the role of literacy in public libraries

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Wadholm 1 Public Libraries and Lifelong Learning: The Role of Public Libraries in Literacy Education by Grace Wadholm Researched and written for a course at the School of Library and Information Science Indiana University, Bloomington Abstract Promotion of literacy for all segments of society has been part of the role of modern public libraries since they began to appear in the mid-1800’s. This bibliography presents a short history and introduction to the role of public libraries around the world in encouraging the spread of literacy, as well as a comprehensive list of resources that can be used to understand more about this vital topic. Also included is a timeline of the development of literacy programs in U.S. public libraries, and a list of U.S. and international literacy organizations. Introduction The National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) defined literacy as “using printed and written information to function in society, to achieve one’s goals, and to develop one’s knowledge and potential” (Fitzgibbons 1999, p 2). UNESCO’s statement on literacy describes it as reaching into all parts of an individual’s life, because it is the means to accessing all types of information, to meet vital needs and to enable full participation in society (Nassimbeni 2004). Zapata (1994) states “the act of reading and writing is an expression of democracy,”

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Promotion of literacy for all segments of society has been part of the role of modern public libraries since they began to appear in the mid-1800’s. This bibliography presents a short history and introduction to the role of public libraries around the world in encouraging the spread of literacy, as well as a comprehensive list of resources that can be used to understand more about this vital topic. Also included is a timeline of the development of literacy programs in U.S. public libraries, and a list of U.S. and international literacy organizations.

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Page 1: The Role of Literacy in Public Libraries

Wadholm 1

Public Libraries and Lifelong Learning:The Role of Public Libraries in Literacy Education

by

Grace Wadholm

Researched and written for a course at the School of Library and Information ScienceIndiana University, Bloomington

Abstract

Promotion of literacy for all segments of society has been part of the role of modern

public libraries since they began to appear in the mid-1800’s. This bibliography presents a short

history and introduction to the role of public libraries around the world in encouraging the spread

of literacy, as well as a comprehensive list of resources that can be used to understand more

about this vital topic. Also included is a timeline of the development of literacy programs in U.S.

public libraries, and a list of U.S. and international literacy organizations.

Introduction

The National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) defined literacy as “using printed and

written information to function in society, to achieve one’s goals, and to develop one’s

knowledge and potential” (Fitzgibbons 1999, p 2). UNESCO’s statement on literacy describes it

as reaching into all parts of an individual’s life, because it is the means to accessing all types of

information, to meet vital needs and to enable full participation in society (Nassimbeni 2004).

Zapata (1994) states “the act of reading and writing is an expression of democracy,” (p. 124) as

well as the means for individuals to fully express and develop their creativity. Historically, the

definition of literacy has shifted from a person’s ability to write his or her name to encompassing

a range of functional skills in using information, including prose literacy, document literacy, and

quantitative literacy (Eyre 2004, Fitzgibbons 1999, NCES 2003, Salter 1991). Though it is

important to remember that many cultures have unique definitions of literacy and practices for

sharing and exchanging knowledge, not least of which are oral cultures (Taylor 1997), it is clear

that for much of the world, the ability to read, write and comprehend written information is

essential. It influences a person’s ability to access the information around them and to expand

upon and interact creatively with this information. This interaction enables them to develop

personally and to participate in the social development of their community, society and culture.

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Modern public libraries have played a part in promoting literacy and education since they

were first established in the 1800’s. Public libraries in the U.S. and Britain were formed in the

wake of the spread of public literacy, with the belief that education should be for all people and

should be freely available (Black 1996, Kelly 1966, McCook 2004). In the United States,

libraries have been involved in teaching English to immigrants since the turn of the twentieth

century (Marcum and Stone 1991), have held storytimes and provided reading services to

children since the same time period (Albright 2009, Greene 1996), and have been involved in

literacy services directly related to teaching and promoting literacy since the 1960’s (Fitzgibbons

1999). Today, library literacy services extend to all patron groups, collaborate with many types

of literacy organization, and are leaders in providing and creating literacy materials for new and

learning readers (Decandido 2001, Fitzgibbons 1999, Krolak 2005, McLoughlin 2004). This

bibliography looks at the characteristics and functions of library literacy programs, both in the

U.S. and throughout the world, and what further developments are needed to make library

literacy programs more effective. Because for libraries, “our vast resources are virtually

worthless to citizens who are unable to read and write or who possess limited literacy skills”

(Salter 1991, p xvi).

Public Library Literacy Programs

Research on reading and literacy

The connection between reading and literacy has been researched extensively. Neuman

has been involved in several studies researching the link between access to books and early and

childhood literacy. She traced the connection between parents and caregiver interaction and early

literacy skills in both Books Make a Difference (2009) and Children Engaged in Storybook

Reading (1996). In the first, she found that access to books and the presence of an engaged

caregiver increased preschoolers interest in books, but that continued access to books, such as

those available at the public library, is necessary for long-term impact. She discovered in the

second that parent interaction in storybook reading is effective in increasing preschooler’s early

literacy skills, even if parents have low reading proficiency. The benefits of library resources and

committed librarians were researched in Save the Librarians (2004) and Knowledge Gap (2006).

In the first, Neuman and Celano described the influences of librarians and library collections on

children’s reading levels and their interest in books. In the second, Neuman found that access to

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better resources in libraries is not enough to overcome the knowledge gap that exists between

low and middle-income communities, and proportionally more resources are needed in at-risk

areas to compensate. Celano and Neuman also evaluated the role of summer reading programs

on children’s literacy levels (2001), and found that libraries had a positive impact on student’s

knowledge of books and interest in reading. Other research has found positive connections

between access to reading materials and literacy skills and attitudes. Krashen (2009) advocated

the benefits of high-interest reading materials and the value of self-selected reading as a method

of reading instruction. Iaquinta (2006) researched the effectiveness of guided reading, in which

independent reading skills are promoted through small reading groups. Minkel (2002) reported

positive results from the “It’s Never to Early” program, in which Maryland public libraries

provided book collections and training to childcare providers to increase their knowledge of

early literacy skills and teaching techniques and to provide children with more access to books.

Finally, Constantino (1998) presents a range of studies that show a clear link between reading

levels and access to reading materials, both in English and native languages. Her findings also

reflect the need to ensure minority patrons understand the purpose of the library and how to

access library resources.

The role of public libraries in literacy education

Libraries have several characteristics that make them ideal locations for literacy services.

They provide free access to a variety of resources, are often centrally located in a community,

and are open at convenient times. Libraries are also seen as a hospitable and unstructured

alternative to formal education settings, such as community colleges (Gibbs 1990, Heeks 2000,

Krolak 2005). Though libraries provide many types of literacy services, three primary roles for

libraries are in the areas of: 1) Collection development; 2) Services and resources; and 3)

Literacy programming. These three roles are applicable across cultural boundaries, being

identified in research around the world (Fitzgibbons 2000, Gibbs 1990, Krolak 2005, MacCann

1989, Thomas 1993). Wilcox, Johnson and Zweizig identified these roles Libraries: Partners in

Adult Literacy (1990), a study on activities in U.S. library adult literacy programs. The IFLA

Section on Literacy and Reading also recommended these primary areas for library literacy

involvement in Cole’s (2001) article describing IFLA’s international involvement in literacy.

Within these roles are a range of activities, possibilities, and challenges for libraries in creating

literacy programs.

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Collection Development

Library collections are used in many ways to promote literacy activities. Libraries

provide print and audiovisual materials for both learners in the library and in outreach to

community organizations, especially daycare sites. Libraries provide access to computer and

Internet tools, bridging the information gap by providing free access to information technology.

Libraries can also provide new materials for learners to use. These materials can be produced by

the libraries, created by learners, or created in partnership with publishers when a need for

resources is recognized. These materials can make up for a lack of suitable resources, provide

materials in native languages, and provide materials of local interest to learners (Beder 1991,

Coleman 1986, Constantino 1998, Wilcox et. al. 1990, Krolak 2005, Zapata 1993).

Internationally, the creation of materials by libraries is an important service, because often the

supply of native language materials or materials suitable for new learners is inadequate

(Coleman 1981, Jones 1991, Krolak 2005, Okiy 2003, Thomas 1993). Several researchers also

note the importance of removing any obstacle to learners in accessing the collection, such as

fines or lending fees (Constantino 1998, Zapata 1993).

Services and Resources

Services that libraries can provide for local or national literacy programs or community

literacy advocacy groups span many areas. Libraries can provide space for literacy programs;

library staff for training volunteers or teaching literacy classes; advocacy and publicity support;

library funds to support the program; office supplies and similar materials; and information and

referral services to help potential learners or volunteers become involved in the programs

(Coleman 1986, Wilcox et. al. 1990, Zapata 1993).

Libraries can collaborate with many different groups and organizations within a

community. They can work with the local school system to provide homework assistance,

reading instruction, and collections; with daycares, Headstarts, or other childcare sights to

provide training and resources; with local community colleges to provide resources for adult

literacy programs; with local literacy training programs (such as Literacy Volunteers of America)

to provide space and training resources; and with media organizations, business institutions, and

community literacy advocacy groups to raise awareness of illiteracy within the community and

to local governing officials. Often, libraries must seek out collaboration activities themselves and

be proactive in their involvement in community literacy efforts (Cole 2001, Coleman 1986,

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DeCandido 2001, Krolak 2005, Wilcox et. al. 1990). Collaboration can be powerful, as seen in

the Pennsylvania “One Book” program, in which libraries annually collaborate with museums,

publishers, community organizations and education centers to raise awareness of the importance

of storybook reading and early literacy through storytimes, workshops, training, and resources,

all centered on one picture book (Pannebaker 2008). Internationally, IFLA encourages libraries

strongly to reach out in collaboration, because often libraries are overlooked as important literacy

resources (IFLA 1999).

Literacy Programming

Celano (2005) lists three primary sections of the population that are targeted in public

library literacy programs: preschool and elementary children, adults (over age 16) with poor

literacy, and people learning English as a second language (ESL).

Services to preschool and elementary children are further separated into early literacy

programming, programs for school and homework support, and young adult library

programming. Research into the importance of early literacy has recently helped to reinforce the

value of library programming to babies and preschoolers. U.S. initiatives based on this research

led to the organization of the Every Child Ready to Read @ Your Library workshop series, a

program created by the PLA and ALSC in partnership with the National Institute of Child Health

and Human Development to disseminate information on early literacy research to parents and

caregivers (Ghoting 2005). Martinez (2008) reports on many ways that libraries provide early

literacy services, including newsletters, outreach visits, bookmobile services and teacher and

caregiver training. Summer reading programs are one of the most effective programs in public

libraries for promoting literacy and reading to school age children and youth. Neuman and

Celano (2001) reviewed the positive impact of summer library programs on childen’s reading

levels. Walter and Markey (1997) found that parents play a vital role in children’s involvement

in summer reading programs. Gaming is playing a role in literacy promotion to young adults,

taking advantage of the literacy aspects of computer and board games and the appeal of these

activities to youth (http://yalsa.ala.org/blog/2009/02/23/librariesliteracygaminggrant/).

Adult literacy programs incorporate many different teaching techniques and approaches.

Often, libraries try to meet the needs of the learners in order to help them incorporate literacy

into their daily lives. Beder (1990) highlights the importance of adaptability and appealing to the

individual needs of adult learners. DeCandido (2001) provides a range of case studies that

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present different styles and approaches to adult literacy programs, many of which focus on

empowering the learner to be a part of the teaching process. McCook and Barber (2002) review

the many issues and factors, especially government legislation and funding, that influence how

adult literacy program are organized in libraries. Recently, family literacy programs have gained

momentum as a way to incorporate the whole family in literacy learning. Monsour and Talan

(1993) point out the benefits of family literacy in addressing the problem of generational

illiteracy. Totten (2009) created a guide for family literacy programs that introduces the many

benefits of these types of programs, including empowering parents to teach their children,

providing opportunities for ESL learning, and incorporating early literacy research into literacy

training for adults.

ESL library programs in the United States have been conducted since the early 1900’s

(Marcum and Stone 1991). Libraries have found it important to create training that is relevant

and meaningful to learners, often incorporating conversation groups, themes related to learner’s

native cultures, and family literacy elements that help learners make literacy a part of their home

environment (Monsour and Talan 1993, Strong 2001, Totten 2009).

Issues to consider in library literacy programs

The organization of library literacy programs and services must take into account many

different issues. Some of the primary concerns and areas for further development mentioned in

literature include training, evaluation, funding, and learner recruitement and persistence. Also

important is the issue of national collaboration and guidance for local library programs, a role the

ALA has been actively filling for many years.

Training

Training within library literacy programs must take place for both volunteer tutors and

library staff. The Queens Public Library literacy programs are an excellent example of intensive

training programs that emphasize teaching methods and learner needs (Strong 2001). DeCandido

(2001) describes several programs that utilize learners as consultants for the literacy programs, a

situation that requires special training and support for individuals as they take on new roles and

responsibilities. Several authors also mention the importance of providing literacy training within

library schools, in literacy teaching methods and in the needs of child and adult learners

(DeCandido 2001, McCook 2002, IFLA 1999).

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Evaluation

The need for improved methods for evaluating library literacy programs is mentioned

throughout the literature (DeCandido 2001, IFLA 1999, Krolak 2005, Martinez 2008). Wilcox

(1990) found that better evaluation is critical for further development of library literacy

programs, so libraries can identify needs, set goals, and evaluate learning outcomes of literacy

training.

Funding

Funding for library programs can come from many different sources, including national

grant programs and government legislation. In the U.S., this has most recently included LSTA

grants, the Lila-Wallace Reader’s Digest Fund, and the Verizon Literacy Network (Fitzgibbons

1999, IMLS 2009, McCook 2004). However, it is vital for libraries to commit library resources

and funds to literacy programs so they will be sustainable past the grant funding period

(DeCandido 2001).

Learner recruitment and persistence

Attracting and maintaining literacy learners is a challenge. Several authors mention the

importance of publicity of literacy services, which can be done through the media, collaboration

with businesses and school systems, to community governing boards, or simply (and sometimes

most effectively) through word of mouth (Cole 2001, Coleman 1981, Laughlin 2003,

McLoughlin 2004, Wilcox et.al. 1990). Beder (1990) emphasizes the need to meet local needs

and to adapt to learner’s individual needs as a way to attract learners and keep them in literacy

programming. DeCandido (2001) found that a caring, supportive environment is key to learner

persistence.

The role of ALA

Coleman (1986) reviewed the role of the ALA in adult literacy education up to its

creation of the Coalition for Literacy in 1981. The Coalition, one of the most ambitious and

effective collaborative efforts in ALA’s history, was a major media campaign to raise awareness

of literacy and provide opportunities for people to volunteer or find help with literacy problems.

ALA has been involved in literacy and education since it first began. The timeline appendixed to

this bibliography shows the development of ALA’s Office of Literacy and Outreach Services, the

main branch of the ALA dedicated to providing guidance and advocacy for library literacy

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programs. ALA and its branches, including the PLA, YALSA, and ALSC, have participated in

research, surveys, grant programs and government conferences to help establish the role and

value of libraries in promoting literacy education (Fitzgibbons 1999, McCook 2004, Salter

1991). Recently, the OLOS conducted a study on services to the poor and found that libraries

desired further guidance and direction on defining and developing services to reach out to this

user group (Gieskes 2009).

Library literacy programs around the world

The scope of international programs

In reviewing international library literacy programs, it is important to recognize the scope

of literacy programs in different parts of the world. In more developed areas, such as Britain,

Europe, and Australia, the history and current shape of literacy programs closely resemble those

of the U.S. In developing areas such as Africa, Latin America, and parts of Asia, literacy

programs face unique challenges and have structures compatible with local cultures.

McLoughlin and Morris (2004) conducted a study of U.K. public libraries and the role

they play in adult literacy provision, finding that libraries focused on promoting the value and

enjoyment of reading. Similarly, a study by Heeks (2000) of literacy activities in U.K. children’s

library services found that most librarians believed the main role of libraries was in supporting

reading development and promoting the desire to read. Bramley (1991) provides a useful

description of the history of U.K. public library literacy programs.

Gibbs (1990) and Eyre (2004) both researched the role of libraries in literacy promotion

in Australia. Focusing primarily on activities in the Victoria Public Library system, Gibbs

described activities in Australian libraries that reflected the goals of UNESCO’s International

Year of Literacy (IYL) program, including services to preschoolers and adult non-readers. He

found that libraries took an interventionist approach to literacy promotion, providing collections,

spaces, and direct infrastructure support to community literacy programs. Eyre reflected on

UNESCO’s Decade of Literacy campaign and reviewed literacy surveys and programs in the

U.S., U.K. and Australia. He suggested that libraries in Australia could play a bigger role in

literacy movements and provided several examples for how they could do so.

In many areas around the world, libraries take the form of community centers that reflect

the needs and interests of the local culture. Neuman and Nafizuddin (2008) evaluated the impact

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of community library centers in Nepal, which are owned, managed and run by their local

community. The centers promoted literacy outreach activities, economic entrepreneurship and

community development. Varatorn (2005) described community children’s libraries developed

throughout the Khon Kaen Province in Taiwan, with goals of promoting the value of storytelling

and acting as an educational resource for parents and caregivers in the communities. Jones

(1991) described libraries in the Pacific Islands and suggested they should incorporate the needs

of patrons with low literacy skills by providing appropriate materials and space for community

activities. Nassimbeni (2008) presented case studies of two South African library literacy

programs. She found that learners wanted to improve their literacy in order to gain employment

and improve their lives, but that they were reluctant to use library resources because they did not

understand how they were relevant to their daily needs. Okiy (2003) reviewed rural public

libraries in Nigeria and challenged that they needed to better reflect the interests of the local

communities. Finally, Baffour-Awuah (2001) describes the Village Reading Room (VRR)

project of Botswana, which extended public library services into rural areas through community

reading collections, which become valuable resources for community life and access to books.

Issues in international library literacy programs

The IFLA Working Group (1999) final report presents a range of issues that present a

challenge to library literacy programs in developing countries. First, libraries in developing

countries are identified primarily as resources for school children, making adults reluctant to take

advantage of their services. Baffour-Awuah (2001) found that adults were reluctant to use VRR’s

when they were located in local school rooms, requiring the program to construct separate,

dedicated buildings for adult learners. Second, in developing countries, there is often a lack of

reading materials on the level of learners or in native languages. Thomas (1993) encourages the

creation of indigenous materials to balance imported materials that may not be in the native

language and may not reflect the interests of the local culture. Third, there are limited

opportunities for training library or literacy staff. This is a problem noted throughout the world,

but felt more strongly in areas where there are few library schools. Fourth, libraries are often not

recognized as a resource for literacy education or as a piece in national literacy plans. IFLA

encourages libraries to promote and advocate the value of libraries in literacy education. Finally,

literacy programs may not take into account the needs and characteristics of the local

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communities. Jones (1991) and Okiy (2003), mentioned above, both describe the importance of

reaching out to the local culture.

The impact of international organizations

IFLA and UNESCO both play important roles in promoting and encouraging library

literacy programs around the world. UNESCO has advocated the role of libraries in education

since its early education efforts after WWII, when it began creating model library projects to

show how libraries could promote lifelong education. Maurois (1961) published a pamphlet

describing the importance of libraries in this role and highlighting the work of these model

libraries. UNESCO’s Public Library Manifesto, first adopted in 1949 and updated in 1972 and

1994, declares literacy as a key mission of public libraries. Libraries around the world, several

mentioned above (Eyre 2004, Gibbs 1990), strive to achieve UNESCO’s literacy goals. Most

recently, UNESCO declared 2002-2012 to be the Decade of Literacy, with a goal of providing

Education for All people. Hassner (1999) described the work of several libraries to act as model

libraries, fulfilling the Public Library Manifesto and the Education for All mandate. Krolak

(2005) wrote an article describing the role libraries could play in creating literate environments

and in promoting a desire for lifelong reading around the world.

IFLA acts as an intermediary between libraries around the world and UNESCO’s literacy

goals. The international federation of libraries decided in the late 1980’s to form a working group

to explore IFLA’s role in literacy promotion. The final report of the working group was

published in 1999. In the report, IFLA described the roles that libraries should play in literacy

promotion, listed challenges for literacy programs in developing countries, and gave six

recommendations for actions IFLA should take. These centered on IFLA becoming an

organizing resource for libraries in the development of literacy programs, advocating to national

and international groups for the role of libraries, developing guidelines and continuing research

into library literacy programs, and funding a Literacy Officer to oversee these projects. In 2003,

IFLA compiled a set of guidelines based on the working group’s report, giving suggestions for

eight key areas in library literacy activities. Today, the IFLA Section on Literacy and Reading

holds sub-conferences during annual IFLA conferences to discuss developments in literacy

programs, provides reading suggestions and research on its websites, and is conducting research

in cooperation with international literacy groups to evaluate how libraries can play a further role

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in promoting literacy (IFLA Developing 2007, IFLA Memorandum 2005,

www.ifla.org/en/literacy-and-reading).

Conclusion

The role of libraries in literacy education is complex, reaches around the world and

throughout cultures, and is continually changing with the latest research and legislation. The

following bibliography presents just a small portion of reading that can be done on this important

subject. More information and resources can be found in Fitzgibbons (1999), Salter (1991),

McCook and Barber (2002), and Krolak (2005).

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Public Library Literacy Programs: Bibliography

History of Literacy Programs in Public Libraries

Public library history

Black, A. (1996). A new history of the English public library. London: Leicester University Press.

Recent scholarship on library history that traces the development of English public libraries from 1850-1914, with a fresh look at the social and intellectual changes that brought about the development of public libraries. On literacy, Black discusses the influence of social changes such as the rising working class, universal education, and utilitarianist philosophy on the spread of popular literacy, which contributed to the development of public libraries.

Kelly, T. (1966). Early public libraries. London: The Library Association.

A history of public libraries in Britain, up to the 19th century. In 1850, the Public Library Act was passed, funding free public libraries for the first time with public monies. On literacy, influences such as the spread of universal education, cheap literature, and the industrial revolution are described as encouraging the spread of popular literacy. Popular education through the diffusion of literature is noted as one reason for the Public Library Act and the establishment of public libraries in Britain.

Maurois, A. (1961). Public libraries and their mission. Paris: Unesco.

A pamphlet published by UNESCO expounding the core mission of public libraries around the world, focusing especially on the importance of libraries in lifelong education.

McCook, K.P. (2004). Introduction to public librarianship. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc.

An introduction to public librarianship, which includes a discussion of the history of public libraries, separated into events before 1918 and up to today. Discusses the importance of education in the establishment of the library institution, as well as legislation that provided funding and direction for library organizations. The sections on Youth Services and Adult Services address the topic of education services, including basic literacy and information literacy. A chapter on global libraries discusses the role of IFLA and UNESCO in the missions of libraries around the world, especially the importance of education initiatives.

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The development of literacy in public libraries

Albright, M., Delecki, K., and Hinkle, S. (2009). The evolution of early literacy: a history of best practices in storytimes. Children and Libraries: 7(1): 13-18.

Traces the development of library story hours from their beginnings in the 1940’s and 1950’s to today. Connects aspects of early library storytimes, such as rhyming books, parent involvement, and emphasis on story hour as a learning activity, to modern library story hour practices. Research has begun to show the importance of early literacy skills and how they have been and can further be incorporated into story hours. Discusses the librarian as a “literacy coach,” and ways libraries can make story hours more inclusive in areas such as attendance numbers, hours available, and languages offered.

Coleman, J.E. (1986). ALA’s role in adult and literacy education. Library Trends 35(2): 207-217.

A review of ALA’s activities from the 1920’s to the 1980’s related to adult and literacy education programs. Beginning with the 1924 ALA Commission on Library and Adult Education, ALA’s involvement in literacy promotion is traced through the development of the OLSD (now OLOS) and the “outreach” focus of the 1960’s, up to the formation of the Coalition for Literacy in 1981. The author reflects on the impact of the Coalition’s work up to that point, and looks forward past the Coalition to future literacy initiatives. These include the PLUS program, a partnership between ABC and PBS for literacy awareness, and the LSCA state grant program that would provide funding for library literacy programs.

Fitzgibbons, S. (2000). Libraries and literacy: A preliminary survey of the literature. Conference Proceeding, 66th IFLA Council and General Conference, Jerusalem, Israel, 13-18 August.

Survey of literature up to 1998 related to literacy and the role of libraries in literacy education and promotion. Introductory essay presents a short history of literacy and the library’s role in promoting literacy. Also gives a summary of national programs and projects, literacy centers, international agencies, reading or literacy campaigns, evaluation reports and guidelines for conducting literacy programs. Special effort is made to present an international scope of information, though many of the resources relate to the U.S. and Canada.

Lora, P. (1990). Libraries and literacy in America 1985-2000. Public Libraries 29(6): 354-359.

A look back at the impact of Kozol’s “Illiterate America” on public awareness of the problem of illiteracy, including the response by the media in the Project Literacy US (PLUS) national literacy campaign. The articles then looks ahead to the year 2000 and presents ideas for how libraries can promote literacy and help educate the workforce of the future.

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McCook, K.P. and Barber, P. (2002). Chronology of milestones for libraries and adult lifelong learning and literacy. ED458888. Retrieved April 12, 2010 from http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/19/71/a0.pdf.

Chronology of major events in the history of adult literacy programs in libraries, from 1924-2001. Includes information for reports related to major events and a bibliography of works used to construct the timeline, which also presents an excellent list of materials to read on this subject.

Walter, V.A. (2000). Children and libraries: Getting it right. Chicago: American Library Association.

Discusses library services to children and how libraries can improve their mission. On literacy, highlights the long history of dedication to the “child as reader.” Issues discussed include the place of literacy in the Public Library Association’s basic services, the changing school system, emerging trends in library services (with a discussion of emergent literacy and services to the infant and toddler), and the literacy activities that take place in children’s services.

Zapata, M.E. (1994). The role of public libraries in literacy education. Libri 44(2): 123-129.

Discusses the role of the public library in literacy education, particularly in light of the new concept of “social development.” Defines and determines illiteracy as a problem of unequal access to knowledge, resources, and wealth, and defines literacy in terms relating to social development. Proposes two roles of public libraries: as an institutional ally and as a unit of service to the public, in all demographics. Concludes that public libraries are an active expression of democracy and the universal right to education, referring to UNESCO’s “Education for All” campaign.

Libraries and Literacy in the United States

The public library and its role in promoting literacy

Celano, D. and Neuman, S. (2001). The role of public libraries in children’s literacy development: An evaluation report. Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Department of Education.

Evaluation report of summer reading and preschool programs in Pennsylvania public libraries, including a literature review of the role of libraries in literacy promotion. The data was gathered from surveys of libraries’ summer reading and preschool programs, as well as observation of children’s involvement and types of programs offered. Also includes a preliminary study comparing reading levels of children attending either a day camp or library reading program, and how library programs may have encouraged those skills.

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DeCandido, G., ed. (2001). Literacy & libraries: Learning from case studies. Chicago: American Library Association.

Presents case studies examing library literacy programs in thirteen model programs funded by the Lila-Wallace Reader’s Digest Fund. Aspects considered are the impact of literacy programs on learners, features and goals of the selected programs, the integration of technology into literacy programs, and the history and future of literacy services in public libraries and ALA. Throughout, results from a survey report prepared for the grant program highlight and complement the case studies.

Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS). (2009). A Catalyst for change: LSTA grants to states program activities and the transformation of library services to the public. Washington, DC: IMLS. Retrieved March 28, 2010 from http://www.imls.gov/pdf/CatalystForChange.pdf

Summary Report for the LSTA Grant Program for the years 2003- 2006, as well as state-by-state program overview and goals for 2008-2012. Literacy programs are included under the “Human Capital Development” strategy group. The section summarizing “Literacy and Reading Development” programs lists the range of skills library staff may be expected to use in developing literacy programs, as well as what types of library literacy initiatives are included in the category. Four library programs are described.

MacCann, D. (1989). Social responsibility in librarianship: Essays on equality. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc.

Discusses social obligations of libraries to provide literacy education, in the three arenas of prevention, functional literacy, and aliteracy. Provides a list of guidelines for libraries in planning literacy education programs.

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2003). National Assessment of Adult Literacy. Accessed April 22, 2010 from http://nces.ed.gov/naal/literacytypes.asp.

Presents results from the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy, a continuation of the 1992 National Adult Literacy Survey, also by the NCES. Results compiled so far have found no change in prose and document literacy levels, but that quantitative literacy skills have improved.

Schamber, L. (1991). The role of libraries in literacy education. Emergency Librarian, 19(2): 34-35.

Information on federal and state legislation and support for library literacy programs. Reports on results from the 1990 Alexandriam forum on library literacy programs. Library leaders set legislative priorities to recommend at the 1991 White House Conference on Library and Information Services, including the need to promote libraries as an “educational agency” and to define the scope of illiteracy. Also includes a summary of what types of library literacy outreach programs existed at the time.

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Salter, J.L. and Charles, A. (1991). Literacy and the library. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc.

Comprehensive guide to literacy programs within libraries. Provides a useful introduction to definitions and causes of illiteracy, the history of literacy outreach by U.S. libraries, and theories of education relevant to libraries in shaping literacy instruction. Also offers thorough advice and guidelines for the many issues libraries must consider in shaping literacy programs, such as collection building, outreach, collaboration, and training.

Library literacy programs for the general population

Constantino, R. (1998). Literacy, access and libraries among the language minority. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.

Series of research studies and articles on the topic of minority populations in the U.S. and their access to and use of library materials. The introduction presents the theme: that access to reading materials, in English or a native language, can improve literacy development and attitudes toward reading. For public libraries, a concern is that service and outreach to minority populations is limited, and patrons do not know about, understand, or have access to the materials and resources at the library.

Gieskes, L. (2009). Why librarians matter to poor people. Public Library Quarterly, 28(1), 49-57.

Report, conducted by the OLOS, on a survey to ALA members about services to “poor” patrons. Found there was little consensus on the meaning of “poor,” and librarians desired guidance from the ALA or other national organization on what services are recommended for outreach to economically disadvantaged patrons.

Programs for children

Bernadowski, C. (2008). Aren’t we all teachers of literacy? Library Media Connection, 27(2), 28-29.

Short article about the role of school media specialists as promoters of literacy and the ways they encourage literacy and good reading habits in students.

Ghoting, S. and Martin-Diaz, P. (2005). Early literacy storytimes @ your library: Partnering with caregivers for success. Chicago, IL: ALA Editions.

Manual for incorporating research on early literacy skills into traditional library storytimes. Part one explains research on brain and language development. Part two provides sample storytimes to illustrate how the research can be integrated into storytime outlines, with an early literacy skills highlighted in each. Part three suggests ways to

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assess the programs and further promote early literacy skills throughout library services. Several appendices offer more resources and ideas for making early literacy research a part of library storytimes.

Greene, E. (1996). Storytelling: Art and technique. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited.

In her classic storyteller’s handbook, Greene discusses the value and importance of storytelling to the literacy and language development of children. Aspects include helping children learn narrative skills, develop a sensitivity to language, learn comprehension skills through interaction with the story, and gain vocabulary and background knowledge as they hear rich language and tales from around the world.

Huffman, C. and Rua, R.J. (2008). Measuring the effectiveness of homework centers in libraries. Children and Libraries, 6(3), 25-29.

Reports on methods of evaluation for a homework help program at an Ohio public library. Intake and exit surveys were used to gather data from parents on their children’s reading progress and reactions to the program. The author found the data useful for reporting goals and outcomes, discovering participant needs, and communicating with prospective funding sources.

Laughlin, S. (2003). Evaluation: Every child ready to read @ your library pilot project. 1-79. http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alsc/ecrr/projecthistory/pilotprojectevaluation/pilotprojecteval.cfm

Report from a 2002/2003 evaluation of the Public Library Association’s “Every Child Ready to Read” program. Fourteen libraries conducted both the short and extended literacy program scripts and reported data on outcomes for parents, caregivers, the library, and the community. Main findings were that for parents, there were gains in frequency of sharing books and visiting the library, especially among teen mothers. For caregivers, the greatest impact was the recognition of the library as a resource for collaboration and information on early literacy research. Communities looked favorably on the library as a collaborator in early literacy outreach. Libraries found that personal publicity was best, and made changes to their collection, physical spaces, and strategic goals to focus on the importance of early literacy research in their children’s programming and outreach.

Lehnen, R. and Cairo, C. (2006). Serving summer reading needs: Twenty years at the Indianapolis-Marion County public library. Children and Libraries: The Journal of the Association for Library Service to Children, 4(2): 29-34.

A review of the IMCPL performance indicator system for measuring the results and impacts of their summer reading programs. A long term evaluation, conducted since 1984, the system studies how well the library reaches program goals, such as serving families in poverty, achieving gender and age equity, and being cost-effective.

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Martinez, G. (2008). Public libraries: Community organizations making outreach efforts to help young children succeed in school. School Community Journal 18(1): 93-104.

Results of a study on how twenty-six Maryland public libraries provided early literacy services through outreach efforts, with a focus on their involvement in home, school and community partnerships. Found that libraries provided newsletters; outreach visits to schools, community events, hospitals, and daycare sites; bookmobile services; and teacher and caregivers training. Further needs included more staff and hours to invest in services, better evaluation of programs, and identification of more potential outreach sites.

Minkel, W. (2002). It’s never too early. School Library Journal, 48(7): 38-42.

Reports on “It’s Never too Early,” a Maryland public library language-development program, aimed at incorporating recent early literacy research into children’s library programming. Outreach efforts include visits to and supplying materials for childcare centers, Headstart centers, and newborn and infant support groups. Especially highlighted were the various training efforts for children’s librarians across the state, on topics including incorporating early literacy skills into storytimes and modeling teaching techniques for parents and caregivers.

Neuman, S. (2006). The knowledge gap: Implications of leveling the playing field for low-income and middle-income children. Reading Research Quarterly, 41(2): 176-201.

Study examining the differences in libraries between low and middle income communities, to determine the impact of upgrades made to thirty-two Philadelphia libraries. Researchers studied how children spent time in the library, activities of preschoolers in their special area, general reading activities, and computer use just after and one year after the renovations. The main finding was that though low-income libraries were used quantitatively more in low-income areas, the qualititative use of library activities was at a lower level (by grade and age) than middle-income neighborhoods. Recommends that more resources, above and beyond equal resources, should be invested in at-risk areas to close the knowledge gap that begins in children’s earliest years.

Neuman, S. and Celano, D. (2004). Save the libraries! Educational Leadership, 61(6): 82-85.

Benefits of “excellent librarians” to low-income children, including four primary characteristics. Though children in low-income areas are more likely to benefit more from books and resources, they are the ones with a lower quality of resources. Libraries are facing increasing budgets cuts and computers are being chosen over books and staff. Technology can increase the literacy gap.

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Pannebaker, S. (2008). One book, every young child: Pennsylvania literacy initiative enters third year. Children and Libraries, 6(2): 36-40.

Reports on the Pennsylvania “One Book” program, a collaborative program that promotes one picture book per year in an effort to increase awareness of the importance of storybook reading and engaging children in stories to build early literacy skills. Partners include libraries, museums, publishers, community organizations and education centers. Main goal is to provide parents, caregivers and daycares with the books, ideas and instructional guidance they need to encourage and engage children in reading.

Thiang, A. (2008). Alter ego: An interactive public library literacy program for disadvantaged children. Aplis, 21(3), 104-106.

After observing that children needed help with English literacy, a public branch library created a program to provide services for local migrant and refugee 10-12 year olds. The program included book readings, craft activities, and computer literacy training; primary goals were aimed at building the children’s reading confidence and giving them a sense of community and ownership in the library. The program helped to curb behavioral problems and gave children a chance to build literacy skills.

Walter, V.A. and Markey, P.S. (1997). Parent perceptions of a summer reading program. Journal of Youth Services in Libraries; 11(1): 49-65.

Study evaluating parent’s perception of Los Angeles County summer reading programs. Found high parent interest and involvement, and that education and rich experiences were the highest appeal. Most children were encouraged to participate by their parents. The researchers found that libraries need to improve communication with parents about how the programs worked. Also highlights a subsequent 1996 campaign aimed at motivating parents to bring their children to the library.

Programs for adults

Beder, H. (1991). Adult literacy: Issues for policy and practice. Malabar, FL: Krieger.

Discusses issues in adult literacy that shape policy and practices in the field. In the introduction, Beder discusses the definitions and standards of literacy, types of adult education provision and methods, the details and significance of the Adult Education Act, and questions to consider in shaping adult literacy education programs.

McCook, K.P. and Barber, P. (2002). Public policy as a factor influencing adult lifelong learning, adult literacy, and public libraries. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 42(1): 66-75.

Written just after the 2000 National Literacy Summit, this article looks at the issue of adult literacy and addresses the role of libraries in adult education. Includes the history of

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education and libraries, major government policies and programs influencing library programs, and a critique of current library school training in the area of adult education.

Spangnenberg, G. (1996). Even anchors need lifelines: Public libraries in adult literacy. New York: Spangenberg Learning Resources.

Results from a study, sponsored by The Center for the Book in the Library of Congress, evaluating adult literacy programs in U.S. libraries. Main findings are that more funding and collaboration is needed at both the local and state library levels, as well as more specific definitions of the role of local library literacy programs. More effort could have been made in interpreting the highly detailed data tables for the reader.

Strong, G. Reading … still cool? Libraries, literacy and leadership. 2001 Jean E. Coleman Library Outreach Lecture. Accessed April 12, 2010 from http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/olos/olosprograms/jeanecoleman/01strong.cfm.

In his 2001 address, Strong discussed the many ways libraries can reach out and provide literacy opportunities for their communities. As director of the Queens Borough (N.Y.) Public Library, he described the literacy programs in this library system, including Adult Learning Centers and Reading Rooms, ESOL classes, intensive tutor training, and strong collaboration efforts.

Wilcox, R., Johnson, J.B., and Zweizig, D. (1990). Libraries: Partners in adult literacy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

Results from a study of library involvement in literacy education, including four types of library institutions. Studies the relationship of community and institution factors to the level of library involvement in literacy. Fifty-two specific activities related to literacy were studied. Found that public libraries have the widest and more developed programs, and that state libraries are an important source of information and support for library literacy programs. College and state institution libraries have limited, but growing involvement. Predicts that in the future, effective literacy involvement may depend on both remediation and prevention services.

Family literacy programs

Monsour, M. and Talan, C. (1993). Library-based family literacy projects. Chicago: American Library Association.

Introduction to family literacy programs in libraries, with case studies of twelve libraries’ efforts. Includes a discussion of the definition of family literacy programs, their components, and why libraries are effective as literacy program providers.

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Petruzzi, T. and M. F. Burns. (2007). A literacy center where? A public library finds space to provide family learning activities. Public Library Quarterly, 25(1?): 191-197. (FD)

Report on a family learning center in an Ohio library, which is a collaboration between the library, the local school system, a local college, and the local literacy council. Services include reading instruction, tutoring, and library programming for the whole family.

Totten, K. (2009). Family literacy storytimes: Readymade storytimes suitable for the whole family. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers.

A guide for libraries in conducting family literacy storytimes. Discusses the importance of family literacy programs and why libraries are effective as centers for these programs. Gives many details and suggestion for conducting family literacy storytimes, such as meeting the needs of both adult and child learners, creating a comfortable and safe learning atmosphere, and incorporating early literacy skills and modeling demonstrations into the storytimes. Note especially the appendix of links to national, state, and local organizations that support family literacy, which includes excellent description and advice for contacting and collaborating with these organizations.

Libraries and Literacy Programs Around the World

The public library and its role in promoting literacy

Cole, J. Y. (2001). Literacy, libraries and IFLA: Recent developments and a look at the future. IFLA Journal 27(2): 87-90.

A review of IFLA’s Section on Reading plans for involvement with the “literacy issue.” Reviews the historical development of IFLA’s involvement in literacy, in particular the efforts of the IFLA Literacy Working Group. Suggests how libraries can become involved in literacy today and the possibilities of IFLA’s work in the future. Grassroot efforts are emphasized.

Eyre, G. (2004). Toward a literate Australia: The role of public libraries in supporting reading. Aplis 17(4), 186-192.

Discusses UNESCO’s “Decade of Literacy” campaign and the many reasons literacy is a vital skill in today’s increasingly technology based society. Presents results from several literacy surveys, including the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) and surveys in the U.S., U.K., and Australia. Also describes literacy programs in these countries, and suggests that libraries can play an even bigger role in the literacy movements, outlining several roles they could perform.

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Gibbs, R. (1990). Libraries and literacy: The role of Australian public libraries. APLIS 3(3), 123-129.

Describes an “interventionist” approach for public library literacy programs, wherein libraries provide collections, spaces, and direct infrastructure support to community literacy programs. Highlights activities in Australian public libraries, in particular the Victoria Public Library literacy program, as a reflection of the “International Year of Literacy” (IYL) goals and mandates.

Thomas, B. (1993). Guidelines for public libraries promoting literacy. Paris: UNESCO. Available online at http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000955/095502eb.pdf.

As a result of several IFLA conferences on public libraries and literacy, and on the work being done to promote UNESCO’s IYL, this manual was created to provide guidelines for libraries seeking to implement literacy programs. Topics addressed include the definition of literacy and illiteracy concepts; the role of public libraries in literacy; issues related to collection development, programs, and literacy material publication; and facilitation of patrons with literacy needs. Presents efforts made around the world, compiled from papers presented at the 1989 “Public Libraries against Illiteracy” IFLA satellite meeting, as well as the IYL objectives and the 1972 Public Library Manifesto.

Hassner, K. (1999) The model library project: a way to implement the Unesco public library manifesto. IFLA Journal 25(3): 143-7.

Description of work being done by the UNESCO Model Library Network (UNET), specifically within the Sweden-Ljusdal Municipal Library system. UNET is a collaboration of libraries dedicated to implementing UNESCO’s vision in the Public Library Manifesto (PLM). The article suggests the PLM be adopted internationally so all libraries may realize its vision.

IFLA. (2007). Developing cultures of literacy: an international research project. Retrieved April 11, 2010 from http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s33/project/DevelopingCulturesLiteracyRep.pdf.

Preliminary report on a project researching common factors that develop and sustain a culture of literacy in a community or country. Nine factors were identified and validated by survey respondents from around the world. However, since the survey was administered only in English, further research will widen the survey sample to include non-English speaking participants. One important finding was that technology and the Internet are shifting the way people define and use literacy. This project is a collaboration between IFLA, the International Reading Association (IRA), and the Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL).

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IFLA. (1999). IFLA literacy working group final report. Retrieved April 1, 2010 from http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s33/news/finalrpt.htm.

In this final IFLA Literacy Working Group report, the committee reviews the various issues of promoting literacy programs in libraries. The three main areas of library literacy work are considered, including collections and resources, instructional programs, and support services. Also, the main issues that prevent developing countries from establishing literacy programs are listed. Results from a survey of library literacy programs are presented. Final recommendations propose that IFLA become an organizing center for libraries in development of literacy programs, and begin to fund a Literacy Officer to coordinate these activities.

IFLA. (2003). Guidelines for library-based literacy programs. Retrieved April 8, 2010 from http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s33/project/literacy.htm.

Guidelines compiled by the IFLA Reading Section for libraries seeking to begin a literacy program, or for libraries to use in evaluating existing programs. Presents suggestions and advice in answer to eight key questions about library literacy activities and services.

IFLA. (2005). Memorandum of understanding between IFLA, International Reading Association (IRA), and International Board Books for Young People (IBBY). Retrieved April 11, 2010 from http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s33/annual/Memorandum-IFLA_IRA_IBBY.pdf.

A statement of cooperation between three world leaders in literacy and libraries. The intent is to coordinate resources and efforts between the three organizations in order to further the promotion of literacy around the world. Currently, they are conducting a research project on how public and school libraries in Africa can be enhanced to support literacy and improve access to materials.

Krolak, L. (2005). The role of libraries in the creation of literate environments. Retrieved February 10, 2010 from http://www.ifla.org/files/literacy-and-reading/publications/krolak.pdf.

A UNESCO report on the role libraries can play in promoting literacy worldwide, which is a primary goal in the UNESCO “Education for All” campaign. Stresses that people must have a desire to continue reading, beyond initial literacy training, which can be facilitated by materials available through libraries and similar resource centers. Presents policy recommendations to enable this role of libraries.

Laugesen, A. (2008). An inalienable right to read: Unesco's promotion of a universal culture of reading and public libraries and its involvement in Africa, 1948-1968. English in Africa, 35(1), 67-88.

Realistic evaluation of UNESCO’s education efforts in Nigeria in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Focus is on the Enugu model library project and whether it managed to overcome the

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social and ethnic tensions which were a barrier to efforts at creating a stable, democratic Nigerian national. The author posits that effort such as this, e.g. developmental programs by international organizations, should be judged by their historical contexts, and that UNESCO’s education mandate was part of a larger Anglo-American democratic ideal. Libraries, which UNESCO highlighted as centers for promoting literacy, were a means to sustain UNESCO’s education efforts and provide justification for further education funding.

Murison, W. J. (1988). The public library: Its origins, purpose and significance. London: Bingley.

A history of the British public library, up to the 1980’s. Described the involvement of libraries in the promotion of literacy, through cooperation with literacy movements in the 1970’s, but also encourages an increased involvement by libraries in literacy education since the effectiveness of libraries is “dependent on the ability to read” (p. 142).

Thomas, L. C. (1993). World literacy and the role of libraries. IFLA Journal 19(2): 162-169.

In response to UNESCO’s International Year of Literacy, ALA and IFLA advocated the role of libraries in literacy education. This paper highlights the value of all types of libraries, but in particular public or community libraries, in literacy promotion. In particular, Thomas addresses their role in education programs, community awareness, learner motivation, supplying materials, collaboration efforts, and publicity for the literacy cause. She also discusses the importance of early and family literacy programs, and the role libraries can play in reaching parents, especially mothers.

Train, B. (2004). Library-based literacy programs: The Reading Section’s major activities. Conference Proceedings, 70th IFLA Council and General Conference, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 22-27 August.

Based on a presentation given at the 2004 IFLA conference, describes the work of the IFLA Reading section, and how it relates to the work of IFLA and to the wider library profession. Presents the eight “Guidelines for Library-Literacy Programs,” and how they were put into action by “Quick Reads,” a literacy program based in Essex county in England.

Unesco. (2007). Unesco: Public Library Manifesto. Retrieved 15 March, 2010 from http://www.unesco.org/webworld/libraries/manifestos/libraman.html

The 2007 update to the UNESCO Public Library Manifesto. Literacy is specifically included in public library mission statement number twelve: “supporting and participating in literacy activities and programmes for all age groups, and initiating such activities if necessary.”

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Wedgeworth, R. (2004). The literacy challenge. IFLA Journal, 30(1): 14-18.

Presentation by Robert Wedgeworth, former IFLA President and current President and CEO of Proliteracy Worldwide, the organization created when Laubach International and Volunteers of America joined forces. He emphasizes the importance of literacy in our increasingly complex, technology-driven world, and the power it has to changes lives and communities. The roles that libraries can play in promoting literacy are many, because of their resources and professional background, but greater vision, commitment, training and collaboration is needed. He concludes with five sets of actions libraries can take to “embrace a culture of literacy” (p. 18).

Library literacy programs for the general population

Coleman, P.M. (1981). Whose problem?: The public library and the disadvantaged. London : Association of Assistant Librarians.

A short work published in Great Britain, this work includes a chapter discussing the importance of library services directed to people with literacy problems. Topics addressed include how libraries can provide outreach to this group, cooperation with local organizations, and the importance of training for both library staff and tutors.

Neuman, S. and Nafizuddin, K. (2008). When I give, I own: Building literacy through READ community libraries in Nepal. Reading Teacher, 61(7), 513-522.

Overview of the READ community library development program in Nepal, which since 1991 has established 41 community library centers in rural and urbal areas. The libraries are owned, managed and run by their local communities. Discusses access to literacy, outreach activities, economic productivity, and social development impacts of the program. A fascinating look at an alternative method for linking literacy development to social empowerment, through the establishing of library centers.

Okiy, R.B. (2003). Information for rural development: Challenge for Nigerian rural public libraries. Library Review, 52(3-4): 126-31.

Reviews the current state of rural public libraries in Nigeria, and challenges that they should be rethought and restructured to better reflect their local communities. Emphasizes especially the creation of low-literacy materials for local people on subjects such as rural occupations and government information. The conclusion states that the majority of rural dwellers are illiterate, and that public libraries are able to provide adequate literacy and education services for them, if they are made available and accessible to the people.

Spencer, F.G. (2007). A special librarian creates a special library. Information Outlook, 11(5): 30-34.

Profile of Jane Meyers, a children’s librarian who created an NGO to raise money and materials to build a public-access library and reading center in Zambia, targeting children

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affected by HIV/AIDS. One mission is to build literacy, as most children have very little access to books.

Programs for children

Baffour-Awuah, M. (2001). Village Reading Rooms: Book Outreach in Botswana. School Libraries Worldwide 7(2): 65-71. Available online at http://www.iasl-online.org/files/july01-baffour-awuah.pdf.

Describes the Botswana Village Reading Rooms (VRR) project, a rural extension of the Botswana Public Library service. The program works jointly with the national Literacy Programme to provide community reading collections to sustain the literacy skills of adult learners. The article discusses the process of providing space for the VRR’s in the communities, staffing decisions, training of Reading Assistants, and evaluations of the services. Found that communities have taken ownership of the VRR’s, which are a valuable resource for community life and access to books.

Heeks, P. (2000). A place for children: Public libraries as a major force in children's reading. London: Library Association.

Results from a research project in the U.K. to study the nature and impact of children’s services in public libraries, with an emphasis on how those services support reading development. Major findings were that libraries provide a variety of services and that librarians have a strong commitment to promoting a desire to read. However, most librarians viewed the actual acquisition of reading skills as the responsibility of the education system, not the library.

Room to Read. About us: Room to Read. Retrieved October 15, 2009 from http://www.roomtoread.org.

The Room to Read NGO has established more than 7,000 libraries in developing countries since 2000. They work with local directors and educators to establish children’s libraries in “communities where poverty, ethnicity, or other social and cultural barriers put children at a significant educational disadvantage.” Their focus is on providing reading materials and literacy opportunities to children through building school houses and library reading rooms. They also develop and publish children’s books written by local authors and illustrators in languages native to the communities. They are currently working to expand their work in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

Smith, H. (2007). The power of books. American Libraries, 38(5): 42-44.

A librarian’s account of her trip to the Brazilian Amazon as part of a missionary team, and her experiences in sharing a simple lift-the-flap story, “Peekaboo Panda,” with children in villages along the river. She found that story reaches beyond all boundaries.

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Tiemensma, L. (2009). Visual literacy: to comics or not to comics? Promoting literacy using comics. Conference Proceeding, 75th IFLA Council and General Conference, Milan, Italy, 23-27 August.

Describes the benefits of comics in helping children to learn and to enjoy reading. The history and characteristics of comics are explained. The author suggests comics promote: positive attitudes and motivation, print awareness, narrative skills, vocabulary development and second language learning. Comics are an appealing and engaging medium that may help inspire reluctant readers and teach children the joy of reading.

Varatorn, S. (2005). Literacy through child activities: Community children’s libraries and the story-book projects. Conference Proceedings, 71st IFLA Council and General Conference, Oslo, Norway, 14-18 August.

Describes a children-and-family library and story-book project organized by the Tai Wisdom Association (TWA), in the Khon Kaen Province of Taiwan. Major goals for the project are to increase awareness of the importance of early childhood reading and literacy, to promote the value of storytelling, and to be an educational resource for parents and caregivers in the community. One interesting feature is the library’s park service, an area of gardens and trees for parents and children to enjoy as they read and explore.

Programs for adults

Bramley, G. (1991). Adult literacy, basic skills and libraries. London: Library Association Publishing.

Reviews the history of adult literacy and library programs. Discusses the development of the definition of literacy, major causes of illiteracy, and educational methods used in literacy programs. The history of library literacy programs for both the U.K. and the U.S. are outlined, including major legislation, literacy initiatives and programs initiated by each country’s major library associations.

Fochtman, P. (2007). Brazil: Is this nation of non-readers the land of opportunity? Publishing Research Quarterly, 23(4), 254-261.

A review of the opportunity for the publishing market in Brazil, in light of education reform efforts and an ambitious literacy program funded by Brazil’s President Lula de Silva. Libraries are mentioned several times, as receiving financing through the literacy initiatives and as an important part of the effort to improve Brazil’s literacy rates to meet the needs of the nation’s economic potential.

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Jones, A. (1991). Libraries as centres for community literacy. Information Development 7(2): 86-88.

The author suggests that libraries, especially in the Pacific Islands, often cater more to literate and educated patrons, but it is important to make libraries accessible to all members of a community. She gives ideas for how libraries can promote adult literacy by providing appropriate materials that are relevant, useful and appealing to learners and new readers. Also, libraries can provide space and other resources for community activities.

McLoughlin, C. and Morris, A. (2004). UK public libraries: Roles in adult literacy provision. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 36(1): 37-46.

Study of eight U.K. public libraries and the characteristics of their adult literacy programs. Found that a “reader development” approach, which focused on encouraging the enjoyment of reading and attention to patron’s interests, was a successful method. Important factors to consider in the programs included staffing needs, sustainability options, marketing and recruiting techniques, and ways to provide and promote literacy collections. Provides a list of recommendations for best practices in organizing adult literacy programs.

Nassimbeni, M. (2008). Adult education in two public libraries in Cape Town: a case study. South African Journal of Library and Information Science, 74(1), 83-92.

Presents results of two case studies of adult library literacy programs in Cape Town, South Africa. Includes an excellent literature review of definitions of literacy, and characteristics of adult education and library literacy programs in South Africa. Found that learners sought to improve their lives through literacy programs, but library programs have a lack of funding, learners do not utilize library resources, and better evaluation of programs is needed.

Literacy Theory

Bartlett, L. (2008). Literacy’s verb: Exploring what literacy is and what literacy does. International Journal of Educational Development, 28(6): 737-753.

Examines the nature of the impact literacy has on the lives of individuals, through a consideration of claims made by developmental discourses of literacy that attainment of literacy “skills” will lead to social or political changes. After a 24-month ethnographic study of literacy learners in Brazil, the author concludes that the context and type of literacy programs play a major part in any change that occurs, as well as the student’s own social and cultural context, and the way they apply literacy abilities to their lives.

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Iaquinta, A. (2006). Guided reading: A research-based response to the challenges of early reading instruction. Early Childhood Education Journal, 33(6): 413-418.

Presents a description of “guided reading,” a literacy instruction method used with all ages that allows for balanced, dynamic development of reading skills. Flexible, small groups of students are led by an instructor through reading and discussing texts, in order to build independent reading and comprehension skills.

Krashen, S. (2009). Anything but reading. Knowledge Quest, 37(5): 18-25.

A persuasive article on the value of self-selected reading as a method of reading instruction. Review studies related to the impact of self-selected reading programs and access to libraries as a factor in high reading skills. Also review several alternate types of reading instruction, including several non-reading programs and a range of phonics-based instruction methods. Two methods for promoting reading are suggested: narrow reading (extensive reading on one topic), and self-selected reading (wide reading on self-selected topics). Examples of alternative reading instruction could have been chosen more objectively, but the value of high-interest reading materials is clearly defined.

National Research Council. (1998). Preventing reading difficulties in young children. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Report of the National Research Council on a review of research in early reading development, in order to construct an overall picture of how children learn to read, predictors of reading difficulty, and what interventions and education methods can be employed to overcome reading problems. Part one presents an introduction to literacy and reading development. Part two discusses predictors of reading difficulties and method for detection. Part three presents prevention and intervention strategies, including a discussion about training parents and the benefits of family literacy programs.

National Research Council. (1999). Starting out right: A guide to promoting children’s reading success. Burns, S.M., Griffin, P., Snow, C., eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Guide from the NRC on how parents, caregivers and educators can promote reading development in children. Begins with an introduction to basic early reading skills and how children begin to learn to use text. Two chapters present literacy skill areas and activities for children by age level, with activity ideas, examples, case studies and books lists for parents, caregivers and educators to use in working with children as they learn to read. The final chapter discusses risk factors and intervention strategies for children who are at risk or who fall behind.

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National Reading Panel. (2000). Report of the National Reading Panel: Teaching children to read, an evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. Rockville, MD: NICHD Clearninghouse.

Report of the National Reading Panel on a review of research on teaching children to read, in order to determine the most important skills and best instructional methods for teaching children to become independent readers. Findings are presented for the topics of Alphabetics, Fluency, Comprehension, Teacher Education, and Computer Technology. Though few concrete suggestions were made for applying findings to classroom instruction, the panel offered findings for each topic on research methods and approaches that have been successful in improving children’s reading ability.

Neuman, S. (1999). Books make a difference: A study of access to literacy. Reading Research Quarterly 34(3): 286-311.

Research report on the “Books Aloud” program, which provided a large number of Philadelphia daycare sites with books, training and advice about promoting stories to children. Evaluated the impact of these resources on children’s early literacy skills. Found that proximity of reading materials increases children’s interest in and use of books, but that it is also vital to have encouraging and engaged caregivers to guide their reading. There was no long-term improvement in early literacy skills, suggesting that longer-term and more intensive training and interventions are needed.

Neuman, S. (1996). Children engaging in storybook reading: The influence of access to print resources, opportunity, and parental interaction. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 11(4): 495-513.

Study evaluating the effect of parent-child interaction during storybook reading on literacy developments, and how the interaction is influenced by the type of text (from predicable to narrative-based) and level of parent reading proficiency. Finds that with better access to books and guidance in how to engage in conversation around a story, all parents had a positive effect on children’s emergent literacy skills. In particular, children of parents with lower reading proficiency showed higher gains in emergent literacy skills.

Shore, R. (1997). Rethinking the brain. New York: Families and Work Institute.

Presents research based on a national conference on early brain development held in 1996, which was the basis for the “I Am Your Child” campaign. Important findings include the remarkable rate of brain development in the first years of life, the importance of prevention and intervention for children at risk of developmental problems, and the need to encourage and equip parents, caregivers, and the community to promote children’s learning.

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Taylor, D. (1997). Many families, many literacies: An international declaration of principles. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Trade.

Presents a variety of viewpoints and perspectives from around the world on the issue of family literacy, including its definition and approaches to understanding the many types of literacies. Includes an article by Sandra Feinberg describing parent/child family literacy workshops in libraries, titled “Learning through Play at the Public Library.”

Wasik, B. (2004). Handbook of family literacy. Mahway, N.J.: Erlbaum Associates, 2004.

Research into the history, current practices, and future of family literacy programs. Chapter 1 introduces the development of family literacy programs in the U.S. including discussion of primary concepts (such as “family” and “family literacy”) and primary issues impacting the field (including poverty, education theories and changing demographics). Chapter 2 traces the history of family literacy programs in England. Libraries are mentioned several times through the handbook, in relation to their role in supporting family literacy programs.

Whitehurst, G.J. and Lonigan, C.J. (1998). Child development and emergent literacy. Child Development, 69(3): 848-872.

A review of emergent literacy research, including an overview of its basic skills and assumptions. Presents research on the core components of emergent literacy, the impact of home and school environments on emergent literacy skills, and the results of several emergent literacy intervention programs. Dialogic reading, which has become an important part of current early literacy library programs, is discussed. Concludes with areas for further research on this topic and public policy implications for establishing intervention programs.

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Timeline of U.S. Library Literacy Programs

1833: First public library founded in the United States in Peterborough, New Hampshire.

1890’s: Libraries begin to offer services for English as a Second Language learners.

1896: First children’s rooms at the Pratt Institute in Brooklen and Providence Public Library in Rhode Island. Some of the first library story hours also began at this time at the Pratt Institute.

1897: First library summer reading programs.

1900: ALA forms a special division for children’s libraries.

1900-1920’s: The Carnegie foundation provides funds to the ALA for the creation of reading lists. Also, the foundation provides endowments to open public libraries throughout the U.S. (and the world) with the aim of providing lifelong education for the public.

1924: The Carnegie foundation funds an ALA study of adult education, resulting in the ALA publication, Libraries and Adult Education, which included teaching of reading as a component of library adult education programs.

ALA establishes the Commission on Library and Adult Education.

1926: ALA establishes the Board on Library and Adult Education, which is renamed in1937 to the Adult Education Board. Lasts until 1955.

1941: ALA division for children and young people formed, now the ALSC.

1946: The Public Library Division of the ALA establishes the Adult Education Section

1949: ALA, in association with the Social Science Research Council, conducts the Public Library Inquiry. The report returns discouraging news about the impact of libraries on public education, but libraries respond by raising efforts to reach non-users and the disadvantaged.

1951: Ford Foundation grant awarded to ALA, which results in a series of adult education projects, including a study of programs. The results are published in Helen Lyman’s Adult Education Activities in Public Libraries.

1952: ALA creates the Office of Adult Education with further Ford Foundation funding.

1956: The Library Services Act is passed. This act sets the stage for funding of libraries in unserved areas, especially rural communities. This act is amended in 1964 to become the

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Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA), which will become a major source of library literacy funding for many years.

1957: ALA forms the Adult Services Division.

1960’s: “Outreach” to the disadvantaged and the underserved is a major focus of library service.

1964-1967: A series of education and economic development legislation begins to provide funding for libraries to establish literacy programs. Most significant are:

the Economic Opportunity Act, under which libraries qualify for grants for adult education

Title IIB of the Higher Education Act, titled the Library Research and Demonstration Program, which provided over a million dollars of funding to library literacy projects.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act and Adult Basic Education Act, both of which provide funding for library education projects

1964: ALA study on adult literacy programs, financed by the J. Morris Jones-World Book Encyclopedia-ALA Goals Committee.

1968: ALA forms the Coordinating Committee on Library Service to the Disadvantaged, which is promoted in 1970 to the Office for Library Services to the Disadvantaged (OLSD). In 1978, the name is changed to the Office for Library Outreach Services.

1970’s: “Information and referral” are a major focus of library services.

1970: The Library Services Program, established under amendments to the LSCA Act, is an important source of funding for library literacy efforts.

1970: The Adult Performance Level study, conducted by the U.S. Office of Education, establishes the meaning of “functional literacy,” leading to increased focus on literacy campaigns and advocacy.

1975: A project by PLA and OLSD to create a handbook for libraries on literacy activities results in Helen Lyman’s Literacy and the Nation’s Libraries.

1977: The Center for the Book in the Library Congress is established.

1978-1979: The OLOS Literacy Training Project conducts three workshops across the country to train librarians in establishing literacy programs, identifying community needs and collaborating with literacy providers (one workshop was held in Bloomington, IN).

1979: First White House Conference on Library and Information Services. One resolution is for increased library efforts in literacy education.

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1981: ALA forms the National Coalition for Literacy with 11 other literacy, education, and media organizations. This is a major media campaign to raise awareness of literacy and provide opportunities for people to volunteer or find help with literacy problems.

1984: LSCA is amended to become the Library Literacy Program (LSP), providing more money to state and public library literacy programs.

1986: U.S. Department of Education commissions a study on library literacy programs from the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Librarianship. Results in a planning manual on organizing library literacy programs.

Congress appropriates $5 million for library literacy.

Project Literacy US, a collaboration between PBS and ABC to raise awareness of literacy, is launched.

1989: ALA convenes the Literacy Assembly.

The Bell-Atlantic/ALA Literacy Project: A Partnership to Fight Illiteracy.

1990’s: Family literacy programs are more prominent in libraries, thanks to grants from Bell Atlantic, the Viburnum Foundation, and Cargill, Inc.

1991: Second White House Conference on Libraries and Information Services. One focus is on library and information services for literacy.

The National Literacy Act is passed, creating the National Institute for Literacy.

1993: National Adult Literacy Survey, sponsored by the National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES). This study established definitions and ranges of literacy that were used in subsequent literacy surveys, such as the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS, conducted between 1994 and 1999).

1995: ALA’s OLOS changes its name to Office For Literacy and Outreach Services (OLOS), from the Office for Library Outreach Services. The new name reflects a stronger focus on literacy services.

1995: The Lila-Wallace Reader’s Digest Fund finances the “Literacy in Libraries Across America” (LILAA) project, which provided grants to libraries across the country to further develop their literacy programs. Also, funds were provided for a Literacy Officer in OLOS.

1996: The Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) is passed. This act is part of the Museum and Library Services Act (MLSA), which shifts funding for library and museum services (including the Library Services Program) from the Department of Education to the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS). The importance of libraries to lifelong learning is still emphasized.

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1998: The Reading Excellence Act and Workforce Investment Act provide opportunities for library literacy program grants.

1998: ALA adopts literacy as one of their five key action areas.

1998: ALA funds a full-time Literacy Officer in the OLOS.

2000: First National Literacy Summit sponsored by the National Institute for Literacy, which brings together organizations concerned with adult literacy.

ALA establishes the Literacy Committee.

The PLA and ALSC work with the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to organize Every Child Ready to Read @ Your Library. This program uses library workshops to disseminate information on early literacy research to parents and caregivers.

2001: ALA establishes the Standing Committee on Literacy

BuildLiteracy.org is established. This is ALA’s online resource for collaboration and resources for library literacy programs

2001: The Verizon Literacy Network is formed. This foundation provides grants and collaboration opportunities for libraries. Most recently, they funded ALA’s Libraries, Literacy & Gaming program, which just awarded grants for gaming literacy initiatives in public libraries.

2003: The MLSA is reauthorized with increased funding allotments, but with a shifted focus to technology-related projects.

2003: National Assessment of Adult Literacy Survey, sponsored by the NCES second national study of literacy levels in the U.S. Findings are still being made available, but have found little difference in prose and document literacy, and improvements in quantitative literacy.

2009: First annual national library literacy summit (webcast around the nation), titled Literacy for ALL: Libraries, Literacy and Advocacy.

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Literacy Organizations and Programs

U.S.Adult Literacy Resource Institute (http://sabes.org/boston/) America’s Literacy Directory (http://literacydirectory.org/)ALA Office for Literacy and Outreach Services

(http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/olos/index.cfm) Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy (www.barbarabushfoundation.com)Book Bank (http://www.thebbf.org/about.html)Books Aloud (http://www.library.phila.gov/libserv/booksaloud.htm) Books for Kids (http://www.booksforkids.org/)Born Learning (www.bornlearning.org)BuildLiteracy.org (www.buildliteracy.org) EvenStart Association (www.eventstart.org) English as a Second Language in the USA (www.eslinusa.com) Every Child a Reader and Writer (http://www.insidewritingworkshop.org/about/)Every Child Ready to Read @ Your Library

(http://www.lita.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alsc/ecrr/index.cfm) First Book (http://www.firstbook.org/)International Literacy Institute at Upenn (http://www.literacy.org/) Library of Congress Center for the Book (http://www.read.gov/cfb) Literacy Assistance Center (www.lacnyc.org) National Center for Family Literacy (www.famlit.org) National Children's Book and Literacy Alliance (http://www.thencbla.org/)National Coalition for Literacy (http://www.national-coalition-literacy.org/)National Institute for Literacy (www.nifl.gov) National Literacy Coalition (http://www.nationalliteracycoalition.org/index.aspx)National Reading Panel (http://www.nationalreadingpanel.org/) Reach Out and Read (http://www.reachoutandread.org/)Reading is Fundamental (http://www.rif.org/)Room to Read (http://www.roomtoread.org/) Read Across America (http://www.nea.org/readacross)USA Learns! (www.usalearns.org)

CANADACODE (http://www.codecan.org/en/code)LiteracyBC (http://www.literacybc.ca/)National Adult Literacy Database (http://www.nald.ca/index.htm)

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Office of Literacy and Essential Skills (http://www.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/oles/olesindex_en.shtml)

U.K.Book Start (http://www.bookstart.org.uk/Home)Framework for the Future

(http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/publications/4505.aspx/) National Young Reader’s Programme (http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/nyrp)Reading for Life (http://www.readingforlife.org.uk/ )People’s Network (http://www.peoplesnetwork.gov.uk/)World Book Day (U.K. and Ireland) (http://www.worldbookday.com/)

INTERNATIONALIFLA Section on Literacy and Reading (http://www.ifla.org/en/literacy-and-reading)International Reading Association (http://www.reading.org/General/Default.aspx)International Literacy Day (http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/literacy/)Proliteracy Worldwide (http://www.proliteracy.org)UNESCO’s Education for All program (http://www.unesco.org/en/efa/)UNESCO’s LIFE campaign: Literacy Initiative for Empowerment

(http://www.unesco.org/en/literacy/)UNESCO’s Decade of Literacy program (http://www.unesco.org/en/literacy/why-the-

literacy-decade/)