the scottish opportunity - zero waste scotland · conservation of energy… first thermodynamic...
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How much insect meal could be used now and in future?
The Scottish Opportunity
Sam Houston – Knowledge Exchange Officer
Prepared for Insect Farming in Scotland, Edinburgh 7th Feb 2019
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The Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre
Scottish Aquaculture – salmon farming
Nutrition – the fundamentals
Protein demand - an opportunity for insect meal?
• To introduce the Scottish salmon sector
• Explore the use of an insect meal in salmon diet
• Give an estimate of the opportunity for insect meal in today’s prices
• Illustrate how nutrition companies will think about using a novel
ingredient
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The Scottish Aquaculture Innovation CentreTo transform Scottish Aquaculture by unlocking sustainable growth through innovation excellence
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Scottish innovation landscape
• SAIC Founded 2014
• SAIC is one of eight
innovation centres funded by
the Scottish Funding Council
• Scottish Government is a key
supporter
• Current funding period to
July 2019
• Phase Two 2019-24 (funding
bid in progress)
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Closer look at
Norway ScotlandTotal
MOWI
Scottish
share of MOWI
Operational EBIT (EURO) €462977 €153652 €792087 19.4 %
Operational EBIT (EUR/Kg) €2.20 €2.55 €2.14Harvest Volume (GWT) 210152 60186 370346 16.3 %
• MOWI world’s leading salmon producer
• MOWI total could be 15 – 20 % of
global volumes
• Fully integrated farming operation
Broodstock, hatchery, freshwater, marine and developing
their own feed business
• Formerly Marine Harvest
• Harvests measured gutted weight
tonnes (GWT)
• About 20 % by value Scottish but 16 %
by GWT
• Scottish Provenance
1010
Norway, Chile, Scotland and Canada
• Salmon production of the 4 leading producers with peak numbers illustrated
• Global Atlantic salmon production in 2016 ~ 2.25 million tonnes (FAO, 2016)
• Scotland had record year 2017
= 190,000 tonnes
• Come back to Scottish numbers
Four leading salmon producers
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Production geography
• Aquaculture is a key industry in the
Scottish economy
• Particularly in rural Western areas and
Islands
• The sector is primed for sustainable
growth
• Innovation will play a major part in
achieving industry and government
ambitions
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Feeding fish at sea
• 3 manufacturers of Aquafeeds in
Scotland (Skretting – MOWI)
• MOWI opening a 170,000 tonne plant,
Isle of Skye
• Aquafeeds are extruded
• Contain bulk raw materials
• UK animal feed production = ~ 17.26
M tonnes; Of which 0.258 M tonnes is
Aquafeed (Alltech, 2018)
• Insect meal, yearly production 500 T
and year-round supply + QA
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Nutrition – the fundamentalsAnimals need nutrients, ingredients contain nutrients, mix and match the ingredientsto supply the right nutrients
(Glencross & Monroig 2017)
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Science into a pellet: density; smell; integrity;
digestibility; binding; vacuum filling with oil;
extrusion; formulation; grinding; mixing; quality
control; animal performance etc.
• Produced by extrusion
• Must supply all nutrients
• Must taste right
• Must be the right density to sink
• Must bind but not be undigestible
Aquafeeds
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Some definitions
Term Definition
Aquafeed Pelleted feed fed to an aquatic organism (fish, prawn)
Ingredient Material used in a feed
Formulation A recipe of ingredients
Nutrient A chemical eaten that is of benefit to the organism
Essential A nutrient that cannot be synthesised by an animal but is needed
Requirement Amount of nutrient needed in feed for optimal growth and wellbeing
Specification Minimal amount of a nutrient in a feed
Amino acid Building block of proteins
Crude The level of a nutrient in an ingredient as measured
Digestible The biologically accessible portion of the CRUDE nutrient
Absolute “Real” quantities (formulations are ratios fish eat an absolute quantity)
Relative Ratios, fractions, percentages
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Fundamental principles Glencross 2017, and those before
1. Nutrition is biochemistry and physiology
There are no magic ingredients
2. Conservation of energy…
First thermodynamic principle
3. Conservation of mass, only transferred or
rearranged
4. An organism can only grow as fast as the 1st limiting
nutrient allows (Leibig’s law)
5. Use of nutrients depend on biochemical energy
Balance
Matter
Limits
Biochemistry
Energy
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Ingredients in Aquafeeds
Microbial Protein GMO Grains Avian Offal
Insects Microalgae Macroalgae Blood Proteins Fish Offal Anchoveta
Herring Cottonseed Cereal Glutens
Lupins
Field Peas
Faba Beans
Soybean
Rapeseed Krill
MammalianOffal
Peanuts
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What nutrients are essential to animals?
Ca
His
A
Mg P K Na SeMnFeICu
Arg Iso LysLeu
18:3n-3
Energy - DE Protein - DPro Water – H20
18:2n-6 Sterols
Met Phe ValThr Try
B1KED B2 B6
B12 Fo
BioNiPa
Ch In C
Zn
20:4n-6 20:5n-3 22:6n-3 Phospholipids
Tau
47 molecules
Some are not essential
some animals…. Due to
biochemistry
Macro nutrients
Amino acids
Lipids
Minerals
Vitamins
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Animals need Energy
Chemical energy exists in the carbon bonds of proteins, lipids/fats and carbohydrates. All organisms need energy.
• Fish derive energy mainly from protein and fat
• Relative, energy requirements increase with the fish mass
• Carnivorous fish should not be fed large quantities of carbohydrates Energy
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Energy in animals and fish
Feed
intake
Faeces
Digestible
Energy
Excreted
losses,
urinary/gill
Metabolic
Energy
Resources
used to feed
eg. digestion
Net energy
Maintenance
energy, respiration,
general swimming
about
Energy for Growth
Formulate to
Digestible Energy
Formulate DE to hit these
Animal needs
Maintenance E Net E for production
No scale
2323
Fish need proteinProtein is the term for bulk amino acids (AA)
• Fish grow indeterminately
• Fish use protein for both energy and growth
• Protein requirements are dependent on dietary energy level
• Protein requirement is relatively higher in smaller fish
• Smaller fish grow relatively faster than larger fish
• Relatively, is emphasised because big fish eat physically more but nutrients are supplied in different ratios
• Ingredients have varying AA profiles Amino acids in two ingredients
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
Tryptophan
Taurine
Cysteine
Histidine
Methionine
Tyrosine
Isoleucine
Serine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Valine
Glycine
Arginine
Proline
Alanine
Lysine
Leucine
Aspartic acid
Fish Meal AA Soya AA
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Protein demand - an opportunity for insect meal?Animals need nutrients, ingredients contain nutrients, mix and match the ingredients to supply the right nutrients
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Nutritional Market research
Need to know
• What nutrients do salmon need to eat?
• How much do salmon eat?
• How much insect meal could they eat?
• In a nutritional context.
• What are cost implications?
Focus on the Seawater feeding.
Analysis limited by publicly available
information (SEPA, 2019).
Consider this material in salmon diets.Amino acid and price data
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Protein v Energy demands; Atlantic salmon
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 Die
tary
Dig
est
ible
en
erg
y (
MJ)
% D
iet
Salmon body weight (g)
Digestible Protein (%) DP:DE (g / MJ) Digestible Energy (Mj / Kg)
FW SW SW SW SW
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Amino Acids: Salmon requirements Vs BSF supply
(Glencross Lectures 2017; Magmeal Agriprotein, 2018)
Different
sized
Salmon
(g)
Don’t forget taurine!
• BSF larvae seem to
be excellent
• Boost methionine
• Nb. Expressed as %
of digestible
protein
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Arginine (% of
CP)
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine (% of
CP)
Methionine
Phenyalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine1
10
50
100
500
1000
2000
4000
BSF
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A current typical diet (MOWI, 2017)
Average diet fed to Salmon farmed by MOWI
(formerly Marine Harvest)
Slide is ingredients, not nutrients
25% Marine materials
14.7% Fish meal
Can BSF larvae compete with Fish meal?
27.8 % sources of plant protein
Can BSF larvae compete with plant proteins?
Total protein sources = 42.5%
This diet a starting point for my analysis
14.7
10.3
10.2
10.4
7.2
18.3
21.5
4.6
2.7
MOWI average salmon diet 2017
Fish meals
Fish oils
Soy proteins
Beans
Corn
Wheat
Vegetable oils
Supplements
Guar
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So four diets with 0 %, 7.4 %, 15.2 % and 22.1% insect larval meal (Agriprotein, 2019)
• Formulated with 19 ingredients
and 30 nutrients, focussing on
satisfying the Amino acid
requirement of Atlantic salmon
• Insect meal inclusion levels
based on replacing fish meal
by 50%, 100% and 150% (ie.
replacing some vegetable
protein too)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Base IM7.4 IM14.7 IM22.1
H20
Binder
Supplements
Vegetable oils
Wheat
Vegetable proteins
MagMeal
Fish oil
Fish meal
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Dietary Protein sufficient?
Factor Base IM7.4 IM14.7 IM22.1Price (£ per tonne) £ 674.45 £ 700.74 £ 764.59 £ 853.11
Dry matter (g.Kg-1) 900.04 896.79 897.94 895.11
Dpro (g.Kg-1) 348.99 342.49 352.76 352.44
Lipid (g.Kg-1) 285.30 287.92 288.68 290.47
DE (Mj.Kg-1) 20.19 19.98 20.40 20.44
DP:DE (g.Mj) 17.29 17.14 17.29 17.25
• Diets suitable for salmon 500 g,
marine phase
• Current prices
• Fish meal (60% DP) = £1179
• Magmeal (49% DP)= £1435
• More oil added as fish grow
beyond 1-2Kg
• Insect meal needs to compete
with fish meal, before
manufacturers will use it
• Easier to formulate if it had a
higher % of protein
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Scottish salmon production and forecast
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 2027
Ton
ne
s
• Scottish salmon production
(Marine Scotland 2018) with
a forecast until 2030
• Rate of growth = 2630
tonnes per year
• Model suggests mean
annual production in 2030 =
206119 tonnes
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Feed fed to Salmon in Scotland (2002 – 2017 and beyond)
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
200
6
200
8
201
0
201
2
201
4
201
6
201
8
202
0
202
2
202
4
202
6
202
8
203
0
Fe
ed
(To
nn
es)
Digestible protein at 35 % = 81,000 Tonnes (2017)
In 2030 the annual feed demand may be ~ 300,000 Kg,
Digestible protein ~ 105,000 Tonnes (2030)
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Size of the opportunity for insect meal in Scotland?
Based on projected feed demand and
our inclusion levels of insect meal
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
201
8
202
0
202
2
202
4
202
6
202
8
203
0
Millio
ns
(£)
Inse
ct
me
al (T
on
ne
s)
IM 7.4 % IM 14.7 % IM 22.1 %
Value IM 7.4 % Value 14.7 % Value 22.1 %
Date/Value (Units) IM 7.4% IM 14.7%IM 22.1%
2019 (Tonnes) 17854 35468 53323
Value (m £) 25.6 50.9 76.5
2030 (Tonnes) 21624 42957 64581
Value (m £) 31.0 61.6 92.6
• Insect meal is usable but
expensive
• Lower inclusion levels are
possible, giving a potential
turnover of £25.6 million, based
on selling 18,000 tonnes
• Target Freshwater diets, first?
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Conclusions
• Amino acid composition of insect larval meal is very good
• Need to compete with Fish meal in price and comparative protein value!
• However, fish meal is currently cheaper than it has been
• It will be a long time until Insect meal will compete with vegetable protein sources (SOY; PEAs; BEANs
etc.)
• Ash content is high, which would likely impose some constraints on inclusion level
• Chitin needs to be considered, but is lower than one may expect, see Henry (2017)
• Other potential benefits need more research
• Analysis based on reasonable market prices
• Feed companies will need to answer the unknowns
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#drivinginnovation
Thank you for your attention
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Key ReferencesAlltech, 2019. Alltech Global Feed Survey 2019. Nicholasville, Kentucky, USA.
Agriprotein. 2019. MagMeal brochure. https://agriprotein.com/our-products/ (accessed 2019)
Ikram Belghit, Nina S. Liland, Petter Gjesdal, Irene Biancarosa, Elisa Menchetti, Yanxian Li, Rune Waagbø, Åshild Krogdahl, Erik-Jan Lock , Blacksoldier fly larvae meal can replace fish meal in diets of sea-water phase Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aqua (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.12.032
Belghit, I., Liland, N.S., Waagbø, R., Biancarosa, I., Pelusio, N., Li, Y., Krogdahl, Å. and Lock, E.J., 2018. Potential of insect-based diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture, 491, pp.72-81.
Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) 2018. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Global aquaculture production 1950-2016 (FishstatJ). In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Rome. Updated 2018.
Henry, M., Gasco, L., Piccolo, G. and Fountoulaki, E., 2015. Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: past and future. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 203, pp.1-22.
Munro, L.A. & Wallace I.S. 2018. Scottish Fish Farm Production Survey 2017. Marine Scotland Science.
Mowi, 2018. Integrated annual report. Bergen, Norway.
Scotland’s Aquaculture: http://aquaculture.scotland.gov.uk (accessed 2019).
Kroeckel, S., Harjes, A.G., Roth, I., Katz, H., Wuertz, S., Susenbeth, A. and Schulz, C., 2012. When a turbot catches a fly: Evaluation of a pre-pupae meal of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as fish meal substitute—Growth performance and chitin degradation in juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture, 364, pp.345-352.
Spranghers, T., Ottoboni, M., Klootwijk, C., Ovyn, A., Deboosere, S., De Meulenaer, B., Michiels, J., Eeckhout, M., De Clercq, P. and De Smet, S., 2017. Nutritional composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae reared on different organic waste substrates. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(8), pp.2594-2600.