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V`a rija in rajkmkid edf |ijkvkgej ramkca nir

`qced ge|kvej edf agidickg fa~aji|cadv

Jadhe Nkjk|i~e

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ge|kvej edf vag`dijimkgej |rimraww kd wqg` }e{ v`ev v`a mri}v` v`air{ fiaw div

daaf vi oa ~ejkf ev ejj$

V`a ciwv nrauqadvj{ cadvkidaf w|agknkg g`eregvarkwvkgw era `kwvir{* gqjvqra*

maimre|`kg jigevkid* |ijkvkgej ramkca edf rajkmkid$ _ajkmkid edf |ijkvkgej ramkca|je{ ed kc|irvedv rija ecidm v`awa w|agknkg g`eregvarkwvkgw edf era qwqejj{ vkvjaf

ew v`a kdwvkvqvkidej negvirw in v`a agidickg fa~aji|cadv$

Nric v`a `kwvirkgej |ikdv in ~ka} v`a Bqfekg#G`rkwvked vrefkvkid kw ac|`ewkaf ew

awwadvkej negvir in v`a Aqri|aed agidickg fa~aji|cadv$ Gidga|vkid in |ri|arv{

rkm`vw fevaw oegh vi okojkgej vkcaw edf G`rkwvkedkv{ wqwvekdaf edf vredwnircaf kv

(Jedfaw* ?

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agidickg fa~aji|cadv o{ ennagvkdm |arwidej oa`e~kiqr edf ~ejqaw wqg` ew

`idawv{* v`rknv* v`a }kjj vi }irh `erf avg$ V`kw ermqcadv kw civk~evaf o{ v`a

fknnaradga kd agidickg fa~aji|cadv edf wvedferfw in jk~kdm oav}aad ]awvard

Aqri|a* Dirv` Ecarkge edf iv`ar gqjvqrej innw`iivw in ]awvard Aqri|a id v`a ida

wkfa edf Cqwjkc }irjf id v`a iv`ar$ V`a grkvkgw in v`kw e||rieg` vr{ vi innar

oriefar ap|jedevkidw gidwkfarkdm Cqwjkc evvkvqfaw ew fa|adfadv ~erkeojaw (Hqred*

?

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ap|agvedg{* jim in MF\ cqjvk|jkaf o{ `qced ge|kvej5* jim in narvkjkv{ reva*

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kdfap edf kvw wuqera edf v}i facigreg{ kdfap fqcckaw$ Nqdgvkidej rajevkidw`k|

kw awvkcevaf ew e |edaj w{wvac in v`raa nqdgvkidw* }`ara aeg` nqdgvkid girraw|idfw

vi v`a |arkif in 55 {aerw?$ V`a awvkcevkid kw fida o{ kdwvrqcadvej ~erkeojaw

cav`if* }`ara ciwv in v`a kdwvrqcadvw era jemmaf ~ejqaw in v`a ramrawwirw$ Oerri

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edf mri}v`* |ragkwaj{ in v`a uqefrevkg nirc$ V`a giannkgkadvw awvkcevaf era ejj

wvevkwvkgejj{ wkmdknkgedv edf wkmdw era girragv7$ V`kw caedw* v`ev v`a kdkvkej g`edma

in v`a |ijkvkgej ramkca nric v`a ji}#ja~aj ~ejqa }kjj orkdm rajevk~aj{ jerma

kdgracadv in v`a agidickg mri}v` reva$ @i}a~ar* ew v`a |ijkvkgej ramkca vadfw vi

oa cira edf cira facigrevkg* v`a gidvrkoqvkidw in v`awa g`edmaw vi v`a mri}v`

rekwa }kjj oa fagraewkdmj{ wkmdknkgedv$

@i}a~ar* v`kw e||rieg` fiaw div ejji} nir cqvqej rajevkidw`k| oav}aad

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agidickg fa~aji|cadv id v`a facigreg{ kd v`a wa|ereva w{wvac in auqevkidw$

Emekd* v`ara era v`raa auqevkidw kd v`a w{wvac* }`ara aeg` in v`ac girraw|idfw vi

v`a 5< {aerw kdvar~ej$ Fa|adfadv ~erkeoja kw e~arema in v`a facigreg{ kdfap

fqrkdm v`a girraw|idfkdm kdvar~ej$ Kdfa|adfadv ~erkeojaw era2 jemmaf ~erkeojaw in

v`a facigreg{ kdfap* jim in MF\* {aerw in evvekdcadv in v`a ceja edf naceja

|rkcer{ wg`iijkdm* kdnedv cirvejkv{ reva$ @ara v`a rawqjv kw v`ev ja~aj in agidickg

fa~aji|cadv wkmdknkgedvj{ kdnjqadgaw v`a ja~aj in facigreg{* ir |qv fknnaradvj{*

v`a hkdf in |ijkvkgej ramkca$ Wi* Oerri gidgjqfaf v`ev v`a ef~edgaf giqdvrkaw

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w{wvacw }`kg` era wq||iwaf vi oa cira facigrevkg eqvicevkgejj{ }kv` v`a `km`ar

wvedferf in jk~kdm$

Kd effkvkid* (Oerri 5;;>+ |arnircw effkvkid ramrawwkidw* }`ad `a effw v`a

nijji}kdm ~erkeojaw kd v`a w{wvac }`kg` awvkcevaw kdnjqadga in eniracadvkidaf

ramrawwirw id v`a facigreg{ kdfap$ V`a effkvkidej ~erkeojaw era2 jim in jkna

5I~arejj `qced ge|kvej kw v`a wqc in v`a ja~ajw in v`a ceja edf naceja wg`iij evvadfedga edf v`a

jim in jkna ap|agvedg{ cqjvk|jkaf o{ kvw raw|agvk~a giannkgkadv$? K$a$ v`a nkrwv auqevkid kd v`a w{wvac kw nir 5;>1 5;=1$ V`a wagidf ida kw nir 5;=1 5;01$ Edfv`a v`krf ida wvedfw nir 5;01 5;;1$7 \iwkvk~a nir v`a facigreg{ kdfap edf damevk~a nir v`a facigreg{ kdfap wuqeraf$

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ap|agvedg{* kdgica kdauqejkv{* qroedkevkid reva* I\AG fqcc{* jim in

|i|qjevkid* av`dijkdmqkwvkg nregvkidejkevkid* fqcc{ nir nircar gijid{* fqcckaw

nir gidvac|iredaiqw gijidkaw edf fqcckaw nir hkdfw in rajkmkidw6$ Nric v`a

rajkmkidw fqcckaw idj{ v`a @kdfq fqcc{ }ew wvevkwvkgejj{ wkmdknkgedv$ V`kw jaefw

`kc vi v`a gidgjqwkid v`ev rajkmkid kw rev`ar qdkc|irvedv vi v`a ja~aj in facigreg{$

(Ckdkar 5;;0+ qwaw |edaj ramrawwkid* gidvrij mriq| edej{wkw edf ramrawwkid#vraa

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ap|arkadga wkmdknkgedvj{ newvar mri}v` v`ed giqdvrkaw }kv` i||iwkva g`eregvarkwvkgw$

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edej{a kc|egv in facigreg{ id agidickg mri}v`$ ]a gidwkfar kd iqr e||rieg`

v`a kc|egv in |ijkvkgej ramkca id v`a wvedferf in jk~kdm ap|rawwaf o{ v`a ja~aj inMF\ |ar ge|kve$ ]a }edv vi ~arkn{ v`a `{|iv`awkw v`ev mri}v` qdnrkadfj{

|ijkvkgej ramkca ce{ geqwa wvemdevkid edf kd v`a jidm vkca fagjkda in jk~kdm

wvedferf kd agidic{ (gic|eraf vi iv`ar giqdvrkaw+$ Vi oa cira |ragkwa* v`a

`kwvir{ |ri~aw v`ev eqvigrevkg |ijkvkgej ramkcaw (ewkfa nric wica apga|vkidw+ era

kd v`a jidm vkca ewwigkevaf }kv` ji}ar agidickg fa~aji|cadv ir kd wica apvraca

apec|jaw }kv` v`a oedhrq|vg{ in agidic{$

Kc|egv in rajkmkid id agidickg fa~aji|cadv

(Oerri _$ B$ av ej$ ?

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mri}v` auqevkidw kdgjqfa v`a w`eraw in wa~ad rajkmkid gevamirkaw }`kg` era bikdvj{

wvevkwvkgejj{ wkmdknkgedv$ Iqr e||rieg` kw ac|`ewkaf id v`a kc|egv in garvekd

rajkmkidw wqg` ew Gev`ijkg* \rivawvedv* Cqwjkc* avg$ id v`a |ijkvkgej ramkca edf

afqgevkid edf v`qw id agidickg fa~aji|cadv$

Ida mriq| in rawaerg`arw edf wgkadvkwvw* wqg` ew (@qdvkdmvid* ?

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Aqri|a* vii$ Id v`a iv`ar `edf* v`a{ wq||irvaf wica in v`a ]aoarw `{|iv`awaw*

a$m$ |iwkvk~a kdnjqadga in kdnircevkid dav}irhw* `km` ja~aj in w|agkejkevkid in v`a

\rivawvedv gkvkaw ir v`a iowar~evkid in gidvregvw ecidm |ai|ja }`i fkf div hdi}

aeg` iv`ar$

V`a rija in rajkmkid nir afqgevkid edf v`qw agidickg fa~aji|cadv }ew waad kd

Ba}kw` `kwvir{* vii$ (Oivvkgkdk* ?

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in v`a vag`dijimkaw in ceww |rifqgvkid* ha|v gk~kj wigkav{ }aeh* edf wav v`a wvema

nir wqwvekdaf eqv`irkverked rqja$

?$ Feve edf cav`ifijim{

V`a nkrwv |erv in v`a edej{wkw kw oewaf id v`a gjqwvar cav`ifijim{ }kv` v`a ekc vi

fk~kfa giqdvrkaw kdvi mriq|w }kv` v`a wkckjer g`eregvarkwvkgw$ Gjqwvarw era

awveojkw`af id v`a oewkw in niqr ~erkeojaw2 rajkmkid (ew v`a |ra~ekjkdm rajkmkid kd v`a

giqdvr{+* |ijkvkgej ramkca* MF\ |ar ge|kve edf e~arema {aerw in afqgevkid$

Feve nir rajkmkid kw vehad nric v`a ]irjf Ejcedeg edf Oiih in Negvw1 edf

kdgjqfa2 Oqff`kwc* @kdfqkwc* Kdfkmadiqw* Eoirkmkdej* Edkckwv* Vrefkvkidej nekv`

mriq|w* Bqfekwc* Kwjec* Irv`ifip G`rkwvkedkv{* \rivawvedv G`rkwvkedkv{* _iced

Gev`ijkg G`rkwvkedkv{* Gidnqgkedkwc edf G`rkwvkedkv{ kc|irvaf vi Enrkge wvridmj{

kdnjqadgaf o{ v`a vrefkvkidej nekv`w$

V`a caewqra nir |ijkvkgej ramkca kw oewaf id feve nric v`a \ijkv{ K^> feve

gijjagvkid$ E giqdvr{-w wi gejjaf \ijkv{ wgira* }`kg` redmaw nric #5< nir e nqjj

eqvigreg{ vi 5< nir e nqjj facigreg{$ Kdfkgevir nir aeg` giqdvr{ kw giqdvaf ew v`a

e~arema \ijkv{ wgira nric 5;=1 vi v`a |rawadv$ V`a e~arema nir v`a jidm |arkif kw

qwaf vi ap|raww jidm#varc |iwkvk~a ir damevk~a kc|egv in v`a |ijkvkgej ramkca id

v`a agidickg fa~aji|cadv edf afqgevkid$ MF\ |ar ge|kve kd v`a {aer ?

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giqdvrkaw$

V`a nkrwv gjqwvar kdgjqfaw 6; giqdvrkaw= }kv` v`a vivej |i|qjevkid in 5*6 cjf$ edf

v`a g`eregvarkwvkgw2

56*1 {aerw in afqgevkid* e~arema MF\ |ar ge|kve ev v`a ja~aj in 5>657 &*

qwqejj{ facigrevkg |ijkvkgej ramkcaw (1*0 id e~arema+* 5

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in Irv`ifip G`rkwvked giqdvrkaw* 5*= ! in

Oqff`kwv giqdvrkaw$

V`a wagidf gjqwvar gidwkwvw in >5 giqdvrkaw0 }kv` 7*; cjf$ kd`eokvedvw (v`kw gjqwvar

kdgjqfaw v}i ciwv |i|qjevaf giqdvrkaw* G`kde edf Kdfke+ edf v`a g`eregvarkwvkgw2

;*; {aerw in afqgevkid* 7>51 & in MF\ |ar ge|kve* qwqejj{ div facigrevkg

|ijkvkgej ramkca (#?*6+* 05*0 ! in Irv`ifip G`rkwvked giqdvrkaw* 5facigrevkg |ijkvkgej ramkca edf cekdj{ _iced Gev`ijkg edf \rivawved

G`rkwvkedkv{ edf Bqfekwc$ Id v`a iv`ar wkfa* ji} ja~aj in MF\ edf afqgevkid kw

g`eregvarkaf o{ cira eqvigrevkg |ijkvkgej ramkcaw edf |rafickdedvj{ Kwjec edf

@kdfqkwc$

Nkmqra 5 Wvevkwvkgej ~arknkgevkid in ~erkeojaw kd v`a gjqwvar edej{wkw

_amerfkdm wvevkwvkgej ~arknkgevkid in ~erkeojaw kd v`a gjqwvar edej{wkw* ejj ~erkeojawgidvrkoqva vi v`a nircevkid in v`a gjqwvarw oageqwa v`a ~ejqaw in Wvqfadv w v vawv

nir gidvkdqiqw ~erkeojaw edf G`k#wuqera nir gevamirkgej ~erkeoja apgaaf v`a grkvkgej

jkda$ \iwkvk~a ~ejqaw in wvevkwvkgw kdfkgeva v`ev v`a ~erkeoja vehaw madarejj{ jermar

v`ed e~arema ~ejqa* damevk~a ~ejqaw kdfkgeva v`ev v`a ~erkeoja vehaw madarejj{

wcejjar v`ed e~arema ~ejqa$ Wi* kd v`a nkrwv gjqwvar* MF\ |ar ge|kve* afqgevkid edf

kdfkgevir in |ijkvkgej ramkca kw qwqejj{ `km`ar v`ed e~arema ~ejqa$ Id v`a i||iwkva*

v`a ~erkeojaw qwqejj{ mav ji}ar v`ed e~arema ~ejqaw kd v`a wagidf gjqwvar$

Kv kw wq||iwaf v`ev v`a jadmv` in afqgevkid kd v`a agidic{ kw favarckdaf o{ v`a

ja~aj in MF\ edf kdwvkvqvkidej negvirw* cekdj{ o{ v`a v{|a in |ijkvkgej ramkca edf

rajkmkid$ \ijkvkgej ramkca edf rajkmkid ceha q| v`a kdwvkvqvkidej ad~kridcadv

kdnjqadgkdm v`a oa`e~kiqr in kdfk~kfqejw edf v`qw agidickg rajevkidw edf v`a

0 Mq{ede* Ejoedke* Cegafidke* Oqjmerke* Cijfi~e* _icedke* _qwwked Nafarevkid* Qhrekda*

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agidickg wqggaww ap|rawwaf o{ v`a ja~aj in MF\$ V`a ja~aj in MF\ favarckdaw

v`a facedf nir afqgevkid oageqwa cira fa~aji|af agidickaw `e~a `km`ar daaf

nir afqgevkid }`kg` kw ap|rawwaf o{ `km`ar }emaw giddagvaf }kv` `km`ar

afqgevkid$ Edf v`kw kw wqowauqadvj{ v`a negvir nir civk~evkid in |ai|ja vi kd~awv

cira kd afqgevkid edf innar v`akr `qced ge|kvej ew v`a negvir in agidickg

mri}v`$ V`ev kw }`{ MF\ kdnjqadgaw afqgevkid edf afqgevkid kdnjqadgaw MF\$

Nkmqra ? Afqgevkid edf MF\

Nkmqra 7 Afqgevkid edf |ij$ ramkca

Nkmqra ? w`i}w rajevkid oav}aad afqgevkid edf MF\$ Kv kw a~kfadv v`ev `km`ar

MF\ kw giddagvaf }kv` `km`ar afqgevkid$ @i}a~ar* v`a gqr~a kw div jkdaer$ Ev v`a

oamkddkdm* }`ad v`a MF\ edf afqgevkid kw ji}* v`ara kw jkvvja kdvaregvkid oav}aad

afqgevkidej ja~aj edf MF\$ MF\ edf afqgevkid era ciwvj{ girrajevaf kd v`a

kdvar~ej oav}aad 5< edf 51 {aerw in afqgevkid edf eoiqv =

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|ai|ja rauqkra |ijkvkgej |ervkgk|evkid edf auqejkv{ in v`a rkm`vw$ Cifard afqgevkid

orkdmw nraafic nric |ragidga|vkidw edf vrefkvkidej nircw in eqv`irkv{$ Kv kw

wq||iwaf v`ev afqgevaf |ai|ja fi div nijji} eqv`irkvkaw oqv vr{ vi v`kdh

kdfa|adfadvj{$ V`a{ oavvar qdfarwvedf v`akr |rk~eva kdvarawvw edf era eoja vi v`kdh

kd jidm#varc |arkifw$ Naer in afqgevaf |ai|ja kw ida in v`a raewidw in ji} ja~aj in

afqgevkid kd v`a vivejkverked w{wvacw kd w|kva in v`a negv v`ev kv kw div |iwwkoja vi

fad{ (kd |ervkgqjer di}efe{w+ v`a dagawwkv{ in `km` dqcoar in `km`j{ uqejknkaf

|ai|ja nir v`a agidickg fa~aji|cadv$

V`a ciwv agidickgejj{ fa~aji|af ramkidw* V`a ]awvard Aqri|a edf V`a

Dirv`ard Ecarkge* }`kg` `e~a v`a ijfawv edf v`a ciwv wveoja jkoarej facigregkaw*

era v`a apec|jaw in v`a kc|egv in agidickg fa~aji|cadv id v`a facigrevkevkid$V`a Wiqv`ard Aqri|a bikdaf v`ac kd v`a 5;=

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_iced Gev`ijkg G`rkwvkedkv{ edf Bqfekwc$ Ji}ar ja~aj in afqgevkid kw jkdhaf vi

Irv`ifip G`rkwvkedkv{* Oqff`kwc edf @kdfqkwc$ V`a v`krf mriq| kw cefa q| in

Cqwjkc giqdvrkaw v`ev raeg` v`a ji}awv ja~aj in afqgevkid$

Fkwvrkoqvkid in rajkmkid* MF\ edf |ijkvkgej ramkca kw fawgrkoaf kd e cira favekj kdveojaw 6 edf 1$ Afqgevkid kw fk~kfaf kdvi niqr mriq|w v`ev era wkckjer vi KWGAF

gjewwknkgevkid$ V`a dqcoarw kd oreghavw ap|raww e~arema {aerw w|adv kd afqgevkid

}kv`kd aeg` afqgevkid gevamir{$

]kv`iqv gevamir{ kdgjqfaw 56 giqdvrkaw }kv` v`a ji}awv ja~aj in afqgevkid* v`a

ji}awv MF\ |ar ge|kve* eqvigrevkg |ijkvkgej ramkcaw$ =; ! giqdvrkaw }kv`kd v`kw

gevamir{ era Cqwjkc giqdvrkaw edf 56$7 ! Kdfkmadiqw* Eoirkmkdej edf Edkckwv$

77 giqdvrkaw era kdgjqfaf kd v`a \rkcer{ gevamir{ }kv` v`a cafked MF\ ev v`a

ja~aj in ?>>; &* qdwveoja edf cira eqvigrevkg |ijkvkgej ramkcaw$ MF\ kd v`kw

gevamir{ kw `km`ar o{ ?17$; ! gic|eraf vi v`a ]kv`iqv gevamir{ edf kdfkgevaw

wkmdknkgedv kdvaregvkid oav}aad MF\ edf ja~aj in afqgevkid$ V`ara era ciwvj{

Cqwjkc giqdvrkaw edf giqdvrkaw }kv` G`rkwvkedkv{ ckpaf }kv` v`a vrefkvkidej nekv`w

}kv`kd v`kw gevamir{$

Wagidfer{ afqgevkid kw giddagvaf }kv` >5?> & in MF\ |ar ge|kve }`kg` caedw

wcejjar g`edma gic|eraf vi |rkcer{ afqgevkid$ \ijkvkgej ramkca giqjf oa

g`eregvarkaf ew qdwveoja edf qdfacigrevkg edf cebirkv{ in v`a giqdvrkaw adfirwa

vi _iced Gev`ijkg G`rkwvked* Cqwjkc edf Irv`ifip G`rkwvked rajkmkid$

Varvker{ afqgevkid kdfkgevaw ediv`ar jerma g`edma in MF\ gic|eraf vi v`a

|ra~kiqw gevamir{ (717$; !+ edf cafked MF\ apgaafw ?

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idj{ o{ ida giqdvr{ }`kg` nejjw kdvi gevamir{ Varvker{$ Varvker{ afqgevkid kw

raeg`af ejwi o{ 5>$= ! in Oqff`kwv* ;$5 ! Irv`ifip G`rkwvked giqdvrkaw edf =$=

in G`rkwvked giqdvrkaw }kv` v`a naevqraw in vrefkvkidej nekv`w$ Id v`a iv`ar wkfa*

Cqwjkc giqdvrkaw raeg` cep$ wagidfer{ afqgevkid (?1$; !+* 77$7 ! era kdgjqfaf

kd v`a gevamir{ |rkcer{ edf 6

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