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The scientific study of the chemical substances, processes, and reactions that occur in living organisms BIOCHEMISTRY THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

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MATTER AND ENERGY Always here, always will be in one form or the other!

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MATTER Matter IS EVERYTHING AROUND YOU. Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy states Matter can neither be created or destroyed. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change its form. The total quantity of matter and energy available in the universe is a fixed amount and never any more or less.

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Matter is anything that has a mass and volume. What is Mass and Volume? Mass = Amount of matter in the object. Expressed in grams/kilograms Volume = Amount of space that matter occupies Expressed in cubic units (cc) or (ml)

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Matter exists in FOUR STATES or PHASES (okay 5, but we will look at 4)

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THE STATES/PHASES OF MATTER SOLID MATTER THAT HAS A DEFINITE SHAPE AND DEFINITE VOLUME LIQUID MATTER THAT HAS AN INDEFINITE SHAPE AND DEFINITE VOLUME GAS MATTER THAT HAS AN INDEFINITE SHAPE AND INDEFINITE VOLUME PLASMA MATTER THAT HAS AN INDEFINITE SHAPE AND INDEFINITE VOLUME WITH ELECTRICALLY CHARGED PARTICLES

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WHAT IS GOING ON INSIDE MATTER?

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STATE OR PHASE?

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WHAT STATES OF MATTER ARE IN OUR BODIES? ALL FOUR SOLID -Bones and Muscles LIQUID - Saliva/Bodily Fluids GAS Air Lungs & Body Cavities PLASMA - Blood Component

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ELEMENTS Simple substances of matter 100 OR MORE NATURAL/ARTIFICIAL ELEMENTS CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES CHEMICALLY REACT WITH OTHER ELEMENTS ATOMS ARE THE BASIC UNITS OF ELEMENTS

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ATOMS MATTER HAVE MASS MOST IN NUCLEUS WITH PROTONS AND NEUTRONS HAVE VOLUME MOST OF SPACE TAKEN UP BY ELECTRON CLOUD

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ATOMIC THEORY ALL MATTER MADE OF ATOMS LIVING/NONLIVING ALL ATOMS OF GIVEN ELEMENT ARE SIMILAR TO ONE ANOTHER BUT DIFFERENT ATOMS OF =>THAN 2 ELEMENTS COMBINE TO FORM COMPOUNDS CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVE REARRANGEMENTS, SEPARATION OR COMBINATION OF ATOMS ATOMS ARE NEVER CREATED OR DESTROYED DURING A CHEMICAL REACTION

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE NUCLEUS CENTER, DENSE AREA OF PROTONS & NEUTRONS ORBIT MULTI CONTAIN NEARLY WEIGHTLESS ELECTRONS

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ATOMIC TERMS AND PROPERTIES ATOMIC NUMBER = NUMBER OF PROTONS IN NUCLEUS NORMAL CHARGE IS NEUTRAL - #PROTONS = ELECTRONS MOLECULES 2 OR MORE ATOMS BONDED TOGETHER BOND CHEMICAL COMBINATION OF ATOMS TYPES OF BONDS IONIC AND COVALENT IONIC ONE ATOM GAINS WHILE ONE LOSES ELECTRONS IONS COVALENT - ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS HYDROGEN WEAK, HOLD WATER TOGETHER BY BRIDGING HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN. BIND MOLECULE PARTS INTO THREE DIMENSIONAL SHAPE

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WHY BIOCHEMISTRY? TWO BASIC REASONS 1. Chemicals provide a source of energy to support life. 2. Chemicals provide structure to the body.

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CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL REACTIONS MIXTURES SOLUTIONS COMPOUNDS SUSPENSIONS MACROMOLECULES AND POLYMERS SATURATION POINT LETS FIND OUT MORE!

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CHEMICAL REACTIONS WHAT IS IT? TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES CONVERTED INTO A THIRD SUBSTANCE SYNTHESIS REACTION BY BONDING TOGETHER TO MAKE A NEW COMPOUND DECOMPOSITION REACTION BY BREAKING DOWN ONE SUBSTANCE INTO TWO OR MORE CATALYST AFFECT THE RATE OF CHANGE WITHOUT CHANGING THEMSELVES

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MAJOR BODY ELEMENTS CARBON (C) = 19% HYDROGEN (H) = 10% OXYGEN (O) = 65% NITROGEN (N) = (3%) Phosphorous, Sulfur, Calcium

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PRIMARY ROLES OF BODY ELEMENTS OXYGEN KEY IN BREATHING, WITH H MAKES WATER CARBON GOOD BASIS OF ORGANIC LIFE FORMS FORMS AMINO ACIDS/PROTEINS/NUCLEIC ACIDS BAD - FORMS CARBON DIOXIDE WASTE HYDROGEN COMBINES WITH OXYGEN TO MAKE WATER. COMBINES WITH CARBON,OXYGEN FOR CARBS, LIPIDS, PROTEINS KEY IN ----- HYDRATION, CHEMICAL REACTION ALL MAKE THAT ALL IMPORTANT GLUCOSE ATP - ENERGY

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MAJOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CARBOHYDRATES ENERGY SOURCE LIPIDS (FATS) ENERGY STORAGE PROTEINS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CELLS NUCLEIC ACIDS GENETIC CODES

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COMMON SUBSTANCES IN US! WATER 60-80% OF CELLS HYDROLYSIS, SOLVENT, LUBRICANT CARBON DIOXIDE WASTE PRODUCT GLUCOSE MOLECULAR OXYGEN = O - BREATHING AMMONIA NH - NITROGEN SOURCE FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, INJURIOUS TO CELLS CONVERTED TO UREA AND EXCRETED MINERAL SALTS ESSENTIAL FOR CELL SURVIVAL Ca , PO , Cl , Na, K

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COMMON SUBSTANCES IN US! CARBOHYDRATES RIBOSE, DEOXYRIBOSE, GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE. STARCH GLYCOGEN LIPIDS INSOLUBLE IN WATER 95% TRIGLYCERIDES MADE OF GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACID PROTEINS CHONHS STRUCTURE, REGULATION NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA/DNA GENETIC CODING ATP ENERGY CREATED IN CELL RESPIRATION

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MAJOR BODY FLUIDS INTRACELLULAR - FLUID WITHIN THE CELLS INTERSTITIAL FLUID BETWEEN THE CELLS FLUID IN SPECIAL CAVITIES PERITONEAL FLUID ABDOMINAL CAVITY CSF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN CRANIAL CAVITY AMNIOTIC FLUID FLUID IN PREGNANT UTERUS PLASMA FLUID PORTION OF BLOOD 60% VOLUME = 92% of which is WATER

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OSMOTIC PRESSURE RESULTS

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ELECTROLYTES HAVE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CHARGE FOR BONDING BODY FUNCTIONS MOST EFFICIENT WHEN WITHIN SPECIFIC RANGE (NL) LOST THROUGH SWEATING LOST THROUGH ELIMINATION OF URINE FECES

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HOMEOSTASIS pH BALANCE pH parts hydrogen pH scale way to measure pH of substance Values = 0-14 7 = neutral 7 = BASE ACID - >Hydrogen Ions than Hydroxyls BASE < Hydrogen Ions than Hydroxylx

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pH SCALE

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THE ROLE OF ACIDS AND BASES BODY FLUIDS HAVE NORMAL Ph - NARROW RANGE > OR < Ph WILL AFFECT CHEMICAL REACTION NORMAL HUMAN ACTIVITIES SHIFT Ph CAN YOU NAME SOME? BUFFERS COMPENSATE FOR CHANGES: BICARBONATE IN RESPIRATION PHOSPHATE IN KIDNEYS PROTEINS IN INTRACELLUAR FLUID BUFFERS CONTAIN WEAK ACID AND WEAK BASE TO REACT WITH STRONGER ONE TO ADJUST Ph PUT IT ALL TOGETHER WE HAVE HOMEOSTASIS AND A GOOD WORKING METABOLISM!