the scientific method. the scientific method involves a series of steps that are used to investigate...
TRANSCRIPT
The Scientific Method
• The Scientific Method involves a series of steps that are used to investigate a natural occurrence.
We shall take a closer look at
these steps and the terminology you will need to
understand before you start
a science project or do a
laboratory exercise.
Problem/QuestionObservation/Research
Formulate a HypothesisExperiment
Collect and Analyze ResultsConclusion
Communicate the Results
Steps of the Scientific Method
Problem/QuestionProblem/Question: Develop a question or problem that can
be solved through experimentation.
Steps of the Scientific Method
Observation/ResearchObservation/Research: Make observations and research
your topic of interest.
Steps of the Scientific Method
Formulate a HypothesisFormulate a Hypothesis: Predict a possible answer to the
problem or question.
Example: If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will
increase.
Steps of the Scientific Method
ExperimentExperiment: Develop and follow a procedure.
Include a detailed materials list.
The outcome must be measurable.
Steps of the Scientific Method
Collect and Analyze ResultsCollect and Analyze Results: Modify the procedure if
needed.
Confirm the results by retesting.
Include tables, graphs, and photographs.
Steps of the Scientific Method
ConclusionConclusion: Include a statement that accepts or rejects the
hypothesis.Make recommendations for
further study and possible improvements to the
procedure.
Steps of the Scientific Method
Communicate the ResultsCommunicate the Results: Be prepared to present the project
to an audience.
Expect questions from the audience.
John watches his grandmother
bake bread. He ask his
grandmother what makes the
bread rise.She explains that
yeast releases a gas as it feeds
on sugar (fermentation).
Problem/Question
John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread
loaf?
Caution with Terms
Be careful how you use effect and affect.
Effect is usually a noun and affect, a verb.
“ The effect of sugar amounts on the rising of bread.”
“How does sugar affect the rising of bread?”
Problem/QuestionActivity:
Come up with a problem or question you might have in your own life.
Answer these questions:
1)What materials are available?
2)What action can be observed?
3)What can I change to get a
different action?
4)What ways can I measure a response to the change?
Ex. My car won’t start
Problem/QuestionGeneral topic: Plants
Answer these questions:
1)What materials are available?
Soil, Plants, Fertilizer, Water, Light/Heat,
2)What action can be observed?
Plants grow
3)What can I change to get a different action?
Plants spacing, kind, amount of water, location of hole
4)What ways can I measure a response to the change?
Count the number of leaves, Measure the height, Weigh the fruit produced
Observation/ResearchJohn researches the
areas of baking and fermentation and tries to come up
with a way to test his question.
He keeps all of his information on this topic in a journal.
Observation/ResearchActivity:Make a short list of the things you already
know about that topic.
Ex. 1.Cars need gas2.Cars need electricity from the battery3.Cars need oil
Formulate a Hypothesis
Hypothesis
The hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables.
Do you know the difference Do you know the difference between the independent and between the independent and
dependent variables?dependent variables?
Independent Variable• The independent, or
manipulated variable, is a factor that’s intentionally varied by the experimenter.
• John is going to use 25g., 50g., 100g., 250g., 500g. of sugar in his experiment.
Dependent VariableThe dependent, or responding variable, is the factor that may change as a result of changes
made in the independent variable.
In this case, it would be the size of the loaf of bread.
Formulate a HypothesisActivity:Develop a Hypothesis
Ex. If I put gas in my car,then it will start.
Experiment
John comes up with a procedure and list of needed
materials.
John discusses with his teacher how to determine the control
group.
Control GroupIn a scientific experiment, the control is the group that serves as the standard of comparison.
The control group may be a “no treatment" or an “experimenter
selected” group.
Control Group
The control group is exposed to the same conditions as the
experimental group, except for the variable being tested.
All experiments should have a control group.
Control Group
Because his grandmother always used 50g. of sugar in her recipe, John is going to use that amount in his
control group.
Constants
John remembers to keep all other factors the same so that any observed changes in the bread can be attributed to the variation in the amount of sugar.
Constants
The constants in an experiment are all the factors that the
experimenter attempts to keep the same.
What would be some constants in this experiment?
Project Design
• Get someone’s opinion on your experimental design before you begin.
• Look at all the variables. Independent as well as dependent
• Open ended questions are a way of allowing for critical thinking to begin, but sometimes we start with the basics. Following directions are essential when doing a lab.
ExperimentActivity:
Develop a materials list and identify a control group.
Ex. Materials: 5 gallon gas can, 5 gallons gasoline, money to buy gasoline, a ride to the gas station
Control group: Not doing anything to the car.
ExperimentActivity:
Develop a procedure for your experiment.
Procedure: First, I will call my friend Bill and ask for a ride to the gas station. I will take the five gallon gas can and fill it with five gallons of gasoline at the pump. After paying the gas station owner for the gasoline, I will get a ride back to my car and put the gasoline in the tank. Once the gasoline is in the tank, I will attempt to restart the car.
Collect and Analyze Results
Activity:Make up realistic data.
Ex.
Action performed
Did nothing
Added gas
Pumped the
peddle
Pumped the
peddle
Result Didn’t start
Didn’t start
Almost started
Started
Conclusions
Activity:Draw your own conclusions
Ex. My hypothesis was supported by the data. It shows that after adding gas the car started.
• A graphic organizer is an instructional tool used to visually illustrate a topic.
• describe a central idea
• describe the stages of something–the life cycle of a
primate
–a sequence of events
• time lines–showing historical
events or ages
–degrees of something
• Compare/Contrast– How are they similar? – How are they different?
Name 1 Name 2
Attribute 1
Attribute 2
Attribute 3
• Problem/Solution Outline– What was the problem?– What attempts were
made to solve the
problem?– Did those attempts
succeed?
• Network Tree– show causal information (causes of poverty),– a hierarchy (types of insects)– branching procedures (the circulatory system)
• Cycle– weather phenomena– the life cycle– water cycle