the role of social protection in disaster risk reduction

The role of social protection in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in Indonesia

Rahmitha – The SMERU Research Institute

www.smeru.or.id

TOWARDS PRO POOR POLICY THROUGH RESEARCH

A Symposium on linkages between social protection and disaster riskBangkok, 22-23 May 2014

Natural Hazard Risk Map

2TOWARDS PRO POOR POLICY THROUGH RESEARCH

Earthquakes, tropical storms and volcanoes

Figure 1. Natural Hazard Risk of IndonesiaSource: UNOCHA (2011)

The risk of disaster in Indonesia


• Geological (earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruptions),

• Hydro-meteorological (flooding, landslides, drought, hurricanes),

• Biological (epidemics, plant diseases, livestock diseases, plagues of pests),

• Technological failures (industrial and transportation accidents, nuclear radiation leaks, chemical pollution), and

• Socio-political (community conflict, terrorism, ideology, religion) (“Definisi bencana”, 2011).

Disaster Risk Management


• In 2007, the GoI enacted Law No.24/2007 on Disaster Reduction• In 2008, the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) was

established to replaced the National Coordinating Agency for Disaster Management.

• BNPB is an independent ministerial level national agency for disaster management.

• The BNPB is more effective as it is supported by national legislation, while at the local level (provincial and kabupaten/kota) Regional Disaster Management Agencies were established and set up using local regulations.

• In October 2012 all provinces in Indonesia have established their Disaster Management agencies. More than eighty percent (399 out of 497) of the districts and cities in the country have also set-up their Local DM Agencies (BPBD).

Disaster Risk Management (2)


• Under non-disaster situation, BNPB and BPBD role as coordinators and actively conduct disaster prevention activities and mitigation awareness.

• Under disaster situation, BNPB and BPBD role as commanders, coordinators, and conduct emergency response. Furthermore, BNPB and BPBD authorized to commanding others institutions and emergency response unit.

Coordination of BNPB


• BNPB works with other ministries and government bodies.– For search and rescue of disaster victims, BNPB works with

Indonesian National Armed Forces(TNI) , Polices, National Search and Rescue Agency (Basarnas) dan PMI

– For refugees, BNPB works with Ministry of Social Affairs. – For disaster mapping, BNPB works with : National Coordination Body

for Survey and Mapping (Bakosurtanal) dan specific ministry based on hazard type.

– For early warning system, BNPB works with Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and Agency for Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics (BMKG) for geological hazards, with Ministry of Public Work, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Forestry, National Space and Aviation Institute (LAPAN), dan BMKG for hydro meteorological hazard , and other research organisations such as Ministry for Research and Technology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), National Institute of Sciences (LIPI) and universities.

Climate Change Adaptation


• Elements of Climate Change Adaptation:– Mapping of disaster and climate

change– Increase of awareness and economy

condition of society– Reformation of public policies and

increase of public institutions capacity

– Development of economy with low carbon strategies

• Focus of Issues in each sector:

– Poverty reduction,

– Socio economy development

– Investment, and

– Regional planning

Figure 2. Roadmap development approach

Integration of adaptation and mitigation climate change into

development planning

Adaptation sectors:Agricultural, ocean,

fisheries, health, water resources

Mitigation sectors:Forestry, energy, industry,

transportation, water management

Scientific basis

Vulnerability assessment Emission status

Impact Emission reduction potential

Adaptation strategy Mitigation strategy

System of national development planning

Mo

nit

ori

ng

and

eva

luat

ion


Current Social Protection Programs

NameUnconditional Cash

Transfer (BLSML)Rice for the Poor

(Raskin)Universal Social

Security

Scholarship for the Poor (BSM)

Conditional CashTransfer(PKH)

Type of transfer

Cash Subsidized riceHealth service&

Employment protection

Cash Conditional cash

Target Poor and vulnerablePoor and

vulnerablePoor and

vulnerable

School children ofthe poor and

vulnerableVery poor

Totalbeneficiarie

s18.5Million HH 17.5Million HH

76.4 Million people

6,175,755 1,116,000 HH

Total benefitRp150,000per month

15 kg rice per month

Unlimited

Rp450,000 (Elementary

school), Rp700,000 (Junior

high school), RP1,000,000 (High

school)per year

Rp600,000-Rp 2,200,000 per year

Institutions Ministry of Social Affairs

Coordinating Minister for People Welfare, Bureau of

Logistics (BULOG) Ministry of Home

Affairs

public agency established to implement the social security

program (BPJS )

Ministry of Education and

Ministry of Religious Affair

Ministry Social Affair and related

ministries

Current Social Protection Programs (2)


Name Elderly Support Disable Support Neglected child support

Type of transfer Cash Cash Cash

Target Poor and vulnerable elderlyPoor and vulnerable

disableNeglected children

Total beneficiaries 10,000 (2012) 17,000 (2012) 4,187,000 (2012)

Total benefit Rp200,000 per month Rp300,000 per month Rp1,400,000-Rp1,800,000

Institutions Ministry of Social Affairs Ministry of Social Affairs Ministry of Social Affairs

The Study of Impact of Climate Change on Households in Kota Pekalongan (2012)


• Climate hazards are floods, coastal inundation, and landslides

• Local government responsible for mitigation and adaptation of disaster hazard, national government responsible to inform local government and conduct socialization of hazard risk

• Disaster management was a function of the Civil Service Police Unit

• Ministry of Social Affairs formed Disaster response cadets to help with social assistance at village level in 2006

Indonesia

Central Java Province

The Study of Impact of Climate Change on Households in Kota Pekalongan (2)


• Under disaster condition, all local agencies work under the coordination of Civil Service Police Unit

• Social agency: Non-regular social assistances during disaster (floods) are 400grams of rice per capita, one box of instant noodle per family , temporary camps, and collective kitchens•Public work agency: renovate damaged houses and buuildings•Agriculture agency: calculate and give compensation of damaged fields•Health agency: provide medicine

• No regular social assistance under the disaster condition•Regular social assistance has schedule

Future Social Protection System


This strategy aims to provide protection for the poor and vulnerable in the event of a crisis or disaster (shock) due to natural , socio-political, or economic factors. This strategy involves two main initiatives:

Provision of Universal Social Security

Provision of Comprehensive Social Assistance2 1

Universal Social Security will include universal provision of:• Health insurance (BPJS 1)• Work accident insurance• Old age benefits• Pension • Death benefits

Social Assistance scheme will be divided into two main scheme:

• Regular social assistance (e.g.

Conditional Cash Transfer, difabled,

elderly, and neglected children)

• Temporary social assistance (e.g.

natural disaster, economic crisis,

and social conflict)

BPJS is public agency established to implement the social security program

Health insurance premium for the poor will be paid by Govt.

(BPJS 2)

Future Social Protection System(2)


Current Social protection programs will be transformed and regrouped into three main initiatives:

Current (2014) 2025

Scholarship for poor students

Increased Benefits and Coverage

Rice for the poor

Unconditional Cash Transfer

(BLT)

Neglected child support

Disable support

Elderly support

Conditional Cash Transfer (PKH)

Re

gula

r So

cial

A

ssis

tan

ceTe

mp

ora

ry S

oci

al

Ass

ista

nce

Transformed

•Social assistance for natural

disaster victims

•Social assistance for social

conflict victims

•Social assistance for economic

shocks

•Elderly support

•Disable support

•Neglected child support

•Scholarship for poor students

•Conditional Cash Transfer

BPJS Health

BPJS EmploymentAccident, Death, Old age, and

Pension

•BPJS Health

•BPJS EmploymentIntegrated

Un

ive

rsal

So

cial

Se

curi

ty

Syst

em

• Disaster risk management is under the control of an independent ministerial level national agency for disaster management (BNPB)

• BNPB (national) and BDPB (regional/local) work with other government bodies and ministries to reduce disaster risk

• In the absence of BDPB, local government appointed local government organization to conduct the disaster management function

• Each local agency work based on their responsibility under the coordination of local agency for disaster management

• Most of social assistance programs are not integrated with disaster management system. The main purpose of social assistance program is only to reduce poverty

• Social protection system helps reducing the risk of disaster through regular and non-regular social protection programs and increase climate change adaptive capacity of society through poverty reduction


Summary

the role of social protection in disaster risk reduction

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