the rules of nationality and citizenship from an islamic perspective

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An-Najah National University

Faculty of Graduate Studies

The Rules of Nationality and

Citizenship from an Islamic Perspective

By

Rana Subhi Said Othman

Supervised by

Dr. Jamal Hashash

This Thesis is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Degree of Master in Feqh and Legislation at the Faculty of

Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.

2011


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b

The Rules of Nationality and Citizenship from an Islamic Perspective

By

Rana Subhi Said Othman

Supervised by

Dr. Jamal Hashash

Abstract

This research addresses the issue of nationality and citizenship from

the perspective of Islamic Fiqh. The researcher discussed how Islamic

scholars (Foqahaa) divided the world into two Houses or Dar: Dar Al-

Islam (House of Islam), Dar-Al-Harb (House of War). The researcher also

explained the basis on which this division was built and the consequent

provisions of this division.

Moreover, the researcher talked about the types of human beings in

terms of religion and belief, their relationship with the Islamic nation and

the provisions that apply to them when they enter the Dar Al-Islam.

The researcher then discussed the issue of nationality and citizenship

from a legal point of view for the purpose of comparing this perspective

with the Islamic Fiqh. The researcher found after conducting this research

that Islamic Fiqh had already been ahead of all man-made regulations and

systems with respect to laws enforcement and legislation; it really

outperformed all human legislations in this respect.

The laws that Islamic Fiqh has set really organized the Islamic

society by spreading the values of justice and equality among Muslims

themselves on one hand and with other people on the other.


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c

The researcher also mentioned the reasons behind the acquisition of

nationality according to the positive law and provided a number of

international texts and conventions that stress the fact that acquisition of

nationality is a human right which no one shall ever be deprived from.

After that, the researcher discussed the idea of citizenship which is

equivalent to nationality from the point of view of Islamic legislation and

explained the reasons behind acquiring it as well as the basis on which

nationality is based. Then the researcher talked about the nationality of the

Muslim which he / she acquires from the first moments of his / her birth.

Thimmis (the non-Muslim citizens of the Muslim State), on the other hand,

acquire the Islamic nationality according to the Thimma Contract.

The Mustaman (the person who takes a temporary residency in the

Islamic State) does not acquire the Islamic nationality if he / she enter the

Dar Al-Islam because his / her residency is temporary. Al-Harbi (Military

man) does not acquire the Islamic nationality at all because he is

considered as one of the enemies of the Islamic State. The researcher

explained also that the Thimma contract is equivalent to todays concept of

naturalization.

Finally, the research discussed the reasons that lead to nationality

loss in Islamic Fiqh in comparison to the positive law. The researcher has

found that there are common reasons that lead to nationality loss among the

Islamic Fiqh and the positive law; she explained that losing ones

nationality only applies to the person who committed the deed leading to


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d

the withdrawal of his / her nationality; this punishment, however, does not

include his / her family and money. This approach in dealing with such

issues proves the tolerance of Islam and its concern with treating other

nations in the best way possible to ensure peoples well-being and

happiness.


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