The Rules

• 1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory. • 2. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If you do not understand a

direction or part of a procedure, ASK YOUR TEACHER BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE ACTIVITY.

• 3. Never work alone in the laboratory. No student may work in the science classroom without the presence of the teacher.

• 4. When first entering a science room, do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or

other materials in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so. • 5. Perform only those experiments authorized by your teacher. Carefully follow all

instructions, both written and oral. Unauthorized experiments are not allowed.

6. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory. Do not use laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages.

7. Be prepared for your work in the laboratory. Read all procedures thoroughly before entering the laboratory.

8. Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks are dangerous and prohibited. 9. Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and

tidy at all times. 10. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory. Notify the

teacher immediately of any unsafe conditions you observe. 11. Dispose of all waste properly. Never put solids in sink drains. Sinks are to be

used only for water. Check with your teacher for disposal of lab materials. 12. Keep hands away from face, eyes, mouth, and body while using chemicals or

lab equipment. Wash your hands with soap and water after performing all experiments.

• 13. Experiments must be personally monitored at all times. Do not wander around the room, distract other students, startle other students, or interfere with the laboratory experiments of others.

• 14. Know the locations and operating procedures of all safety equipment. If there is a fire drill during a laboratory period; containers must be closed, and any electrical equipment turned off.

• 15. Dress properly during a laboratory activity. Long hair, dangling jewelry, and loose or baggy clothing are a hazard in the laboratory. Long hair must be tied back, and dangling jewelry and baggy clothing must be secured.

• 16. Report any accident to the teacher immediately, no matter how trivial it seems. Do not panic.

• 17. Report any broken equipment or spills to the teacher immediately for proper clean up and disposal procedures.

Lab Equipment

Microscope: makes an enlarged image of a very small object.

Glass slide: provides mounting surface for examination by microscope

Coverslip

• Covers specimens on a glass slide

Graduated Cylinder: measures the volume of liquids and solids

Safety Goggles: protects eyes when using heat and chemicals

Beaker: holds and measures liquids.

Funnel: transfers liquid from one place to another

Filter Paper: filters liquid

Erlenmeyer Flask: holds, measures, and stores liquids; can be stoppered

Dropper: measures out drops of a liquid

Test tube: holds liquids

Test tube rack: holds test tubes

Test Tube Holder: holds test tubes

Forceps: grasps small objects

Metric ruler: measures length

Balance: measures mass

Thermometer: used to measure temperature

Stirring rod – glass rod used to stir liquids

Scoopula

Mortar and Pestle

mortar

pestle

Petri dish

Anemometer

• Measures wind speed

Barometer

• Measures air pressure

Rain gauge

• Measures amount of precipitation/rain

• The Metric System: aka SI (system international)

• most commonly used system

• most other countries use it

• all sciences use it

We will use the following units of measure:

• Mass = gram (g)

• Volume = liter (L) for liquids or cm3, cubic centimeter (cm3) for solids

• Temperature = degrees Celsius

• Time = second (s)

• Length = meter (m)

• Density = g/cm3; 1mL = 1cm3

The metric system measures in units of 10 • Prefix

• Kilo = 1000 10X10X10 or 103

• Hecto = 100 10X10 or 102

• Deka = 10 10

• Gram/liter/meter = 1

• Deci = .1 10-1

• Centi = .01 10-2

• Milli = .001 10-3

• Examples

• 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)

• .001 grams (g) = 1 milligram (mg)

• 100 meters (m) = 1 hectometer (hm)

Length

• Length: distance between 2 points

• metric rulers and meter sticks are used to measure length

Mass: measure of the matter in an object

• Density

• mass per unit volume of a material

• found by dividing mass by volume

Time

• Time: interval between 2 events

• Temperature

• measure of how hot or cold something is

• we will use Celsius

• Water: Freezing= 0 degrees Celsius, Boiling = 100 degrees Celsius

• ‘normal’ human body temperature = 37 degrees Celsius

• Volume: amount of space occupied by an object

• if you can measure straight sides with standard length units, you can figure volume by multiplying the outer dimensions.

• volume can also be measured in liters.

• BE AWARE OF THE MENISCUS!!

– Meniscus: the curvature of the surface of water.

– Always read water levels at the lowest point

(bottom of the meniscus)