THE SCIENCE OF THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGYBIOLOGY

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1.1 What is science?1.1 What is science?

Science is Science is an organized way of using an organized way of using evidence to learn about the evidence to learn about the natural worldnatural world

A word that refers to the A word that refers to the body of knowledge that body of knowledge that scientists have built up scientists have built up after years of using this after years of using this process.process.

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1.1 What is science?1.1 What is science? Scientific thinking Scientific thinking

begins withbegins with ObservationObservation

process of gathering process of gathering information about information about events or processes in events or processes in a careful orderly way.a careful orderly way.

DataData Information gathered Information gathered

from observationfrom observation

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1.1 What is science?1.1 What is science?

InferenceInference Logical interpretation based on prior Logical interpretation based on prior

knowledge or experienceknowledge or experience

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1.1 What is science?1.1 What is science?

After observations After observations

HypothesisHypothesis A proposed scientific A proposed scientific

explanation for a set explanation for a set of observationsof observations

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1.1 What is science?1.1 What is science?

Science is an Science is an ongoing process, ongoing process, involves:involves:

Asking questionsAsking questions ObservingObserving Making inferencesMaking inferences Testing hypothesisTesting hypothesis It is always changingIt is always changing

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1.1 What is science?1.1 What is science?

Make a list of things that Make a list of things that you need to understand you need to understand to protect your life and to protect your life and the lives of others close the lives of others close to youto you..

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Statement Observation Inference

Object A is round and orange.

Object A is a basketball.

Object C is round and black and white.

Object C is larger than Object B.

Object B is smooth.

Object B is a table-tennis ball.

Each object is used in a different sport.

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Object A is a basketball.Object A is a basketball.

Object B is a table-tennis ball.Object B is a table-tennis ball.

Object C is a soccer ball.Object C is a soccer ball.

Section 1-1

Observation and Inference

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Moldy BreadMoldy Bread

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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work Steps for designing an Steps for designing an

experiment:experiment: Ask a questionAsk a question Form a hypothesisForm a hypothesis Set up a controlled Set up a controlled

experimentexperiment Record and analyze Record and analyze

resultsresults Draw a conclusionDraw a conclusion

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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work

Steps for designing an experiment:Steps for designing an experiment: Ask a questionAsk a question How do new living things come How do new living things come

into being?into being? Form a hypothesisForm a hypothesis Life could arise from Life could arise from

nonliving matternonliving matter Set up a controlled experimentSet up a controlled experiment (Redi´s (Redi´s

experiment)experiment) Record and analyze resultsRecord and analyze results Keep records Keep records Draw a conclusionDraw a conclusion Evaluate the hypothesis Evaluate the hypothesis

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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work

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Designing an Experiment

Section 1-2

Flowchart

State the Problem

Form a Hypothesis

Set Up a Controlled Experiment

Record Results

Analyze Results

Draw a Conclusion

Publish Results

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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work

Anton van Anton van LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek

Tiny animalsTiny animals

John NeedhamJohn Needham Spontaneous Spontaneous

generation could occur generation could occur under the right under the right conditionsconditions

LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek

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HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.

OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.

PROCEDURE

Controlled Variables:jars, type of meat,location, temperature,time

Manipulated Variables:gauze covering thatkeeps flies away from meat

Uncovered jars Covered jars

Several days pass

Maggots appear No maggots appear

Responding Variable: whether maggots appear

CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

Section 1-2

Redi´s Experiment

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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work

Spallanzani´s test of Spallanzani´s test of Redi´s findings.Redi´s findings.

Supported the Supported the hypothesis that new hypothesis that new organisms are organisms are produced only by produced only by existing organismsexisting organisms

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Gravy is boiled. Flask isopen.

Gravy is teeming with microorganisms.

Gravy is boiled. Flask issealed.

Gravy is free of microorganisms.

Section 1-2

Figure 1-10 Spallanzani’s Experiment

Spallanzani´s experiment

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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work

Pasteur´s test of Pasteur´s test of SpontaneousSpontaneous generationgeneration

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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work Pasteur´s test of Spontaneous Pasteur´s test of Spontaneous

generationgeneration

Broth is boiled.Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.

Broth is teeming with microorganisms.

Curved neckis removed.

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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work

Theory:Theory: A well-tested explanation that unifies a A well-tested explanation that unifies a

broad range of observations.broad range of observations.

Scientists make accurate predictions Scientists make accurate predictions about new situations.about new situations.

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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life Biology seeks to understand the living Biology seeks to understand the living

world.world.

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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life Characteristics of living things:Characteristics of living things: Are made up of units called Are made up of units called

cellscells ReproduceReproduce Are based on a universal Are based on a universal

genetic codegenetic code Grow and developGrow and develop Obtain and use materials and Obtain and use materials and

energyenergy Respond to their environmentRespond to their environment Maintain a stable internal Maintain a stable internal

environmentenvironment Change over timeChange over time

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Characteristic ExamplesLiving things are made up of units called cells.Living things reproduce.

Living things are based on a universal genetic code.

Living things grow and develop.

Living things obtain and use materials and energy.

Living things respond to their environment.Living things maintain a stable internal environment.

Taken as a group, living things change over time.

Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular.Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding.Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees.Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies.Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat.

Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.

Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature.

Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.

Section 1-3

Characteristics of Living Things

Characteristics of living things

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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life

Made up of cellsMade up of cells

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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life

ReproductionReproduction SexualSexual AsexualAsexual

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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life

Based on a Based on a genetic codegenetic code

Offsrping usually Offsrping usually resemble their resemble their parents.parents.

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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life

Growth and Growth and developmentdevelopment

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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life

Need for materials Need for materials and energyand energy

MetabolismMetabolism PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis ConsumersConsumers DecomposersDecomposers

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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life Response to the environmentResponse to the environment Stimulus: signal to which an organism Stimulus: signal to which an organism

respondsresponds

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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life

Maintaining internal Maintaining internal balancebalance

HomeostasisHomeostasis

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Is it alive?????

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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life

EvolutionEvolution

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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life Branches of Biology:Branches of Biology: Zoologists study animalsZoologists study animals Botanists study plantsBotanists study plants Paleontologists study ancient lifePaleontologists study ancient life

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Biosphere

Ecosystem

Community

Population

The part of Earththat contains allecosystems

Community and its nonliving surroundings

Populations thatlive together in a defined area

Group of organisms of onetype that live in the same area

Biosphere

Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air

Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass

Bison herd

Figure 1-21 Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

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Organism

Groups ofCells

Cells

Molecules

Individual livingthing

Tissues, organs,and organ systems

Smallest functionalunit of life

Groups of atoms;smallest unit of most chemicalcompounds

Bison

Nervous tissue Nervous systemBrain

Nerve cell

Water DNA

Levels of Organization continued

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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and procedures

Scientists collect Scientists collect datadata

Record in a tableRecord in a table Make a graphMake a graph

See the patternSee the pattern

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10 AM

2 PM

6 PM

2

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Water released by leaves

Water Released and Absorbed by Tree

TimeAbsorbedby Roots

(g/h)

Releasedby Leaves

(g/h)

8 AM

12 PM

4 PM

8 PM

5

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Water absorbed by roots

Rel

ati

ve

Rat

es

(g/h

) 20

Time

0

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10

5

8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 2 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM

On which axis is time recorded?

On which axis are the relative rates recorded?

What pattern does the graph show at a glance about water given off and taken in by a tree?

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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and procedures

Microscopes Microscopes

Light MicroscopesLight Microscopes Electron Microscopes Electron Microscopes

Produce magnifies images by focusing visible light rays

Produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons

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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and proceduresMagnification of about 1000 times

Allow light to pass Through the specimen and useTwo lenses to form an image

Techniques and procedures

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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and proceduresELECTRON

MICROSCOPE Use beams of electrons to produce images

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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and procedures

TEM: Transmission Electron Microscopes:Shine a beam of electrons through the specimenTems reveal details inside the cell

SEM: Scanning Electtron Microscopes:Scan a narrow beam of electrons back and forth acrossThe surface of a specimenSEMs produce realistic three-dimensional images of theSurfaces of objects

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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and procedures

Cell cultures:Cell cultures: Dish containing a Dish containing a

nutrient solution nutrient solution where a cell or cells where a cell or cells are placed to are placed to reproducereproduce

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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and procedures Cell FractionationCell Fractionation Technique to separate the different cell partsTechnique to separate the different cell parts

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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and procedures

THE MOST IMPORTANT RULE FOR YOUR THE MOST IMPORTANT RULE FOR YOUR SAFETYSAFETY

ALWAYS FOLLOW YOUR TEACHER´S ALWAYS FOLLOW YOUR TEACHER´S INSTRUCTIONS AND THE TEXTBOOK INSTRUCTIONS AND THE TEXTBOOK

DIRECTIONS EXACTLYDIRECTIONS EXACTLY

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CHAPTER 1

THE END