the science behind sleep
DESCRIPTION
science of sleep, EEG, fMRI, functions of sleep, amygdala, hippocampusTRANSCRIPT
The Adventure of The Adventure of SleepSleep
Presented by: Erica JohnsonPresented by: Erica Johnson
[email protected]@berkeley.edu
February 20th, 2009February 20th, 2009
The whirlwind tour…The whirlwind tour…
1.1. What, When, and How?What, When, and How?
2.2. Functions of SleepFunctions of Sleep
3.3. Sleep & DiseaseSleep & Disease
4.4. Sleep DeprivationSleep Deprivation
1. What, When, and 1. What, When, and How?How?
Stages of SleepStages of Sleep
1) NREM Sleep1) NREM SleepStage 1 NREMStage 1 NREM
Stage 2 NREMStage 2 NREM
Stage 3 NREMStage 3 NREM
Stage 4 NREMStage 4 NREM
2) REM Sleep2) REM SleepPhasicPhasic
TonicTonic
Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)
Sleep Architecture: Sleep Architecture: HypnogramHypnogram
Sleep Cycle ~90 minutesMore deep NREM (SWS) early in night, more REM later in night
Physiology: Brain & BodyPhysiology: Brain & Body
Polysomnography Polysomnography (PSG):(PSG): The Gold The Gold StandardStandard
1) Electroencephalogram 1) Electroencephalogram (EEG)(EEG)
2) Electrooculogram 2) Electrooculogram (EOG)(EOG)
3) Electromyogram (EMG)3) Electromyogram (EMG)
AwakeAwake
EOG-LEOG-L
EOG-REOG-R
EEG-1EEG-1
EEG-2EEG-2
EEG-3EEG-3
EEG-4EEG-4
EMGEMG
EYES:EYES:
Open with blinksOpen with blinks
BRAIN WAVES:BRAIN WAVES:
High frequency (fast)High frequency (fast)
Low amplitude (small)Low amplitude (small)
DesynchronizedDesynchronized
MUSCLE: MUSCLE:
Strong muscle toneStrong muscle tone
Stage 2 NREMStage 2 NREM
EOG-LEOG-L
EOG-REOG-R
EEG-1EEG-1
EEG-2EEG-2
EEG-3EEG-3
EEG-4EEG-4
EMGEMG
EYES:EYES:
Eye movements stop Eye movements stop
(slowly roll in Stage-1 (slowly roll in Stage-1
NREM)NREM)
BRAIN WAVES: BRAIN WAVES:
Lower frequency (slower)Lower frequency (slower)
Higher amplitude (larger)Higher amplitude (larger)
More synchronousMore synchronous
Special events: K-complex Special events: K-complex
and Sleep Spindlesand Sleep Spindles
MUSCLEMUSCLE
Lowered muscle toneLowered muscle tone
Stage 4 NREM (SWS)Stage 4 NREM (SWS)
EOG-LEOG-L
EOG-REOG-R
EEG-1EEG-1
EEG-2EEG-2
EEG-3EEG-3
EEG-4EEG-4
EMGEMG
EYES:EYES:
No eye movements No eye movements
(contamination from EEG)(contamination from EEG)
BRAIN WAVES:BRAIN WAVES:
V. low frequency (SLOW)V. low frequency (SLOW)
V. high amplitude (LARGE)V. high amplitude (LARGE)
Synchronous brain wavesSynchronous brain waves
MUSCLE:MUSCLE:
Lowered muscle toneLowered muscle tone
REMREM
EOG-LEOG-L
EOG-REOG-R
EEG-1EEG-1
EEG-2EEG-2
EEG-3EEG-3
EEG-4EEG-4
EMGEMG
EYES:EYES:
Eyes closed…BUTEyes closed…BUT
HorizontalHorizontal movements - movements -
back and forthback and forth
BRAIN WAVES:BRAIN WAVES:
High frequency (fast)High frequency (fast)
Low amplitude (small)Low amplitude (small)
Desynchronized Desynchronized
(like awake)(like awake)
Absent muscle toneAbsent muscle tone
REM Sleep ParalysisREM Sleep Paralysis
All nerve connections to your skeletal body muscles are inhibited, causing paralysis
REM Behavior DisorderREM Behavior Disorder
REM Behavior Disorder.mp4
Functional AnatomyFunctional Anatomy
2. Functions of Sleep2. Functions of Sleep
BrainBrain Learning & MemoryLearning & Memory Emotional RegulationEmotional Regulation Creativity & InsightCreativity & Insight
BodyBody Immune FunctionImmune Function Metabolic RegulationMetabolic Regulation Restorative?Restorative?
Learning & Memory Learning & Memory ConsolidationConsolidation
Declarative FactsDeclarative Facts Episodic: SWSEpisodic: SWS11 consolidation consolidation
Non-declarative MemoryNon-declarative Memory Procedural skills (MOTOR): Stage Procedural skills (MOTOR): Stage
2 NREM2 NREM44
3. Sleep Disturbances & 3. Sleep Disturbances & DiseaseDisease
Circadian Rhythm & Circadian Rhythm & DiseaseDisease
Cognitive Deficits & Cortical AtrophyCognitive Deficits & Cortical Atrophy Type II DiabetesType II Diabetes ObesityObesity UlcersUlcers Higher incidence of cancerHigher incidence of cancer Hypertension & cardiovascular diseaseHypertension & cardiovascular disease Exacerbation of Psychological PathologiesExacerbation of Psychological Pathologies Reduced Sleep EfficiencyReduced Sleep Efficiency DeathDeath
Female Shift WorkersFemale Shift Workers
Irregular menstrual cyclesIrregular menstrual cycles Reduced fertilityReduced fertility Increased spontaneous abortion rateIncreased spontaneous abortion rate Increased incidence of estrogen-Increased incidence of estrogen-
receptor positive breast cancerreceptor positive breast cancer
4. Sleep Deprivation4. Sleep Deprivation
Then & NowThen & Now
Sleep Deprivation & Sleep Deprivation & Immune SystemImmune System
Poorer antibody Poorer antibody response to flu response to flu vaccinevaccine
Declines in Natural Declines in Natural Killer Cell (NKC) Killer Cell (NKC) activityactivity
Implications that Implications that sleep deprivation sleep deprivation makes one makes one susceptible to susceptible to infectioninfection
Sleep Deprivation & Sleep Deprivation & Metabolic FunctionMetabolic Function
Impairments in Impairments in glucose metabolism glucose metabolism (beginning signs of (beginning signs of insulin resistance, insulin resistance, pre-diabetic)pre-diabetic)
Alterations in Alterations in circulating levels of circulating levels of hormones hormones leptinleptin & & ghrelinghrelin
Higher rates of Higher rates of diabetes & obesitydiabetes & obesity
Everson (1989)Everson (1989) Flower Pot ModelFlower Pot Model Rats deprived of sleep 11-Rats deprived of sleep 11-
32 days32 days
Severe pathology, debilitated appearance, disheveled fur, severe lesions on tails and plantar surfaces of their paws
“While the paper does not ultimate say what they think caused death, it appears to have been catastrophic immune system failure leading to septicemia.”
“Thus, rats die as quickly of sleep deprivation as they do food deprivation.”
The Hippocampus - The Hippocampus - MemoriesMemories
New Experiences are New Experiences are Replayed at Sleep OnsetReplayed at Sleep Onset““Hypnagogic dreams”Hypnagogic dreams”
New Experiences are New Experiences are Replayed at Sleep OnsetReplayed at Sleep Onset““Hypnagogic dreams”Hypnagogic dreams”
Sleep Onset – Dream ManipulationSleep Onset – Dream Manipulation
The Amygdala - EmotionsThe Amygdala - Emotions
Questions & DiscussionQuestions & Discussion