•Russian Social Russian Social structure can be structure can be compared to the French compared to the French Estate System.Estate System.

•What constituted the What constituted the French system??French system??

•Clergy – Russian Orthodox Clergy – Russian Orthodox ChurchChurch

•Nobility – owned most of the Nobility – owned most of the land, and held most gov’t and land, and held most gov’t and military positions.military positions.

•4/5 of Population = Peasants4/5 of Population = Peasants

•City workers (factories)City workers (factories)

•Low wagesLow wages

•Poor working conditionsPoor working conditions

•Middle ClassMiddle Class

•Very fewVery few

•Resented the nobilityResented the nobility

Only through reform and Only through reform and emancipation of the serfs emancipation of the serfs could Russia compete could Russia compete with the west.with the west.

Russian expansion west – into Turkey

Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, and France along with the Ottoman Empire, defeated Russia

•Army largely Army largely consisted of illiterate consisted of illiterate serfs who could barely serfs who could barely operate gunsoperate guns

•Created massive Created massive Peasant RebellionPeasant Rebellion

Mir – land became Mir – land became the collective the collective property of the property of the commune or village commune or village communitycommunity

•They weren’t happy, still They weren’t happy, still tied to the land – couldn’t tied to the land – couldn’t leave without permission leave without permission of the mir (even of the mir (even temporarily)temporarily)

New type of local New type of local government – representative government – representative body – cutting across class body – cutting across class lineslines

Nobility was upset, Nobility was upset, because they had to because they had to share control with share control with lower classeslower classes

•Right to an attorneyRight to an attorney

•Right to a jury trialRight to a jury trial

•Right to public trialRight to public trial

•Equality before the LawEquality before the Law

Nobility upsetNobility upset

•Service reducedService reduced

•Brutality reducedBrutality reduced

•Military schools – reorganizedMilitary schools – reorganized

•21 year old males – 6 years 21 year old males – 6 years active and additional 9 in the active and additional 9 in the reservesreserves

Improved Improved Military Military strengthstrength

Women had more opportunities

Primary education

Intelligentsia & Intelligentsia & nihilismnihilism

““a nihilist is a man who a nihilist is a man who does not bow down does not bow down before any authority, before any authority, who does not take any who does not take any principle on faithprinciple on faith

Reforms ended due to 1866 assassination attempt on Reforms ended due to 1866 assassination attempt on Alexander II Alexander II

1881 – he was assassinated by a homemade bomb1881 – he was assassinated by a homemade bomb

•Peasant discontentPeasant discontent – little better off – little better off than they had been as serfsthan they had been as serfs

•Intelligentsia Intelligentsia – (philosophes) – discredited the existing order and – (philosophes) – discredited the existing order and paved the way for revolutionary changepaved the way for revolutionary change

•NihilismNihilism – believed that all Russian institutions were fit for the “rubbish – believed that all Russian institutions were fit for the “rubbish heap”. heap”.

•DumaDuma – Russian Parliament didn’t have much power – no power of the – Russian Parliament didn’t have much power – no power of the pursepurse

•Behind in IndustrializationBehind in Industrialization – Islands of industrialization in a sea of – Islands of industrialization in a sea of peasants. St. Petersburg and Moscow. peasants. St. Petersburg and Moscow.

•There was no strong middle classThere was no strong middle class

•Russo-Japanese War – 1904 – 05Russo-Japanese War – 1904 – 05

•Factory workers were discontent = strikes -> turned Factory workers were discontent = strikes -> turned into political strikesinto political strikes

•Bloody Sunday – workers marched on the Winter Bloody Sunday – workers marched on the Winter Palace – 1,000 were killed by troops -. Lead to riots and Palace – 1,000 were killed by troops -. Lead to riots and strikes in the cities. Peasants roamed the countryside, strikes in the cities. Peasants roamed the countryside, looting and burning homes of nobleslooting and burning homes of nobles

•October ManifestoOctober Manifesto

•Troops loyal to the Tsar prevailed – several days of Troops loyal to the Tsar prevailed – several days of fighting in Moscowfighting in Moscow

•1906 – Duma – Dissolved – wanted land belonging to 1906 – Duma – Dissolved – wanted land belonging to the church and state to be given to peasantsthe church and state to be given to peasants

•1907 – 21907 – 2ndnd Duma – Dismissed Duma – Dismissed

•Tsar illegally altered elections – giving more Tsar illegally altered elections – giving more representation to aristocracyrepresentation to aristocracy

•1907-12 – 31907-12 – 3rdrd Duma – improved conditions for peasants Duma – improved conditions for peasants and workersand workers

•1912-17 – 41912-17 – 4thth Duma – supportive of Tsar Duma – supportive of Tsar

•Stolypin Reforms – Freed peasants from the mirStolypin Reforms – Freed peasants from the mir

•Marxist – Marxist –

•Urban workers – wanted better Urban workers – wanted better working conditionsworking conditions

•Russia must be industrialized Russia must be industrialized before a socialist revolution could before a socialist revolution could take placetake place

•Proletariat revolutionProletariat revolution

•Split into Mensheviks and BolsheviksSplit into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks

Largest groupLargest group

•Looked to the peasants as Looked to the peasants as revolutionaries – giving them revolutionaries – giving them a broad base of support.a broad base of support.

(Minority)(Minority)

•Orthodox MarxistOrthodox Marxist

•Evolutionary Socialism- need to go Evolutionary Socialism- need to go through capitalism before reaching through capitalism before reaching the socialist statethe socialist state

•Willing to work with the middle Willing to work with the middle classclass

(majority)(majority)

•Wanted to speed up socialist Wanted to speed up socialist revolution (skipping steps to get revolution (skipping steps to get there)there)

•Distrustful of the middle classDistrustful of the middle class

•It was a closed/underground It was a closed/underground socialist partysocialist party

•Tsar banned the sale of Vodka for Tsar banned the sale of Vodka for remainder of the warremainder of the war

•Vodka was gov’t owned and brought in Vodka was gov’t owned and brought in a lot of revenue, shutting it down was a lot of revenue, shutting it down was disastrousdisastrous

Management and workers – Management and workers – designed to help the war designed to help the war efforteffort

Town council (elected)Town council (elected)

•Effective in Peace-Time – Effective in Peace-Time – hospitals and schoolshospitals and schools

•During the War it organized During the War it organized ambulanceambulance

•By 1916 – Industries were producing By 1916 – Industries were producing enough supplies to keep the war goingenough supplies to keep the war going

•Russia wasn’t capable of both Russia wasn’t capable of both feeding the civilians and running the feeding the civilians and running the warwar

•Railway wasn’t running properly – Railway wasn’t running properly – couldn’t get munitions to front linescouldn’t get munitions to front lines

•Food was being grown, but it wasn’t Food was being grown, but it wasn’t being transportedbeing transported

Practically everyone supported itPractically everyone supported it

•Not the Bolsheviks – arrested – Not the Bolsheviks – arrested – escaped to Switzerland or Siberia – escaped to Switzerland or Siberia – Stalin – in exile was not involved in Stalin – in exile was not involved in the 1917 revolution (hothead)the 1917 revolution (hothead)

Women were protesting about Women were protesting about bread, and armed forces wer on the bread, and armed forces wer on the side of the people – forced the Czar side of the people – forced the Czar to abdicateto abdicate

Czar Nicolas RomanovCzar Nicolas Romanov

A system of government in which the state exercises total control over the individual and society. No institution can run inside the state outside of state control.

all fall under total control of the state

Which of the following were totalitarian regimes?

Napoleon

Henry VIII

Louis XIV

Hitler

Mussolini

Peter the Great

Catherine the Great

Elizabeth I

1.1. Revolutionary Groups in RussiaRevolutionary Groups in Russia

2.2. Tsar Nicolas II abdicated – it collapsed he Tsar Nicolas II abdicated – it collapsed he was not overthrownwas not overthrown

3.3. Kerensky’s Provisional Government – only Kerensky’s Provisional Government – only a gov’t because they called themselves a a gov’t because they called themselves a gov’tgov’t

4.4. Soviets – Challenged the gov’tSoviets – Challenged the gov’t

After Tsar’s abdication – Kerensky ran an After Tsar’s abdication – Kerensky ran an inefficient and weak provisional inefficient and weak provisional government in Russiagovernment in Russia

The SovietsThe Soviets

• Informal councils – claimed to Informal councils – claimed to represent the working classrepresent the working class

•They were there to protect the peasantsThey were there to protect the peasants

•Didn’t govern but had the power to Didn’t govern but had the power to veto the Provisional Governmentveto the Provisional Government

•Provisional Government succeedsProvisional Government succeeds

•Lenin is put in exileLenin is put in exile

•1917 – MARCH TO PETROGRAD (St. 1917 – MARCH TO PETROGRAD (St. Petersburg)Petersburg)

•Nothing to defend the Provisional Nothing to defend the Provisional GovernmentGovernment

•Not one battalion was faithfulNot one battalion was faithful

•Bolsheviks (led by Lenin)Bolsheviks (led by Lenin)

•Seized the Winter PalaceSeized the Winter Palace

•Not that violent a revolutionNot that violent a revolution

• Lenin implemented his own version of Lenin implemented his own version of CommunismCommunism

1.1. Slowed up NationalizationSlowed up Nationalization

2.2. Encouraged small capitalistic Encouraged small capitalistic undertakings and agriculture and undertakings and agriculture and retail traderetail trade

[The speed of Lenin’s communist experiment threatened the

regime’s existence]

1924 -LENIN DIED1924 -LENIN DIED

THERE WAS A THERE WAS A DEBATE OVER DEBATE OVER WHO WOULD WHO WOULD TAKE OVER? TAKE OVER?

1.1. TROTSKYTROTSKY

2.2. STALINSTALIN

Communism Communism must spread – must spread – he advocated he advocated a World a World RevolutionRevolution

Consolidation within Consolidation within one country – he one country – he wanted to build wanted to build socialism in the socialism in the USSR and not focus USSR and not focus on World Revolutionon World Revolution

EVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISMEVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISM

Theoretically – a vision of a Theoretically – a vision of a better societybetter society

It is a philosophy of history – It is a philosophy of history – historical development is historical development is made up of class conflictsmade up of class conflicts

It is a critique of capitalismIt is a critique of capitalism

Condemns exploitation Condemns exploitation of workersof workers

Workers have control of Workers have control of the means of productionthe means of production

It is a strategy of It is a strategy of revolutionary action for revolutionary action for overthrowing capitalist overthrowing capitalist society and enabling the society and enabling the world’s workers to world’s workers to establish the INEVITABLE establish the INEVITABLE communist societycommunist society

REVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISMREVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISM

WORLD REVOLUTIONWORLD REVOLUTION

Modified Marxist doctrineModified Marxist doctrine

Speed up the revolutionSpeed up the revolution

ConspiratorialConspiratorial

DictatorialDictatorial

Security for the USSR’s Security for the USSR’s communism would happen communism would happen only if there were communist only if there were communist revolutions in the advanced revolutions in the advanced industrial countries of industrial countries of EuropeEurope

NEPNEP

REVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISMREVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISM

ONE SOCIALIST STATEONE SOCIALIST STATE

Consolidation within one Consolidation within one countrycountry

MOTTO:MOTTO:

““From each according to From each according to his ability; to each his ability; to each according to his needs”according to his needs”

Socialist MoralitySocialist Morality

Divorce more difficultDivorce more difficult

Abortion made illegalAbortion made illegal

Socialist realism artSocialist realism art

Collectivization – 5 Year PlansCollectivization – 5 Year Plans

PURGESPURGES

“When there is a threat we cannot deal with, we cannot control-but because we cannot deal with the real threat we create another.”

Trials were not based on Trials were not based on evidence – but on confessions evidence – but on confessions (given under intense torture)(given under intense torture)

Some were ridiculousSome were ridiculous