The Scientific The Scientific RevolutionRevolution

Ancient Greece and RomeAncient Greece and Rome

Mathematics, astronomy, and Mathematics, astronomy, and medicine were three of the earliest medicine were three of the earliest sciences. sciences.

The Greeks developed The Greeks developed theoriestheories, or , or explanations of why something explanations of why something happens, to understand nature.happens, to understand nature.

Aristotle observed nature and Aristotle observed nature and classified information about animals classified information about animals and plants.and plants.

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PtolemyPtolemy believed the Earth was believed the Earth was the center of the universe. the center of the universe.

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Geocentric TheoryGeocentric Theory

Science During the Middle AgesScience During the Middle Ages During the Middle Ages, people were During the Middle Ages, people were

more interested in the study of God than more interested in the study of God than in science.in science.

The Islamic Empires preserved much The Islamic Empires preserved much of the science of the Greeks and Romans. of the science of the Greeks and Romans.

Jewish and Arabic scientists made Jewish and Arabic scientists made advances in some areas. Europeans advances in some areas. Europeans brought Islamic works to Europe and brought Islamic works to Europe and translated them into Latin and Greek.translated them into Latin and Greek.

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European universities were important European universities were important to the growth of science.to the growth of science.

Exploration in the 1400s added to Exploration in the 1400s added to Europe’s scientific knowledge.Europe’s scientific knowledge.

A Revolution in AstronomyA Revolution in Astronomy

Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) was a (1473–1543) was a Polish mathematician Polish mathematician who believed the sun who believed the sun was the center of the was the center of the universe (universe (Heliocentric Heliocentric TheoryTheory.).)

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The first science to be affected by the The first science to be affected by the Scientific Revolution was astronomy.Scientific Revolution was astronomy.

Tycho BraheTycho Brahe (1546–1601) was a (1546–1601) was a Danish astronomer whose highly Danish astronomer whose highly accurate observations were used by accurate observations were used by the German astronomer the German astronomer Johannes Johannes KeplerKepler in formulating his three in formulating his three famous laws of planetary motion. famous laws of planetary motion.

Tycho combined Copernican Theory combined Copernican Theory with Ptolemaic Theory. He believed with Ptolemaic Theory. He believed the Earth was stationary and the the Earth was stationary and the other planets orbited the Sunother planets orbited the Sun..

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) believed in Copernicus’s idea, but he also believed that the planets move in ellipses, or oval paths.

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Galileo was an Italian scientist who determined that objects of different weights fall at the same speed.

He improved scientific instruments, such as the telescope, and was important in the development of new instruments.

The Roman Catholic Church condemned Galileo’s ideas and tried him for heresy.

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Galileo's telescope

What What Galileo Galileo saw…saw…

““Starry Messenger”Starry Messenger”

In a short booklet In a short booklet called “The Starry called “The Starry Messenger,” Galileo Messenger,” Galileo supported supported Copernicus’ Theory Copernicus’ Theory with observations with observations and drawings.and drawings.

Isaac Newton Isaac Newton developed the developed the Universal Law of Universal Law of Gravitation.Gravitation.

Motion and ForcesMotion and Forces

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Medicine and ChemistryMedicine and Chemistry

In the 1500s, In the 1500s, Andreas Vasalius Andreas Vasalius dissected human bodies. He dissected human bodies. He published published On the Structure of the On the Structure of the Human BodyHuman Body in 1543. in 1543.

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Using a microscope, Robert Hooke discovered cells.

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Important advances were made in Important advances were made in chemistry. chemistry. Robert BoyleRobert Boyle discovered discovered that all substances were made up of that all substances were made up of basic elements and he developed basic elements and he developed Boyle’s Law. Boyle’s Law.

Boyle’s Law is the principle that at a constant temperature the volume of a confined ideal gas varies inversely with its pressure.

Antoine LavoisierAntoine Lavoisier determined that oxygen is determined that oxygen is

required for objects to burnrequired for objects to burn..

The Phlogiston Theory, in chemistry, was an early explanation The Phlogiston Theory, in chemistry, was an early explanation concerning combustion c.1700. Material such as coal or wood was rich in concerning combustion c.1700. Material such as coal or wood was rich in a material substance called phlogiston, from a Greek word meaning "to a material substance called phlogiston, from a Greek word meaning "to set on fire." The actual process of combustion involved a loss of set on fire." The actual process of combustion involved a loss of phlogiston to the air. What remained after combustion was without phlogiston to the air. What remained after combustion was without phlogiston and could no longer burn. Thus wood possessed phlogiston phlogiston and could no longer burn. Thus wood possessed phlogiston but ash did not.but ash did not.

The Triumph of ReasonThe Triumph of Reason Rene DescartesRene Descartes is the founder of modern is the founder of modern

rationalismrationalism. This is the belief that reason is . This is the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.the chief source of knowledge.

To To DescartesDescartes, one fact seemed to be , one fact seemed to be beyond doubt—his own existence. beyond doubt—his own existence.

DescartesDescartes clarified this idea by the phrase, clarified this idea by the phrase, “I think, therefore I am” or “Cogito ergo “I think, therefore I am” or “Cogito ergo sum.”sum.”

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Francis BaconFrancis Bacon

developed the developed the modern modern scientific scientific methodmethod, an , an orderly way of orderly way of collecting and collecting and analyzing analyzing evidence.evidence.

DeismDeism

A way to justify a belief in God and a A way to justify a belief in God and a belief in reasonbelief in reason

Isaac Newton believed that Isaac Newton believed that mathematical laws governed how the mathematical laws governed how the universe works because that was universe works because that was how God made ithow God made it