the rope ladder of a boat hangs over the side of the boat and just touches the water. the ladder...
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The rope ladder of a boat hangs over the side of the boat and just touches the water. The ladder rungs are 8 inches apart. How many rungs will be under the water when the tide rises 3.5 feet?
A. 1 rung
B. 2 rungs
C. 5 rungs
D. 0 rungs
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How much heat would need to be added to a 2.5 kg sample of water in order to increase the temperature from 35oC to 95oC? (Remember Q
= mcΔT) cwater = 4190 J/kgoC
A. 366.6 kJ
B. 628.5 kJ
C. 995.1 kJ
D. 1361.8 kj
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Because the rubber ball’s temperature increased faster than the banana dipped in LN2, that means which had a higher specific heat.
A. The rubber ball
B. The banana
C. Both have the same
D. Neither are capable for getting heat
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Pre-AP Physics Unit 5: Thermodynamics
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“Thermodynamics”
Is derived from Greek meaning “movement of heat.”
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The First Law of Thermodynamics
Official Definition:When heat flows in or out of a system, the energy it gains or loses is equal to the amount of heat transferred.
Or… Heat = Energy !
Is analogous to the Law of Conservation of Energy
We are now dealing with Internal Energy
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Temperature:
What is it? How “Hot” or “Cold” a substance is.
Temperature represents the average translational kinetic energy of the individual particles in a system.
The Temperature Scales Fahrenheit – water freezes at 32oF and boils at 212oF
Celsius – Water freezes at 0oC and boils at 100oC
Kelvin – is based off of Absolute Zero
Absolute Zero So cold that all particles stop moving!
Total energy of the particles is 0.
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Temperature:
Temperature Conversions Celsius to Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit to Celsius
Celsius to Kelvin
Examples
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A piece of metal is heated to 475 oF, what is this temperature in Celsius?
A. 887 oC
B. 246 oC
C. 519 oC
D. -27 oC
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The melting point of copper is 1073 oC. What is this temperature in Kelvin?
A. 800 K
B. 1899 K
C. 578 K
D. 1346 K
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Specific Heat Capacity
What is it? The resistance to change in temperature of a substance.
The Equation: Q = mcΔT
Examples:
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How much heat energy is required in order to raise the temperature of a 0.5 kg iron nail from a temperature of 25oC to 80oC?
A. 5750 J
B. 18400 J
C. 12650 J
D. 24150 J
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A 75 kg piece of a concrete sidewalk on a sunny day will gain about 650,000 Joules of heat energy from the sun. By how much will its temperature increase on that day?
A. 25133333 K
B. 3.0 K
C. 16810 K
D. .33 K
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An iron pot containing 5 kg of water at an initial temperature of 23oC is placed on a stove. If the stove applies 560,000 Joules of heat energy, what is the final temperature of the water?
A. 49.7 oC
B. 26.7 oC
C. 3.7 oC
D. 76.5 oC
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A cup of water (c=4190) and a piece of metal (c=350) are both left to sit out on a sunny day. By the end of the day, which will have a greater change in temperature?
A. water
B. metal
C. They will have same temperature
D. I don’t know
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics Official Definition:
Heat, of itself, never flows from a colder object to a warmer object.
Energy always flows from Hot to Cold
This law is also called the Law of Entropy
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What is Entropy?
The amount of disorder in a system
The universe is always moving towards more entropy
Examples: Ice melting
Liquid water evaporating
It takes Work (energy) to decrease Entropy
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Types of Heat Transfer
Conduction Heat transfer between materials that are in direct contact
with each other.
Convection Transfer in a fluid by movement of the substance itself.
Radiation Energy transmitted by electromagnetic waves.
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Phase Changes
The States of Matter:
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Phase Changes
Types of Phase Changes: Melting
Evaporation
Condensation
Boiling
Sublimation
Melting
Condensation
EvaporationBoiling
Sublimation
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Phase Changes
How do you change the melting point or boiling point of a substance? Add a solute
Change the pressure
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Phase Changes
Energy During Phase Changes
What happens to the temperature of water as heat is added?
It Increases.
What happens to the temperature during a phase change?
It remains constant.
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Phase Changes
Latent Heat Latent Heat of Fusion
The amount of energy required to change a unit mass of any substance from a solid to a liquid (and vice versa).
Abbreviated Lf (or Hf)
Latent Heat of Vaporization
The amount of energy required to change a unit mass from liquid to gas (and vice versa).
Abbreviated Lv (or Hv)Lv
Lf
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Phase Changes
Latent Heat
Equation:Q = mL
Where:Q = heat added during phase changem = mass of sampleL = Latent Heat (of fusion or vaporization)
Examples:
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How much heat is required to boil 3.5 kg of water? (Lv = 2.26x106 J/kg)
A. 7910 J
B. .0001264 J
C. .0000001264 J
D. 7910000J
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An experiment is performed and it is found that it takes 13.0 x 106 Joules of energy to melt 4.8 kg of iron. What is the Latent Heat of fusion for Iron?
A. 2.7 x 106 J/kg
B. 2.7 x 103 J/kg
C. 6.2 x 107 J/kg
D. 6.2 x 104 J/kg
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Latent Heat of Fusion
Lf