the science of social psychology
DESCRIPTION
2. The Science of Social Psychology. How Can Research Methods Impact You Every Day?. Research assists with critical evaluation of information Accurate evaluation assists with making choices People often misjudge the outcomes of their actions. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
THINKSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter
The Science of Social Psychology
2
![Page 2: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
How Can Research Methods Impact You Every Day?
• Research assists with critical evaluation of information
• Accurate evaluation assists with making choices
• People often misjudge the outcomes of their actions.
• Research allows subjective, rather than objective, analysis
![Page 3: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Advertisements for Temporary Price Cuts
![Page 4: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
How Can Research Methods Impact You Every Day?
• People often make mistakes when estimating odds or value Such estimates are based on past
experiences Advertisements can influence assessments We underestimate current gains and
overestimate future value• These mistakes are due to subjective
biases
![Page 5: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Common Sense Does Not Hold True
• Not all research affirms widely known facts
• Intuition is valuable, but also risky in research
![Page 6: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Using Research in Your Own Life
• Hindsight Bias – "I knew that was going to happen!"
• False Consensus Effect – "Everyone thinks the way that I do!"
![Page 7: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
How do Social Psychologists Find the Truth?
• Research is a process of gathering evidence in specific ways
![Page 8: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Steps in the Research Process
• Theory – a general framework that allows us to make and test predictions
• Step 1 – craft a research question
• Step 2 – examine existing literature for answers
![Page 9: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Steps in the Research Process(continued)
• Step 3 – form a testable hypothesis
An hypothesis is an educated guess about the answer to your question
An operational definition identifies the specific variable to be examined
Take care of validity and reliability in your study
![Page 10: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Steps in the Research Process (continued)
• Step 4 – select the best method to explore your research question
• Step 5 – conduct the research and analyze data
• Step 6 – Draw Conclusion
![Page 11: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Steps in the Research Process (continued)
• Step 7 – Publish findings
This allows for peer review
This allows for replication
![Page 12: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Steps in the Research Process(continued)
• These are the primary steps in the scientific method
• If these steps are followed, then the findings can be useful
• If these steps are ignored, the findings may be of little or no value
![Page 13: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Why Publish?
• Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons in 1989 that they had produced cold fusion in a 1989 research The reported results received wide media
attention and raised hopes of a cheap and abundant source of energy
Many scientists immediately tried to replicate the experiment without success
Eventually error in the original experiment was established
![Page 14: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
What can Descriptive Methods Show Us?
• What is the current status of a population?
• What is the current status of a phenomenon?
• Who, what, when, where, and how?
![Page 15: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Observation
• Can occur in a natural setting or controlled environment
Albert Bandura (1977) Social Learning- Laboratory based observational research was
employed
![Page 16: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Observation (continued)
• Naturalistic observation
Watching behavior in a real-world setting
It is sometimes best to observe people in their natural environment
Focuses on both people and environments
![Page 17: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Correlations
• Exploring the relationship between two variables without inferring cause-and-effect
![Page 18: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Limitations and Advantages of Correlation
• Demonstrates a relationship between two variables
• Cannot be used to demonstrate causation
• Third variable – an outside factor can create the illusion of a relationship between two factors
![Page 19: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Limitations and Advantages of Correlation (continued)
• Matched samples design – helps reduce third variable problem
• Some variables that are correlated do have a causal relationship, but correlation alone cannot demonstrate this
![Page 20: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Positive Correlation
• As one variable goes up, so does the other
![Page 21: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Negative Correlation
• As one variable goes up, the other goes down
![Page 22: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
No Correlation
• No discernable relationship between two variables
![Page 23: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Types of Correlations
![Page 24: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Self-Report and Survey Measures
• Asking participants to describe their behaviors or mental statuses
![Page 25: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Archival Studies
• Gathering information from existing records
![Page 26: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
What do Experimental Methods Have to Say?
• Experiments attempt to control factors that can affect results
• Allows for cause-and-effect conclusions• Experiments always include three
components: Independent variable(s) Dependent variable(s) Random assignment to groups
![Page 27: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
What do Experimental Methods Have to Say? (continued)
• External validity Do results generalize to a larger population?
• Internal validity Can cause-and-effect conclusions be relied
upon?• Generally as one increases, the other
decreases
![Page 28: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Independent and Dependent Variables
• Independent variable (IV) That condition that is controlled/altered by the
researcher• Dependent variable (DV)
That condition that is measured by the researcher
• Experiments ask if the IV has an impact on the DV, and if so what is that impact?
![Page 29: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Independent and Dependent Variables (continued)
• Experimental group The participants who receive the main
treatment or manipulation• Control group
The group that does not receive the main treatment and can be used for comparison
• Without both groups, there is no way to be certain of the relationship between an IV and a DV
![Page 30: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Random Assignment
• All participants have an equal chance of being in an experimental or control group
• Is required to allow cause-and-effect conclusions
• Research without random assignment cannot be considered experimental
![Page 31: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Experiment Examples
• Scientific Cause to Effect
• Non-scientific Cause to Effect
• Non-scientific Effect to Cause
![Page 32: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Confounds
• Anything other than the IV that affects the DV is a confound
• Impairs the ability to determine a relationship between an IV and a DV
![Page 33: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Participant Bias
• Do participants have assumptions about the research?
• If these assumptions impact their behavior, participant bias can skew results
• The placebo effect when the belief that a treatment will be
effective causes it to be effective
![Page 34: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Participant Bias (continued)
• Experimenter bias – researchers’ expectations can skew results Single-blind or double-blind studies
- The participant and/or researcher don’t know which participant is in which subject group
- Helps eliminate participant and experimenter biases
![Page 35: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
A Placebo Effect
![Page 36: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Ethics
• Deception – giving participants false information about the study
• Debriefing – telling participants the true nature of the study after their involvement is over
• APA Ethical Guidelines Beneficence Autonomy Justice
![Page 37: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Ethics
• Institutional Review Board (IRB) Evaluates potential research to ensure ethical
treatment of participants• Informed consent
Participants are given as much information about the research as possible
This allows them to participate without taking unnecessary risks
![Page 38: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Emile Durkheim and Suicide• Egoistic Suicide
Low social integration Low social integration means that an individual
is not influenced by a collective conscience
• Altruistic Suicide Extremely high social intigration The Individual is literally forced to commit
suicide by virtue of the collective conscience
![Page 39: The Science of Social Psychology](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816784550346895ddc995f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
THINK Social PsychologyKimberley Duff
Emile Durkheim and Suicide• Anomic Suicide
Low social regulation This occurs when the regulative powers of
society are disrupted resulting in normlessness
• Fatalistic Suicide Extremely high social regulation This occurs when social regulation is so
repressive all hope is lost