the second invasion n 1 st puritans arrived in 1628 n 1630s new settlement led by john winthrop...
TRANSCRIPT
WEEK 9
NEW ENGLANDThe second invasion
Puritan Origins 1st Puritans arrived in 1628
1630s new settlement led by John Winthrop b.1588 to wealthy East Anglian family
700 non-separating Congregationalists. Most migrants from East Anglia Beginning of Great Migration era
Like pilgrims, puritans disliked lingering Catholic practices in Anglicanism
separation of church and state necessary ‘only the Godly
should rule the Godly’
Unlike pilgrims committed to ideals of the Church of England
Try to set example of behaviour for others to follow
Image = staid, boring, no fun
really just trying not to be sinful.
Each congregation independent
Refuse to accept authority of bishops or any civil power over religion
Tolerated, rather than accepted
Until appointment of William Laud as Arch Bishop of Canterbury (1620)
increased investigation and persecution of dissenters
One motivation for flight
Religion not the only motive
1620s-30s social and economic situation worsened
Part of from a manor-based to a market-oriented economy
Created 2 factors which affect Puritan motivations
1) Decline in cloth trade During early 17thC the went into decline, hit the farmers of east Anglia hard
2) enclosure Part of new agricultural push
open lands enclosed displacement of farm families and
laborers
led to an increase in UnemploymentPovertyBegging
1628 1st of three years of crop failure
Sense that British society full of people that had lost control of their lives
Puritan view of work Not simple drudgery to
sustain life A vocation calling through which one
improved the world glorified Godfollowed life’s pilgrimage towards salvation
As pious, literate, and enterprising middle men and women
Puritan beliefs delivered control
all around they saw chaos Proving they were chosen to
lead the country out of it problems
‘City on a hill’ Aim in leaving create “Merry
old England” anew in America
Then return to England to lead the country to a new future
Many migrants continued to own land in England
Great Migration 1630 -40
21,000 people From end of the Great
Migration to the end of the 17th c more people left New England than settled in it
Getting the charter Virginia Company dead by
1624, new charter needed. Puritan merchants get charter
of Massachusetts Bay Company from King 1629
Only migrants allowed to be shareholders, so charter taken to America – prevents alteration, by British Government, at later date.
4 ships set out for America in 1630, the Arbella, the Talbot, the Ambrose and the Jewel.
Settlers 70% in family groups 30% single males
usually attached to families as servants.
Adults in 30s or 40s brought children with them had more after arrival.
Life exp very good 70s when only 50s in England few problems with disease, no major
Indian problem (smallpox epidemic)
Result stable society
Between 1620 – 1642 21,000 travel to New England
Majority from 1629 forwards Approximately 5% of white
migrants to America at the time By 1700, despite returnees, New
England counts for 40% of white population
Also a literate society
First print shops in America Cambridge (1640) Boston
(1675)
At least 60% of males could read and write
Religion based on the book
Literacy and numeracy also aided economic activity Harvard (1636) linked to
Emmanuel College, Cambridge 90 New Eng. Ministers trained
there
Town settlement
Very different to the south Chesapeake rich landowners
with large tracts of land and many landless servants and later slaves
New England town-centered farm based landscape
Initial Puritan settlement was in 1629 at
salemJerusalem
When Winthrop turned took his group further south to Boston
Towns quickly sprouted 1640 twenty towns 1660 seventy towns Many towns have British names New England was a “transplanted
English vine”
Puritan New England was not built by Puritans alone
“Strangers” were needed to ensure the regions success
Approx 17% of the Great Migration was un-free labor
Servants and New England Most servants were tied to an
individual family Not as part of a work gang as in
Virginia Debt peonage also existed –
particularly in fishing industry Slavery, although not as large as in
the south, also existed in New England
After 1650 non English war captives, mainly Scottish and Irish, were shipped as bound labor
Ideologically New England was built on faith
built on the backs of not only servants but also paid specialized labor
Carpenters built their houses Millwrights, Tanners, and Iron
workers all contributed to the economic success of Puritan New England
Puritan religious ideal pushed them to commercial success and a desire to subdue the land
But the “strangers” they brought to help
Had their own ideology Often made them both
indifferent and hostile to Puritan ideals
Strangers appeared in court far more frequently than Puritans
Charged with offenses like
Drunkenness Assault Lewdness Larceny Blasphemy
Thomas Morton
1625, 50 year old Morton invested in Mount Wollaston, a commercial settlement in New England
Placated workers with strong drink
Danced around Maypole often with Native American Women
Region became known as Merrymount
1628 Miles Standish marched on Merrymount
Arrested Morton for selling arms to Native Americans
Shipped back to England
returned one year later
1630 returned to Merrymount Massachusetts arrested Morton again Burned his house Sent him back to England…again
1643 he returned … again First to Rhode Island and
Maine Before heading back to
Massachusetts Arrested again and spent
one year in jail Ended his life in Maine
But Puritans were also pragmatic with the strangers
Iron workers in Lynn, Massachusetts
Exempted from attending church on Sunday
And from securing a Minister
Puritans and booze There were (and are) a lot of
alehouses and taverns in England One Puritan in 1635 described
England as overrun with “many beastly, barbarous,
belching drunkards” In New England they regulated
rather than prohibited alcohol
A moderate amount for health was OK but to much caused problems
Most New England towns possessed a tavern (In James town there was 1 Tavern per ten people)
Tavern was primarily for travelers to rest and find refreshment
Locals were limited to a half-hour in a tavern
Servants, and skilled workers alike sort out Taverns for longer periods
They also operated, and frequented, unlicensed bars
In New Hampshire and Maine major fishing regions there were
“ walking taverns” booze boats that followed the fleets
Port cities became the focus for the bar scene
By mid-century there were more bars than churches in Boston
Looking out from the ports
The sea brought wealth to the puritans it also threatened danger
The world was a “sea of sin” Sin threatened puritans like
“violent winds” That threatened to expose New
England as a “weak and ill compacted vessel”