The Second World War1921 - 1945

MussoliniHarry TrumanWinston ChurchillJoseph StalinFDR

Key Themes & ConceptsForeign Policy US goes from isolationism to global involvement, Good Neighbors in Latin AmericaIsolationist Congress v. FDRs global involvementPresidential Decisions & Actions How did FDR & Truman influenced events of WWIIDiversity Women, African Americans & Japanese Americans

What were our Foreign Policies during the 20s and 30s?1921 & 1924 US restricts immigration1922 & 1930 US raises tariffs1934 No more loans to countries who defaulted3 disarmament acts in the 1920sKellogg Briand Pact pledge to outlaw war, involved 30+ countries

The US & Latin AmericaUS companies had billions invested in coffee, sugar, copper and oilThe Good Neighbor Policy (FDR 1933)Nonmilitary intervention, reducing tariffsNo Nation has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of anotherPolicies increased US exports to the region almost immediatelyGood Neighbors make good trading partners

Why an isolationist policy?US was reluctant to enter WWIBecause of loses in WWI the US began to look into the reason for involvementIt was determined that the US entered WWI to make profits (Nye Committee) = a return to isolationismCongresss Neutrality Acts 1935 trade embargo would be placed on all countries in a state of war. US arms shipments would cease.1936 Prohibits US loans to countries at warFDR signs them into law reluctantly

EVENTS LEADING TO WWIIThe Road to War!!

War Debts & ReparationsWeakened efforts to maintain peaceAllied countries owed the US $10 billion German reparations were set at $32 billionIn the end most war debts go unpaid

The Rise of Totalitarian GovernmentsOne political party has TOTAL control over the govt. & bans all other partiesRely on terror to suppress individual rights & silence opposition Adolf Hitler (Nazi Party) elected into power in Germany 1933Josef Stalin assumes power in the Soviet Union in 1924 The Man of SteelBenito Mussolini seizes power in Italy 1922 Il DuceJapanese expansion into China begins

The Rising Nazi MenaceHitler violates VersaillesExpansion of Nazi empire1936 annexation of AustriaSeizes Sudentenland, German speaking region of CzechoslovakiaRearms the countryThe buildup or armed forces is the most important precondition for .. Political power1938 Munich Agreement Great Britain & France allow Hitler to expand without consequence, he agrees to cease expansion 6 months later Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia

Nazi Soviet Pact of 1939 Nazi Soviet Pact (1939), German and Soviet nonaggression pact

War is Imminent!What was occurring in Europe between the wars that was drawing those nations closer to war? Does the Treaty of Versailles seem to be more of a problem than a solution at this point? Why?

Why Appeasement???To yield or concede to the belligerent demands of (a nation, group, person, etc.) 1. France was demoralized 2. Britain did not want to confront Germany3. Many thought Communism was the bigger threat4. Great Depression sapped energy of western democracies5. US neutrality acts; to avoid involvement in another European war

War in Europe: Now What?War begins in September 1939 when British and French declare war on Germans for invading PolandBy end of 9/1939 Germans and Soviets divide PolandBlitzkrieg or lightening war; heavy plane bombing followed by ground troopsPoland and France surrender to Germany & Italy, leaving England as the sole country in the battle vs. GermanyGermans bombed London for 57 nights, called the London Blitz1941 Germans attempt to conquer the USSR, Hitler unexpectedly invades despite pact

Leading up to Pearl HarborAccording to the reading why did the Japanese strike US Naval Forces at Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941?

Modifying Isolationism - FDR Battles with Congress1939 Cash and CarryYou want it..come and get it!1941 Lend Lease ActAllowed the US to sell or lend war materials to any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the US1941 Atlantic Charter FDR & Churchill agree on war aims & post war actions FDRs way around isolationismFDR said the US would be the arsenal of democracy

FDRs Four FreedomsState of the Union, January 6th, 1941FDR explains why it is important to ensure allied victory in EuropeSpeech and ExpressionFreedom of worshipFreedom from wantFreedom from fear

Japanese Expansion, 1931 - 1941Japan felt expansion was necessary to compete w/ other countriesBegan invading Chinese territory 1931 where the US was enjoying favorable trade conditions, Open Door policyRape of Nanking 12/1937Japan relied on the US for 80% of its fuel imports and other war materialsUS placed trade embargo on all war materials to Japan.

A NEED To ExpandNot only do we posses no oil supplies but this is true of very many other materials without which today a nation is helpless in wartime. To secure raw materials has become a problem of great increased importance. The very life of Japan as a first-class power is dependent on this question

Japan Attacks Pearl HarborDecember 7th, 1941 Japanese war planes attacked a US Navy Fleet at Pearl Harbor Hawaii (2 hours)20 warships & 200 aircraft were destroyed; 2400 Americans were killed (1,103 in the USS Arizona)FDR says it is a day that will live in infamyShattered the American belief the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans would safely isolate the US from foreign attackFueled American nationalism & patriotismThe day after the attack FDR requested that Congress declare war on Japan

A Date Which Will Live in Infamy..According to Roosevelts address, which date will live in infamy?According to Roosevelt, what was the state of negotiations b/w the US & Japan before the attack?FDR says that the attack was planned and deliberate. Why?What is the ultimate purpose of this address?

AFTER THE ATTACKI was 16 years old, employed.at Pearl Harbor Navy Yard. On December 7th 1941, oh, around 8:00am, my grandmother awoke me. She informed me that the Japanese were bombing Pearl Harbor. I was asked to go into the water and get sailors out that had been blown off ships. Some were unconscious, some were dead. I brought out I dont know how many bodies.I tried to get into the military, but they refused.Finally I wrote a letter to President Roosevelt. I told him I was angry at the Japanese bombing and had lost some friends. He okayed that I be accepted- US Sailor

Mobilizing for War!!!The Shift from Peacetime to Wartime in America

Major Powers of WWII26 Allied Nations v. 8 Axis PowersMajor Allied Powers Great Britain, Soviet Union & the USMajor Axis Powers Germany, Italy & JapanThe war was fought in 2 major regions: Europe/North Africa & The Pacific

Strengths and Weaknesses Axis advantagesGermany and Japan had firm control over areas they invadedGermany and Japan were better prepared for war

Allied AdvantagesAxis forces were spread out over a large areaThe British and Soviets had not surrendered, therefore the Axis had to maintain troops on both fronts

Government Expansion1942 War Production Board (WPB) directed the conversion of factories to wartime production1943 - Office of War Mobilization (OWM) coordinated the production and distribution of consumer goods i.e. regulated clothing to save fabric

Life at home during the WARBRAINSTORMING:Once the USA joined the fight in WWII, how do you think life for Americans at home changed? Create a word web that includes all of the changes that you can think of. (The center bubble should read WWII @ Home)

A Production Boom1940 22,000 workers were producing ammunition 1943 486,000Built 300,000 aircraft and suspended car productionMassive production created an economic boom & ended the DepressionUnemployment 14.6% 1.2%Earnings doubled from 1939 - 1945

Directing the EconomyIncreased the number of Americans who had to pay income tax; everyone became a taxpayerWar Bonds ($150 Billion!!)Office of Price Administration (OPA) set maximum prices on goods, began rationing scarce items in 12/1941Gasoline, tires, coffee, sugar, meat, butter & canned goods were rationed (mandatory)

Raising an ArmySelective Training & Service Act; September 19401st peacetime draftMen 21 35 became 18 37Deferred for family, religious or health2/3 of WWII soldiers were draftees the rest were volunteers300,000 women volunteered office work, nurses, drove vehicles etc.

Life During WartimeVictory gardens were planted againWest Coast cities practiced nighttime blackouts, feared lit cities would be an easy Japanese targetGod Bless America became the unofficial anthem (Irving Berlin)White ChristmasPaperback books appeared first in 1939, quickly surpassed hardcover books

Wartown: QuestionsThe clip was shown as a morale booster in movie housesWhat is shown in the video that would boost morale in the US? Explain.How were US factories changed for war production? What challenges did they face?What was the impact of this production on the US economy?The video describes the Rosie the Riveters as heroines. Explain what this means

Rationing & Recycling: QuestionsDevelop a list of some major items that were rationed or recycled. How were these items used in the war effort?Why do you think Americans didnt continue to recycle items after the war?Do you think Americans today would ration to contribute to the war effort?

Promoting the WarBlue star = loved one in service, Gold star = death in combat (in windows)Moviemakers, songwriters & radio stations participated in keeping up moralOffice of War Information controlled the flow of news at homeBureau of Motion Pictures (BMP)- reviewed every film made during the war. i.e. Casablanca Office of Censorship subjects that contained information of value to the enemy and which, therefore, should not be published or broadcast in the United States without authorization by a qualified government sourcePropaganda

Rosie the RiveterShows the importance of female workers during WWII1940 1944 female workers increased by 6 million

Rockwells Rosie

Analyzing PropagandaChoose 3 posters from the packetWhat is the goal(s) of the poster?What images are shown in the poster?How does the poster try to convince the viewer?Does the poster exaggerate the truth? How?

Internment of Japanese Americans100,000 Japanese Americans were forced from their homes and placed in War Relocation CampsMilitary areas Executive Order 9066 2/19/194260% US citizens 1/3 under 19, 1/16th Japanese bloodHad to sell their property & businesses at a great loss3 year periodNeither German or Italian Americans faced harsh treatment at home. Why not?

Internment InfoWhy? Pearl Harbor, Bataan Death MarchNisei citizensA Japs a JapKorematsu v. U.S. internment is appropriate for security of the nation1988 US government granted $20,000 to those war prisoners who were still alive (more added in 1992)grave injustice

Made Into an EnemyWhy do you think only the Japanese Americans on the West Coast were affected by Executive Order 9066?What was the social and personal impact of the internment for those sent to camps and those left behind?Was the government justified in doing this? Why/why not? What other options did they have?Could a government mandated act such as the internment happen today? Why/why not?

Defeat of the Axis Powers

D Day The Day of DaysOperation Overlord attack on German impregnable forts along French coastAllied attack to free France50 50 chance of successAttack was planned 200 miles south of where the Germans were expectingJune 6th, 1944 5,000 troop transports, landing craft and warships; 150,000 American, British & Canadian soldiers; 23,000 airborne troops, paratroopersStormed the beaches of Normandy

D Day & AfterVery nearly failed, first units lost almost 90% of troopsBy nightfall 5000 allied troops were deadGerman losses were worse, Hitler refused to quit, assassination attempt failed2 weeks later: 1 million troops, 556,000 tons of supplies & 170,000 vehiclesSeized 60 mile wide beach By August 1944 Paris was liberated

The End is NearYalta Conference 2/1945. FDR, Churchill & Stalin meet to draw up peace post Nazi surrenderV.E. Day 5/7/45 The Germans surrender

Roosevelts Report to Congress on YaltaAccording to Roosevelt, what was the purpose of the Yalta Conference? What conclusions did they reach? List and explain the agreements.Roosevelt says that the world is smaller what does he mean by this? What is the responsibility of the U.S.?Do you agree with the conclusions reached at Yalta? Explain your decision.

Victory In Asia

Pacific OffensivesIsland Hopping US troops would attack & seize only certain strategic Japanese held islands 11/1943Battle of Leyte Gulf -7/1944 Allied offensive to take back Philippines. Japanese lost 4 aircraft carriers, two battle ships, and several cruisers. I shall return Douglas MacArthur

The Battle of Iwo Jima2/1945750 miles from Tokyo6 weeksThousands of marines and 20,000 JapanesePlanted a US flag on the top of Mount Suribachi as a sign of VictoryPhoto won Pulitzer PrizeJohnny Cashs Ballad of Ira Hayes

Okinawa The Bloodiest YetApril 1st 1945, 350 miles from JapanJapanese retreated to southern tip of island, attacked 5 days later350 Kamikaze planes, cave battles49,000 US killed or wounded, 100,000 Japanese deadApril 12th 1945 FDR dies, Harry Truman is President

The Manhattan ProjectEffort of a group of scientists who had been working on an atomic bomb since 1942Basement of Columbia UniversityEnrico Fermi creates an atomic chain reactionLos Alamos New Mexico Director J. Robert Oppenheimer leads a team constructing the first atomic bombHow did the US know that building this weapon was possible?

Leading up to the BombJuly 16th, 1945 successful test NMTruman meets with Allied leaders at Potsdam near BerlinJuly 26th Allies demand unconditional Japanese surrenderA full scale invasion of Japan would cost 1 million US casualties, the A Bomb would end the war quickly Scientists who created the bomb were against it but we spent $2 million to create it

Fat-man and Little Boy8/6/1945 & 8/9/1945Enola Gay B - 29HiroshimaFamous Mushroom cloud75,000 deadNagasaki vaporizes everything in 1/8 of a mileDeath toll = 200,000

Little Boy and Hiroshima

Nagasaki before & after

Costs of the WarHigh casualties on both sidesThe discovery of Hitlers holocaust plansNazi government was destroyed and Japans military warlords were overthrownTowns, cities and forests were destroyed Millions lacked heat, running water, adequate food and the means to travel from one place to another

Military DeadMilitary WoundedCivilian DeadBritain373,000475,00093,000France213,000400,000108,000Soviet Union11 million14 million7 millionUSA292,000671,000Germany3.5 Million5 million780,000Italy242,00066,000153,000Japan1.3 million4 million672,000

And