meetings working hand in hand with our neighbours on a common goal, bringing advanced knowledge to our region”.

Archaeology

Medicine

Environmental Science

Energy Science

Materials Science

Arts

Chemistry

Physics

Synchrotron Radiation

SYNCHROTRON RADIATION Cross-Talk Among Disciplines

Life Sciences

• Drug design: common pathogens and diseases in the region

• Natural products

Materials Science

• New materials; semiconductors

• Energy• Catalysis• Extreme conditions (P/T)

EnvironmentalScience

• Air, soil and water pollution

Cultural Heriatge

• Non-destructive analyses of objects

• Chemical composition• Imaging

SESAME Light

SESAME’s SCIENCE: Regional Relevance

Beamline Energy RangeEnergy Range SourceSourceX-ray Absorption Fine Structure/X ray ‐Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XAFS/XRF)

3-30 keV Bending magnet

Infrared spectromicroscopy (IR) 0.01-1 eV Bending magnet

Materials Science (MS) 3-25 keV Multi-pole wigglerMacromolecular Crystallography (MX) 4-14 keV Bending magnet

Small Angle and Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS/WAXS)

8-12 keV Bending magnet

Extreme Ultraviolet spectroscopy (EUV) 10-200 eV Bending magnetSoft X-ray/Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) 0.05-2 keV Elliptically

polarized undulator

PHASE 1 BEAMLINES

SESAME Beamlines Chosen by Users (Users’ Meeting 2003)

Energy range: 3-30 keV. Main components from ROBL-ESRF

X-RAY ABSORPTION BEAMLINE (BASEMA)

Applications: in basic materials science, life sciences and environmental science on the nano-and micro-meter scale. Examples: designing new materials and improving catalysts , e.g. for the petrochemical industries, determining bonding structure and identification of the chemical composition of fossils and of valuable paintings in a non-invasive mannerNote: IAEA CRP on: “Absorption and Mobility of Heavy Metals in Soils in Vicinity of Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers” + “Synchrotron Based XRF/XAFS Techniques in Tracking Pollution (Air/Soil) in some Arab Countries” – involves SESAME, Egypt & Jordan; provides access to ELETTRA synchrotron in Italy.

INFRARED BEAMLINE (EMIRA)Energy range: 0.01-1 eV. New beamline built from scratch

Applications: in molecular biology, environmental studies, materials and archaeological sciences.

Examples: studies on cells and tissues without the need for chemical fixing, mapping breast cancer cells; characterization of mineral distribution in plant tissues.

MATERIALS SCIENCE BEAMLINE (SUSAM)Energy range: 3-25 KeV. Main components from Swiss Light Source

This beamline is used for collecting powder diffraction (PD) data. PD is a powerful tool for studying disordered/amorphous material on the atomic scale and the evolution of nano-scale structures and materials in extreme conditions of pressure and temperatureExamples: development and characterization of new smart materials, characterization of new organo-metalic materials for energy storage

SAXS analysis of proteins involved in Cd tolerance

I. Cakmak

Aydin M. 2011, Bilecen et al., 2005

Studies on proteins involved in metal homeostasis in wheat

XRF analyses for enhancement of Zn content of seeds

Control 2μM 5μM 10μM 20μM

SAXS/WAXS PROJECTS

Courtesy I. Cakmak

Increasing Cd concentration→

Support from: SESAME Members• Provide operating budget – manpower, consumables, electricity…• Capital funding – special contributions from Iran, Israel, Jordan,

Turkey – hoping others will join• Jordan – provided land and building + cash from Royal Court

External:

• Advice – from members of Advisory Committees; visits

• Equipment – many donations of equipment surplus to requirements

• Training – support from Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA, EU, IAEA, UNESCO

Plus• Cash – from the EU, Italy, ….

SESAME benefits from the advice of leading scientists from around the world who serve on the Scientific & Beamlines Advisory Committee (seen here in November 2010) and the Technical

Advisory Committee

1

7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 162 3

46

5

1- SESAME (Jordan) 2- CLS (Canada) 3- Stanford Univ. (USA) 4- ALBA (Spain) 5- Soleil (France) 6- Sabanci Univ. (Turkey) 7- Elettra (Italy) 8- ALS (USA) 9- Soleil (France) 10- SESAME (Jordan) 11- Oxford Univ. (UK) 12- CERN (Switzerland) 13- Al-Quds Univ. (Palestinian Authority) 14- LBNL (USA) 15- PSI (Switzerland) 16- Hacettepe Univ. (Turkey)

Nobel Laureates visit SESAME site in June 2008

45 Laureates have endorsed SESAME “as a beacon, demonstrating how shared scientific initiatives can help light

the way towards peace”

There are challenges

• Solving problems involving travel restrictions, sanctions on Iran,…• Finding funding for provision of conference centre, full suite of Phase 1 beamlines,….

But thanks to Iran, Israel, Jordan and Turkey each providing $5 million, $11.3 million from the EU, €2.35 million from Italy, the Members’ Annual contributions, etc…the funding gap is now relatively small and an enormous amount has been achieved:

STATUSSTATUS

• Construction is progressing well – on track for commissioning to start in mid 2016

• Experimental programme (in molecular biology, environmental studies, materials, archaeology sciences,…..) on track to begin in 2017

• The training program is building capacity in the region

Beyond SESAME?

SESAME is planning to build a guest house to be available on day one:

This will be followed by a Conference Centre:

When SESAME is not in operation, SESAME will be able to house meetings on other topics (food, water, archaeology, ...) in secure/easily accessible surroundings

Dream: this will lead to other joint facilities & collaborations

SESAME is:

A working example of Arab-Israeli-Iranian-Turkish-Cypriot-Pakistani collaboration

o Senior scientists and administrators from the region are working together to govern SESAME through the Council, with input from scientists from around the world through its Advisory Committees

o Young and senior scientists from the region are collaborating in preparing the scientific programme (Users’ Meetings, Workshops)

Already building scientific and technical capacity in the region through the extensive training programme (Fellowships, Visits, Schools)

SESAME

Will soon be producing science

Would welcome new Members

For further information see www.sesame.org.jo and CERN Courier July 2015