The Role of Korean / Korean-American The Role of Korean / Korean-American Scientists and Engineers Scientists and Engineers

and their Contribution to Global Society and their Contribution to Global Society

Dr. Jung Uck Seo, LFIEEE, FIEE, ChEngDr. Jung Uck Seo, LFIEEE, FIEE, ChEngFormer Minister of Science & TechnologyFormer Minister of Science & Technology

Republic of KoreaRepublic of Korea

Let us take a journey through the most Let us take a journey through the most

spectacular 100 years in the history of spectacular 100 years in the history of

science and engineering, and learn how our science and engineering, and learn how our

knowledge and skills have grown from the knowledge and skills have grown from the

1900 to today so that we may prepare for the 1900 to today so that we may prepare for the

future.future.

History is the Teacher of Future Leaders

19001900: Patients battle illness, : Patients battle illness, while doctors cans do little while doctors cans do little more than counseling, more than counseling, comforting, and keeping comforting, and keeping them clean.them clean.

Today:Today: Doctors treat and often Doctors treat and often cure patients with a vast cure patients with a vast array of medicines and array of medicines and medical technologies, but medical technologies, but some diseases are still some diseases are still incurable.incurable.

Matters of Life and Death: Medicine and Health

1900:1900: The Milky Way galaxy The Milky Way galaxy (including some unexplained (including some unexplained nebular clouds) is the known nebular clouds) is the known universe. Newton's laws explain universe. Newton's laws explain the physical world. Matter is the physical world. Matter is composed of atoms.composed of atoms.

Today:Today: The Milky Way is just one The Milky Way is just one galaxy among countless galaxy among countless millions we have observed in millions we have observed in the universe. There is no set of the universe. There is no set of laws that explains all laws that explains all phenomena in the physical phenomena in the physical world, although there are many world, although there are many theories. Atoms are composed theories. Atoms are composed of many subatomic particles, all of many subatomic particles, all of which derive from energy.of which derive from energy.

Mysteries of the Universe: Physics and Astronomy

1900:1900: There is no cure for the There is no cure for the mentally ill, who are confined mentally ill, who are confined to asylums. "Mind" and "body" to asylums. "Mind" and "body" are thought of as two separate are thought of as two separate things.things.

Today:Today: Mental illness can be Mental illness can be treated with a range of treated with a range of therapies and medications. We therapies and medications. We know a great deal about the know a great deal about the chemistry and the parts of the chemistry and the parts of the brain that control our behavior brain that control our behavior and thoughts.and thoughts.

In Search of Ourselves: Human Behavior

1900:1900: The only way to view the The only way to view the Olympic games in Paris is in Olympic games in Paris is in person. News about the games person. News about the games travels to America via telegraph travels to America via telegraph and is printed in newspapers.and is printed in newspapers.

Today:Today: Millions worldwide will Millions worldwide will watch the 2008 Beijing Olympics watch the 2008 Beijing Olympics on television, transmitted on television, transmitted instantaneously via satellite. instantaneously via satellite. The news will spread as well by The news will spread as well by radio, newspaper, and the World radio, newspaper, and the World Wide Web.Wide Web.

Bigger, Better, Faster: Technology

1900:1900: There is no good explanation for There is no good explanation for catastrophic events such as catastrophic events such as earthquakes. The Earth is thought earthquakes. The Earth is thought to be a mere 50 million years old to be a mere 50 million years old and the theory of the evolution of and the theory of the evolution of species is hotly debated.species is hotly debated.

Today:Today: The plates that make up the The plates that make up the Earth's crust move over time Earth's crust move over time causing earthquakes and causing earthquakes and volcanoes. The earth is known to be volcanoes. The earth is known to be 4,500 million years old. The genetic 4,500 million years old. The genetic code of DNA, which drives code of DNA, which drives evolution, is better understood evolution, is better understood every day.every day.

Origins: Earth and Life Sciences

The US Higher Education, Science, Engineering and MedicineThe US Higher Education, Science, Engineering and Medicine

1862: Morrill Act (The Land-Grant Colleges)1862: Morrill Act (The Land-Grant Colleges) 1863: The National Academy of Sciences (NAS)1863: The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) 1887: The Laboratory of Hygiene, 1930: Ransdell Act (NIH)1887: The Laboratory of Hygiene, 1930: Ransdell Act (NIH) 1895: Alfred Nobel Prize 1916: The National Research Council (NRC)1916: The National Research Council (NRC) 1945: 1945: Vannevar Bush (1890 – 1974): Science, The Endless FrontierScience, The Endless Frontier 1950: T1950: The National Science Foundation (NSF)he National Science Foundation (NSF) 1964: The National Academy of Engineering (NAE)1964: The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) 1970: The Institute of Medicine (IOM)1970: The Institute of Medicine (IOM)

The Morrill Act: The Land-Grant Colleges

In 1862, Congressman Justin Morrill of Vermont passed an In 1862, Congressman Justin Morrill of Vermont passed an act to give every state remaining in the Union a grant of act to give every state remaining in the Union a grant of 30,000 acres of public land for each member of its 30,000 acres of public land for each member of its congressional delegation. congressional delegation.

Since every state had at least two senators and one Since every state had at least two senators and one representative, even the smallest state received 90,000 representative, even the smallest state received 90,000 acres. acres.

The states were to sell this land and use the proceeds to The states were to sell this land and use the proceeds to establish colleges in establish colleges in engineering, agriculture, and military engineering, agriculture, and military sciencescience. Over seventy "land grant" colleges were . Over seventy "land grant" colleges were established under the original Morrill Act; a second act in established under the original Morrill Act; a second act in 1890 extended the land grant provisions to the sixteen 1890 extended the land grant provisions to the sixteen southern states.southern states.

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was signed into being by President Abraham Lincoln on March 3, 1863. As mandated in its Act of Incorporation, the Academy has served to investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art whenever called upon to do so by any department of the government.The National Research Council (NRC) was organized in time of war. Whereas the NAS was founded in 1863 in the midst of the American Civil War, the NRC was founded in 1916 against the backdrop of the World War I, which had consumed Europe since August 1914 and threatened to involve the US as well.The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) was founded in 1964 to provide engineering leadership in service to the nation by the same congressional act of incorporation that established the NAS. Under this charter, it is directed to be called upon whenever any department or agency of the government needs investigation, examination, experimentation, and report on any subject of science or art.The Institute of Medicine (IOM) was chartered in 1970 as a component of the NAS. It It is ais a nonprofit organization created for science-based advice on matters of biomedical science, medicine, and health.

The US National Academies

Vannevar Bush: an engineer and science administrator

In 1941 the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) was In 1941 the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) was subsumed into the Office of Scientific Research and Development subsumed into the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) with Bush as director.(OSRD) with Bush as director.

Bush controlled the Bush controlled the Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project until 1943 (when until 1943 (when administration was assumed by the Army) and which also administration was assumed by the Army) and which also coordinated scientific research during coordinated scientific research during World War IIWorld War II. In all, OSRD . In all, OSRD directed 30,000 men and oversaw development of some 200 directed 30,000 men and oversaw development of some 200 weapons and instrumentalities of war: weapons and instrumentalities of war: sonar, radar, the proximity sonar, radar, the proximity fuse, amphibious vehicles, fuse, amphibious vehicles, andand the Norden bomb sight the Norden bomb sight, all critical in , all critical in winning the war. winning the war.

At one time, 2/3 of all the nation’s physicists were working under At one time, 2/3 of all the nation’s physicists were working under Bush’s direction. OSRD contributed to many advances in the Bush’s direction. OSRD contributed to many advances in the physical sciences and medicine, including the mass production of physical sciences and medicine, including the mass production of penicillin and sulfa drugs.penicillin and sulfa drugs.

At OSRD Bush directed overall policy while delegating supervision At OSRD Bush directed overall policy while delegating supervision of divisions to qualified colleagues and letting them do their job of divisions to qualified colleagues and letting them do their job without interference. Bush obtained adequate funds from the without interference. Bush obtained adequate funds from the President and Congress and coordinated research among President and Congress and coordinated research among government, academia, and industry. government, academia, and industry.

Vannevar Bush: an engineer and science administrator He kept the confidence of the military on the ability of civilians to He kept the confidence of the military on the ability of civilians to

observe security regulations, and exempting the draft of young observe security regulations, and exempting the draft of young scientists into the armed forces.scientists into the armed forces.

Bushen visioned an equivalent peacetime government R&D agency Bushen visioned an equivalent peacetime government R&D agency that would replace OSRD, considering basic research as the key to that would replace OSRD, considering basic research as the key to national survival, both from a military point of view and in the national survival, both from a military point of view and in the commercial arena requiring government support. commercial arena requiring government support.

In July 1945, Bush wrote a report to the President: In July 1945, Bush wrote a report to the President: Science, The Science, The Endless Frontier, Endless Frontier, saying “Basic Research is the pacemaker of saying “Basic Research is the pacemaker of technological progress” and “New products and new processes do technological progress” and “New products and new processes do not appear full-grown. They are founded on new principles and new not appear full-grown. They are founded on new principles and new conceptions, which in turn are painstakingly developed by research conceptions, which in turn are painstakingly developed by research in the purest realms of science”. in the purest realms of science”.

Bush recommended the creation of the Bush recommended the creation of the National Science Foundation National Science Foundation (NSF)(NSF) in 1950 to cement academia, industry and the military which in 1950 to cement academia, industry and the military which had been forged during the war.had been forged during the war.

Korea owes the great discoveries and inventions of thescientists and engineers worldwide. A pledge in the minds A pledge in the minds of Korean scientists and engineers would be:of Korean scientists and engineers would be:““No doubt, these knowledge and skills of the 20th century No doubt, these knowledge and skills of the 20th century altered profoundly not only the quality of our life but also altered profoundly not only the quality of our life but also our attitudes toward fellow beings. However, very few, if our attitudes toward fellow beings. However, very few, if any, of these pioneering discoveries and inventions were any, of these pioneering discoveries and inventions were led by Koreans.led by Koreans.A challenge for Korean scientists and engineers would be A challenge for Korean scientists and engineers would be that for the 21st century, in order for Korea to excel in its that for the 21st century, in order for Korea to excel in its knowledge prowess, they must “think out of the box” to knowledge prowess, they must “think out of the box” to ensure that Korean people could and would contribute to ensure that Korean people could and would contribute to the science and technology of this century.the science and technology of this century.This means that by the end of the 21st century, they could This means that by the end of the 21st century, they could proudly point to some of the achievements - which are yet proudly point to some of the achievements - which are yet to be created – led by Koreanto be created – led by Korean”.”.

Nobel PrizeNobel Prize

It is my expressed wish that in awarding the prizesIt is my expressed wish that in awarding the prizes

no consideration whatever shall be given to the no consideration whatever shall be given to the

nationality of the candidates, so that the most nationality of the candidates, so that the most

worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be

Scandinavian or notScandinavian or not. Alfred Nobel. Alfred Nobel

Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist, industrialist, and Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist, industrialist, and the inventor of the the inventor of the dynamitedynamite. He wrote several wills dur. He wrote several wills during his lifetime and the last was written a year before hiing his lifetime and the last was written a year before his death and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Ps death and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on November 27, 1895.aris on November 27, 1895.

He was uneasy with the military usage of dynamite. ThiHe was uneasy with the military usage of dynamite. This was deepened by a premature obituary of himself, pus was deepened by a premature obituary of himself, published in error by a French newspaper on the occasioblished in error by a French newspaper on the occasion of the death of his brother Ludvig, condemning him an of the death of his brother Ludvig, condemning him as a "merchant of death." s a "merchant of death."

Nobel bequeathed 94 percent of his total assets, millionNobel bequeathed 94 percent of his total assets, million SEK (€3.4 m, US$4.4 m), for the establishment of five p SEK (€3.4 m, US$4.4 m), for the establishment of five prizes.rizes.

Alfred NobelAlfred Nobel

Six Nobel PrizesSix Nobel PrizesThe interest shall be divided into five equal parts: One The interest shall be divided into five equal parts: One part to the person, the most important discovery or part to the person, the most important discovery or invention in the field of invention in the field of physicsphysics; one part to the person, ; one part to the person, the most important the most important chemicalchemical discovery or improvement; discovery or improvement; one part to the person, the most important discovery in one part to the person, the most important discovery in the field of the field of physiology or medicinephysiology or medicine; one part to the ; one part to the person in the field of person in the field of literature,literature, the most outstanding the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the

person, person, the most or the best work for fraternity among nations, the most or the best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of the holding and promotion of peacepeace congresses. congresses. The The economics economics prize was instituted in 1968 at the prize was instituted in 1968 at the tercentenary of the Bank of Sweden. The first prize was tercentenary of the Bank of Sweden. The first prize was awarded in 1969.awarded in 1969.

A prognosis for Korea in 1948A prognosis for Korea in 1948““Korea can never attain a high standard of living. Korea can never attain a high standard of living. There are virtually no creative Human Resource There are virtually no creative Human Resource with the technical knowledge nor skills required to with the technical knowledge nor skills required to take advantage of Korea's resources and effect an take advantage of Korea's resources and effect an improvement over its primitive rice-economy improvement over its primitive rice-economy status. status. When the US forces withdraw and stop sending in When the US forces withdraw and stop sending in supplies, it will be reduced to a ‘bull-cart supplies, it will be reduced to a ‘bull-cart economy’, and many a million non-farmers will economy’, and many a million non-farmers will face starvation.”face starvation.”

Challenge on top of misfortuneChallenge on top of misfortune

The situation looked even more bleak in the summer of The situation looked even more bleak in the summer of 1950 when the Korean War broke out.1950 when the Korean War broke out.

Cities and villages became battlefronts and the whole Cities and villages became battlefronts and the whole country was destroyed by gunfire and bombing from country was destroyed by gunfire and bombing from both sides.both sides.

The nation still remained divided by the 38th Parallel.The nation still remained divided by the 38th Parallel. Challenge: educate its people (HRD) and transform its Challenge: educate its people (HRD) and transform its

“bull-cart economy” into a knowledge-based ICT “bull-cart economy” into a knowledge-based ICT economy for the future.economy for the future.

Korea in ’50Korea in ’50 Korea todayKorea today

The knowledge and skills, building on the pervasive The knowledge and skills, building on the pervasive influence of modern science & technology, brought a influence of modern science & technology, brought a fundamental reshaping of the Korean economy. What is fundamental reshaping of the Korean economy. What is underway today is a transformation of “Education” or underway today is a transformation of “Education” or ““Innovation in HRD”.Innovation in HRD”.

 

Korea today isn’t built alone… Higher education and training: USHigher education and training: US National security: ROK-US alliance, UNNational security: ROK-US alliance, UN Socio-economic development: US, WB, TradeSocio-economic development: US, WB, Trade Scientific knowledge and technical skills: World Scientific knowledge and technical skills: World

Remember the Korean War veterans… Remember the Korean War veterans… Without their sacrifice, Korea today would not Without their sacrifice, Korea today would not exist.exist.

ROK-US Science & Technology CollaborationROK-US Science & Technology Collaboration

Seoul, Korea 1965Seoul, Korea 1965

LBJ Speech: ROK National Assembly, Seoul, Nov 2, 1966LBJ Speech: ROK National Assembly, Seoul, Nov 2, 1966

Mr. Speaker, Members of the Assembly: 16 years ago an event occurred in Korea that changed the shape of Asia and the world ----On a June morning in 1950, we woke up to learn that a communist army had smashed into the Republic of Korea without warning or provocation. Many Americans at that time could not locate Korea on the map. We were concerned mainly with the Communist threat to Europe and the rebuilding of that continent. Asia seemed remote and beyond the pale of our interest ----For here is one of the truly dramatic stories of our time – A nation transformed within a generation. I hope that a great historian will soon record the story: of how an ancient nation has emerged from the shadows of its colonial past and from the tragedy of war to become one of the youngest and the most vigorous constitutional democracies in the world.

I want a historian toto tell how this nation - through no fault of its own – was divided, and invaded, and almost destroyed, -- record that, when the fighting stopped, Korea faced every conceivable difficulty: its cities in ashes, millions of

refugees, transportation in ruins, factories idle, inflation rampant, and unemployment high. -- tell of the men and women who guided this nation through those terrible years; of their greatness and their shortcomings; of their foresight and their errors. -- describe the student uprising, the military revolt, and then the achievement of constitutional government in the fall of 1963. -- recall the sense of triumph and accomplishment – when the votes were cast and counted, and the people had made their choice of who would govern. -- record how you have taken your stand with other nations that are helping South Vietnam to resist a new Communist tactic, one that combines external aggression with internal terror…..

---- I want him to record the astonishing economic and social progress that you have made working together in unity here in Korea: record harvests in the last 3 years, and rapid industrialization have given Korea a growth rate of 8% a year- one of the highest in the world; commodity exports have grown from $41m in 1961 to an estimated $250m this year; foreign exchange earnings are almost five times greater now than in 1961; serious inflation has been controlled; the rate of population growth has been brought down and thus you have dealt with one of Korea's – and the world's – most pressing problems; thousands of acres of new land have been reclaimed and terraced, where farm families can settle and thrive; your forests, devastated by war, have been replenished by conservation and new planting; you have launched a new institute of science and technology, of great promise for your future growth; you have encouraged, through your 90% literacy rate, and through the passion of your people for education, a new generation of highly trained young men and women to take their place in industry, in government, in schools, and in your armed forces. ----

Korea Institute of Science & TechnologyKorea Institute of Science & Technology

2828

1970: 1970: Agency for Defense Development Agency for Defense Development Mission: Research, Development, Test and Evaluation of Mission: Research, Development, Test and Evaluation of weapons, equipments and related technologies to reinforceweapons, equipments and related technologies to reinforce

defense capability for self-reliant national defense.defense capability for self-reliant national defense.

1974: R&D Center for Missile and Aircraft 1974: R&D Center for Missile and Aircraft 1976: R&D Center for Naval Weapon System 1976: R&D Center for Naval Weapon System 1977: Defense Systems Test Center1977: Defense Systems Test Center1981: Defense Quality Assurance Agency 1981: Defense Quality Assurance Agency 1995: Naval Weapon System Proving Ground & Test Range 1995: Naval Weapon System Proving Ground & Test Range 1999: Institute for Defense Information System1999: Institute for Defense Information System

Electric Power DevelopmentElectric Power DevelopmentBase of Industrial DevelopmentBase of Industrial Development

64,607,000

46,387,000

-

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

1963 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Actual Generation (kW)

1960 Installed Capacity: 270k kW 2005 Installed Capacity: 65M kW

Source: KEPCO

Industry DevelopmentIndustry DevelopmentOnce, Korea flattened cast-off oil drums to build Once, Korea flattened cast-off oil drums to build buses, running on scrapped US military truck buses, running on scrapped US military truck engines. engines.

Now, Korea trades hi-tech goods and services with Now, Korea trades hi-tech goods and services with global market. It roles sedans and buses of every global market. It roles sedans and buses of every type out, and enables every single Korean to enjoy type out, and enables every single Korean to enjoy cell-phone and Internet at anytime, anywhere, with cell-phone and Internet at anytime, anywhere, with anybody. anybody.

Korea also becomes a major supplier of steel and Korea also becomes a major supplier of steel and semiconductor products, and launches the largest semiconductor products, and launches the largest oil tankers and ships the world has ever built.oil tankers and ships the world has ever built.

Labor-intensive Products Labor-intensive Products → → Hi-tech ProductsHi-tech Products 1961 (1961 (USDUSD 41 41M totalM total)) 1. Iron Ores1. Iron Ores

2. Tungsten2. Tungsten

3. Raw Yarns3. Raw Yarns

4. Coals4. Coals

5. Cuttlefish5. Cuttlefish

6. Live Fish6. Live Fish

7. Graphite7. Graphite

8. Plywood8. Plywood

9. Rice9. Rice

10.Swine Bristles10.Swine Bristles

2006 (2006 (USDUSD 326 326B totalB total)) 1. Semiconductor1. Semiconductor

2. Automobile2. Automobile

3. Wireless com Apparatus3. Wireless com Apparatus

4. Computer4. Computer

5. Vessel5. Vessel

6. Petroleum Products6. Petroleum Products

7. Synthetic Resin7. Synthetic Resin

8. Steel Flat-rolled Products8. Steel Flat-rolled Products

9. Video Apparatus9. Video Apparatus

10.Automobile Parts10.Automobile Parts

Korean ExportsKorean Exports

RemarksKorea is the first country in economic history whose world Korea is the first country in economic history whose world trade became the 12th in volume over 40 years starting trade became the 12th in volume over 40 years starting from such an initially low position as Korea. It is a success from such an initially low position as Korea. It is a success based on the combination of the high literacy rate, strong based on the combination of the high literacy rate, strong government initiatives, and the positive response from the government initiatives, and the positive response from the private sector. In order to succeed, the government had to private sector. In order to succeed, the government had to develop an intensive human resource development develop an intensive human resource development program for R&D in support of the related industries. program for R&D in support of the related industries. The effective execution of government’s initiatives remains The effective execution of government’s initiatives remains the best way to alleviate poverty in the nation. Just as the best way to alleviate poverty in the nation. Just as important is the way people think: “ we can do it.” important is the way people think: “ we can do it.”

3333

Name of IndexName of IndexKorea’s RankingKorea’s Ranking

20012001 20022002 20032003 20042004

International Telecom. Union International Telecom. Union

Digital Access IndexDigital Access Index-- --

44

(178)(178)--

Economist Intelligence Unit Economist Intelligence Unit

e-Learning Readiness Rankingse-Learning Readiness Rankings-- --

55

(60)(60)--

United Nations United Nations

e-Government Readiness e-Government Readiness --

1515

(190)(190)

1313

(191)(191)

55

(191)(191)

UN UN

Online Participation IndexOnline Participation Index-- --

1212

(191)(191)

66

(191)(191)

Int. Data Corp./World TimesInt. Data Corp./World Times

Information Society IndexInformation Society Index

1919

(55)(55)

1818

(55)(55)

1616

(53)(53)

88

(53)(53)

EIU EIU

e-Readiness Indexe-Readiness Index

2121

(60)(60)

2121

(60)(60)

1616

(60)(60)

1414

(64)(64)

World Economic Forum World Economic Forum

Network Readiness IndexNetwork Readiness Index

2020

(75)(75)

1414

(82)(82)

2020

(102)(102)

2424

(104)(104)

Brown UniversityBrown University

Global E-GovernmentGlobal E-Government

4545

(196)(196)

22

(198)(198)

8787

(198)(198)

3232

(198)(198)

Korea’s Ranking in Various Index

World Bank and Korea

WB Country analysis: WB Country analysis: KoreaKorea

1969 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

1969 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Environmental Technology Development

Vocational Schools Development Project

Financial Intermediation Project

Science Education and Libraries Computerization

Environmental Research and Education Project

Technology Advancement Project Series (Projects 1-3)

Universities S&T Research Project

Health Technology Project

Vocational Education Project

Technology Development Project Series (Projects 1-3)

Industrial Finance Project

Education Sector Loan Project- Programs for S&T Education

Small and Medium Industry Bank Project Series

Education Projects (Projects 1-5) Support to Secondary and Vocational Schools

Heavy Machinery Project

Electronics Technology Project

Small and Medium Machinery Industry Project

WB Country analysis: Korea Education Projects(Projects 1-5) Support to Secondary and Vocational SchoolsEducation Projects(Projects 1-5) Support to Secondary and Vocational Schools Heavy Machinery ProjectHeavy Machinery Project Electronics Technology ProjectElectronics Technology Project Small and Medium Machinery Industry ProjectSmall and Medium Machinery Industry Project Technology Development Project Series(Project 1-3) Financial Intermediation ProjectTechnology Development Project Series(Project 1-3) Financial Intermediation Project Industrial Finance ProjectIndustrial Finance Project Education Sector Loan Project-Programs for S&T EducationEducation Sector Loan Project-Programs for S&T Education Small and Medium Industry Bank Project SeriesSmall and Medium Industry Bank Project Series Technology Advancement Project Series(Project 1-3)Technology Advancement Project Series(Project 1-3) University S&T Research ProjectUniversity S&T Research Project Health Technology ProjectHealth Technology Project Vocational Education ProjectVocational Education Project Vocational Schools Development ProjectVocational Schools Development Project Science Education and Libraries ComputerizationScience Education and Libraries Computerization Environmental Research and Education ProjectEnvironmental Research and Education Project Environmental Technology Development Environmental Technology Development

World Bank

World Bank

How has Korea been changed during the last 40 years?How has Korea been changed during the last 40 years?

The variation of R&D expenditures in the last 40 yearsThe variation of R&D expenditures in the last 40 years

The relative position among 12 OECD countries in terms of the R&D expenditure The relative position among 12 OECD countries in terms of the R&D expenditure to GDP and number of researchers per 1000 employmentsto GDP and number of researchers per 1000 employments

WB Country analysis: WB Country analysis: Korea (0.0~1.0)Korea (0.0~1.0) Brain retention 0.6Brain retention 0.6 Researchers in R&D per million population 0.4Researchers in R&D per million population 0.4 Total (public and private) expenditure on R&D as % of GDP 0.6Total (public and private) expenditure on R&D as % of GDP 0.6 Royalty and license fees payment per capita 0.4Royalty and license fees payment per capita 0.4 Receipt of royalties and license fees per capita 0.1Receipt of royalties and license fees per capita 0.1 International outsourcing of R&D (domestic ownership of foreign-made International outsourcing of R&D (domestic ownership of foreign-made

inventions as % of all inventions owned by residents) 0.15inventions as % of all inventions owned by residents) 0.15 Share of high- and medium-tech industries in MVA 0.75Share of high- and medium-tech industries in MVA 0.75 Share of high- and medium-tech industries in exports 0.8Share of high- and medium-tech industries in exports 0.8 Imports of machinery and transport equipment as % of total imports 0.5Imports of machinery and transport equipment as % of total imports 0.5 Inward FDI as % of gross capital formation 0.1Inward FDI as % of gross capital formation 0.1 Internet users per 1,000 people 0.7Internet users per 1,000 people 0.7 Average years of schooling of adults 0.9Average years of schooling of adults 0.9

My 50 Years in Science and EngineeringMy 50 Years in Science and Engineering Higher Education: 10 years at home and abroadHigher Education: 10 years at home and abroad Service: 40 years in government, industry and academia Service: 40 years in government, industry and academia Defense communication & electronics: 13 yearsDefense communication & electronics: 13 years Public switching system & network (TDX): 7 yearsPublic switching system & network (TDX): 7 years Mobile phone system & network (CDMA): 6 yearsMobile phone system & network (CDMA): 6 years e-Trade Hub development: 2002~ e-Trade Hub development: 2002~

Build defense RDT&E base and QA capabilityBuild defense RDT&E base and QA capability Facilitate defense industries for national securityFacilitate defense industries for national security Promote ROK-US collaboration of Science & TechnologyPromote ROK-US collaboration of Science & Technology Modernize telecom industries for economic developmentModernize telecom industries for economic development Develop single widow-platform for e-Trade HubDevelop single widow-platform for e-Trade Hub

My Experience in Industrial Development

The analysis, design, RDT&E, production, implementation The analysis, design, RDT&E, production, implementation and O&M phases of the defense electronics and telecom and O&M phases of the defense electronics and telecom systems;systems;

Learn the processes of business process improvement Learn the processes of business process improvement (BPI) and business systems improvement (BSI), and their (BPI) and business systems improvement (BSI), and their similarities to and differences from the system similarities to and differences from the system development cycle;development cycle;

Acquaint with a variety of techniques and develop best Acquaint with a variety of techniques and develop best practices for RDT&E, E&T and O&M in telecom systems; practices for RDT&E, E&T and O&M in telecom systems;

Realize the importance of these techniques as tools; and Realize the importance of these techniques as tools; and Experience both life-cycle management of a large scale Experience both life-cycle management of a large scale

national R&D program management through TDX and national R&D program management through TDX and CDMA programs.CDMA programs.

Example: CDMA System Development CycleExample: CDMA System Development CycleAnalysis-Design-Production/Implementation/OperationAnalysis-Design-Production/Implementation/Operation

AnalysisAnalysis

OperationOperation

DesignDesign

ProductionProduction

ImplementationImplementation

OperationalEvaluation

On-GoingEvaluation

SystemTesting

Korea.

NorthAmerica

Europe

Japan

CDMA(IS-95A,

1996)

CDMA(IS-95A,

1996)IS-95BIS-95B

CDMA2000 1x(Korea, US,

Japan)

CDMA2000 1x(Korea, US,

Japan)1xEV-DO1xEV-DO

• Voice• 14.4 kbps circuit

• Voice• 64 kbps Data• IS-95A compatible

• Voice Capa(x1.5)• 153 kbps Data• IS-95A/B Compatible

EV-DO Rel.A

EV-DO Rel.A

• Higher Cap Voice/ Data• 2.4 Mbps Data• IS-95A/B Compatible

• Voice• 28.8 kbps• PDC Compatible

PDCPDC

• Voice• 9.6 kbps

PDC+PDC+ W-CDMA(Japan)

W-CDMA(Japan)

TDMA(IS-136,1993)

TDMA(IS-136,1993)

EDGE(Europe,US)

EDGE(Europe,US)

GSMGSM GSM GPRSGSM GPRS

• Voice• 9.6 kbps

W-CDMA(Europe,

Korea)

W-CDMA(Europe,

Korea)• 30-40 kbps, Data• GSM Compatible

• High Capacity Voice• 384+ kbps Data

EDGE: Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution GPRS: General Packet Radio Service PDC : Personal Digital Cellular Telecommunication System WWRF: Wireless World Research Forum RAN: Radio Access Network

Example: Mobile Telecom Technology Evolution

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G

AMPS(1983)AMPS(1983)

• Voice• 14.4 kbps circuit

BeforeCellular

HSDPAHSDPA

IMTS(1969)IMTS(1969)

• Voice• 30Km (radius)

IMTS : Improved Mobile Telephone Service AMPS : Advanced Mobile Phone Service TACS : Total Access Communication System NMT : Nordic Mobile Telephone

TACS(1985)TACS(1985)

NMTNMT

TACS(1979)TACS(1979)

Three different paths evolved separately in Europe, North America and Japan till 2.5G WCDMA and CDMA2000 1X EV-DO are families of 3G standards and technologies Discussing on candidate technologies for 4G in Super3G, WWRF, 4G Forum

4G (2010) 100 Mbps All-IP (IP Core & IP RAN)

• 1.8/7.2Mbps, Data

Vehicle

Stationary

Walk

Stationary

Walk

Ind

oo

rO

utd

oo

r

0.10.1 11 1010 100100

Bluetooth?Anything better?Binary CDMA is the choice

WCDMA,cdma2000 1x,

1xEV-DO

MbpsUser Bit rates

WWAN(1xEV-DO, WCDMA) Large Coverage High Cost

WPAN (Bluetooth) Connectivity Low Cost

Wireless LAN

WLAN Hotspot High Speed Low Cost

Mo

bili

ty

4G4G

Example: Evolution towards 4G Network

WiBro; 802.16e Mobile Internet Moderate Cost

Wired LAN

Not a single, many a choices in standards and technologies Pick a most appropriate technology among similar ones at the risk of multiple investment on similar service/market WiBro is a Korean challenge but it requires standardization work and business model development yet Increased competitiveness and the complexity of market environment due to technology-based license

Example: e-Trade Platform DevelopmentExample: e-Trade Platform Development

e-Trade Document Repository

Messaging Hub

MarketingForeign

ExchangeG4C

e-ServiceLogisticsCustoms Settlement

Single Window

Owner / Trading Co.

KFTCSWIFTNetThe Bank of KoreaBanksForeign Exchange Network

Financial Institution

Overseas Branch

Int’l Financial SettlementForeignChamber of Commerce

Global

e-Trade Platform

Global Networking

BilateralConnection

ForeignCustom

s

Foreign Buyer

Shipper / AirlinerForwarderCY,Bonded WarehouseKLNETKILCNational BPR/ISP

Logistics

Customs

Union/AssociationKCCIQuarantine StationInsurance Company Private Institution

License &Certificate

e-Market Placee-Biz SiteTrade Info Site

Trade Leads &Overseas ads

Credit Eval Co.Korea Export Insurance Corporation

Credit Evaluation

Data Warehouse

Foreign Supplier

Portal Gateway

Korea Customs Service

Customs Broker

한국사회 한국사회 100100 대 드라마 ⑧ 기술진보 대 드라마 ⑧ 기술진보 71: IT 71: IT 한국한국

Still, Korea has a long way to go…Still, Korea has a long way to go…

Nobel Prize Laureate R&D Investment Corruption Perception Index

Country Total Economics Peace Literature Physiology / Medicine Chemistry Physics

USA 269 34 18 11 83 51 72

UK 100 7 12 9 26 26 20

Germany / FDR 76 1 4 7 15 27 22

France 49 1 9 13 8 7 11

Sweden 30 2 5 7 8 4 4

Switzerland 22 0 3 2 7 6 4

Russia / USSR 17 1 2 3 2 1 8

Netherlands 15 1 1 0 2 3 8

Italy 14 0 1 6 3 1 3

Denmark 13 0 1 3 5 1 3

Japan 12 0 1 2 1 4 4

Canada 10 1 1 0 2 4 2

Nobel Prize Laureate

Country Total Economics Peace Literature Physiology / Medicine Chemistry Physics

Belgium 9 0 3 1 4 1 0

Austria 8 0 2 0 2 1 3

Norway 8 2 2 3 0 1 0

Australia 6 0 0 1 4 1 0

South Africa 6 0 4 1 1 0 0

Spain 6 0 0 5 1 0 0

Argentina 5 0 2 0 2 1 0

Ireland 5 0 1 3 0 0 1

Israel 5 1 3 1 0 0 0

Poland 5 0 1 4 0 0 0

India 4 1 1 1 0 0 1

Nobel Prize Laureate

Country Total Economics Peace Literature Physiology / Medicine Chemistry Physics

Egypt 3 0 1 1 0 1 0

Hungary 3 0 0 1 1 1 0

Chile 2 0 0 2 0 0 0

China 2 0 0 0 0 0 2

Czechoslovakia 2 0 0 1 0 1 0

East Timor 2 0 2 0 0 0 0

Finland 2 0 0 1 0 1 0

Greece 2 0 0 2 0 0 0

Guatemala 2 0 1 1 0 0 0

Mexico 2 0 1 1 0 0 0

Portugal 2 0 0 1 1 0 0

Nobel Prize Laureate

Country Total Economics Peace Literature Physiology / Medicine Chemistry Physics

Burma 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

Colombia 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Costa Rica 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

Ghana 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

Iceland 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Nigeria 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Pakistan 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Palestine 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

Saint Lucia 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

South Korea 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

Tibet 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

Vietnam 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

Yugoslavia 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Nobel Prize Laureate

Top 100 companies by R&D as a percentage of sales

Rank Company R&D (% sales) Total R&D MUSD

11 Millennium Pharmaceuticals, USAMillennium Pharmaceuticals, USA 57.157.1 318.70318.70

22 Conexant Systems, USAConexant Systems, USA 37.137.1 268.00268.00

33 Synopsys, USASynopsys, USA 32.332.3 319.99319.99

44 Cadence Design Systems, USACadence Design Systems, USA 31.831.8 423.34423.34

55 Biogen Idec, USABiogen Idec, USA 30.930.9 747.67747.67

66 MedImmune, USAMedImmune, USA 30.930.9 384.60384.60

77 Cephalon, USACephalon, USA 29.329.3 354.83354.83

88 Dassault Systemes, FranceDassault Systemes, France 27.727.7 305.47305.47

99 Agere Systems, USAAgere Systems, USA 27.627.6 462.00462.00

1010 Schwarz Pharma, GermanySchwarz Pharma, Germany 26.126.1 305.44305.44

1111 Electronic Arts, USAElectronic Arts, USA 25.725.7 758.00758.00

1212 Broadcom, USABroadcom, USA 24.424.4 650.63650.63

1313 Cerner, USACerner, USA 23.623.6 273.98273.98

1414 Serono, SwitzerlandSerono, Switzerland 23.523.5 607.90607.90

1515 Chiron, USA (now part of Novartis, Switzerland)Chiron, USA (now part of Novartis, Switzerland) 21.921.9 420.81420.81

1616 Mitsubishi Pharma, Japan (now part of Mitsubishi Chemical)Mitsubishi Pharma, Japan (now part of Mitsubishi Chemical) 21.621.6 427.72427.72

1717 Ono Pharmaceutical, JapanOno Pharmaceutical, Japan 21.121.1 259.57259.57

1818 Analog Devices, USAAnalog Devices, USA 20.820.8 497.10497.10

1919 Eli Lilly, USAEli Lilly, USA 20.720.7 3,025.503,025.50

2020 LSI Logic, USALSI Logic, USA 20.720.7 397.31397.31

2121 Freescale Semiconductor, USAFreescale Semiconductor, USA 20.520.5 1,195.001,195.00

2222 CA, USACA, USA 20.520.5 781.00781.00

2323 UCB, BelgiumUCB, Belgium 20.220.2 602.78602.78

2424 Autodesk, USAAutodesk, USA 19.819.8 301.60301.60

2525 Schering-Plough, USASchering-Plough, USA 19.619.6 1,865.001,865.00

Rank Company R&D (% sales) Total R&D MUSD

2626 Advanced Micro Devices, USAAdvanced Micro Devices, USA 19.619.6 1,144.031,144.03

2727 Maxim Integrated Products, USAMaxim Integrated Products, USA 19.619.6 328.17328.17

2828 Lundbeck, DenmarkLundbeck, Denmark 19.119.1 274.21274.21

2929 Xilinx, USAXilinx, USA 18.918.9 326.13326.13

3030 Marvell Technology, BermudaMarvell Technology, Bermuda 18.718.7 312.88312.88

3131 Amgen, USAAmgen, USA 18.618.6 2,314.002,314.00

3232 Schering, Germany (now part of Bayer)Schering, Germany (now part of Bayer) 18.618.6 1,166.631,166.63

3333 Adobe Systems, USAAdobe Systems, USA 18.618.6 365.33365.33

3434 Novellus Systems, USANovellus Systems, USA 18.518.5 247.32247.32

3535 Infineon Technologies, GermanyInfineon Technologies, Germany 18.418.4 1,466.251,466.25

3636 Tellabs, USATellabs, USA 18.318.3 344.00344.00

3737 Shire, UKShire, UK 1818 287.15287.15

3838 BMC Software, USABMC Software, USA 1818 269.30269.30

3939 Applera, USAApplera, USA 17.917.9 330.74330.74

4040 Qualcomm, USAQualcomm, USA 17.817.8 1,011.001,011.00

4141 Nortel Networks, CanadaNortel Networks, Canada 17.617.6 1,856.001,856.00

4242 Genzyme, USAGenzyme, USA 17.617.6 482.50482.50

4343 Merck, USAMerck, USA 17.517.5 3,848.003,848.00

4444 STMicroelectronics, The NetherlandsSTMicroelectronics, The Netherlands 17.517.5 1,554.001,554.00

4545 Daiichi Pharmaceutical, Japan (now part of Daiichi Sankyo)Daiichi Pharmaceutical, Japan (now part of Daiichi Sankyo) 17.517.5 486.48486.48

4646 National Semiconductor, USANational Semiconductor, USA 17.417.4 333.00333.00

4747 Juniper Networks, USAJuniper Networks, USA 17.217.2 355.42355.42

4848 Ericsson, SwedenEricsson, Sweden 16.916.9 3,220.263,220.26

4949 Allergan, USAAllergan, USA 16.916.9 391.00391.00

5050 Guidant, USA (now part of Boston Scientific)Guidant, USA (now part of Boston Scientific) 16.816.8 598.00598.00

Rank Company R&D (% sales) Total R&D MUSD

5151 Symantec, USASymantec, USA 16.516.5 682.13682.13

5252 Intuit, USAIntuit, USA 16.516.5 336.59336.59

5353 Atmel, USAAtmel, USA 16.516.5 276.61276.61

5454 Kla-Tencor, USAKla-Tencor, USA 16.316.3 340.28340.28

5555 Roche, SwitzerlandRoche, Switzerland 16.116.1 4,328.804,328.80

5656 Sun Microsystems, USASun Microsystems, USA 16.116.1 1,785.001,785.00

5757 Finmeccanica, ItalyFinmeccanica, Italy 15.615.6 2,059.592,059.59

5858 Novo Nordisk, DenmarkNovo Nordisk, Denmark 15.115.1 804.17804.17

5959 Novartis, SwitzerlandNovartis, Switzerland 1515 4,846.004,846.00

6060 Texas Instruments, USATexas Instruments, USA 1515 2,015.002,015.00

6161 Microsoft, USAMicrosoft, USA 14.914.9 6,584.006,584.00

6262 Lucent Technologies, USALucent Technologies, USA 14.914.9 1,409.001,409.00

6363 Sanofi-Aventis, FranceSanofi-Aventis, France 14.814.8 4,770.334,770.33

6464 Nvidia, USANvidia, USA 14.814.8 352.10352.10

6565 Shionogi, JapanShionogi, Japan 14.814.8 249.17249.17

6666 Wyeth, USAWyeth, USA 14.714.7 2,749.392,749.39

6767 Sankyo, Japan (now part of Daiichi Sankyo)Sankyo, Japan (now part of Daiichi Sankyo) 14.714.7 733.32733.32

6868 Eisai, JapanEisai, Japan 14.714.7 663.63663.63

6969 Forest Laboratories, USAForest Laboratories, USA 14.714.7 410.43410.43

7070 ATI Technologies, CanadaATI Technologies, Canada 14.714.7 327.02327.02

7171 Pfizer, USAPfizer, USA 14.514.5 7,442.007,442.00

7272 GlaxoSmithKline, UKGlaxoSmithKline, UK 14.514.5 5,383.895,383.89

7373 Bristol-Myers Squibb, USABristol-Myers Squibb, USA 14.314.3 2,746.002,746.00

7474 Boehringer Ingelheim, GermanyBoehringer Ingelheim, Germany 14.314.3 1,604.271,604.27

7575 ALTANA, GermanyALTANA, Germany 14.214.2 548.47548.47

Rank Company R&D (% sales) Total R&D MUSD

7676 AstraZeneca, UKAstraZeneca, UK 14.114.1 3,379.003,379.00

7777 Marconi (now Telent), UKMarconi (now Telent), UK 13.913.9 319.33319.33

7878 Gilead Sciences, USAGilead Sciences, USA 13.713.7 277.72277.72

7979 Alcatel, FranceAlcatel, France 13.613.6 2,113.862,113.86

8080 Applied Materials, USAApplied Materials, USA 13.513.5 940.51940.51

8181 Cisco Systems, USACisco Systems, USA 13.413.4 3,322.003,322.00

8282 Intel, USAIntel, USA 13.313.3 5,145.005,145.00

8383 BAE Systems, UKBAE Systems, UK 13.213.2 2,487.642,487.64

8484 Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical (now Astellas Pharma), JapanYamanouchi Pharmaceutical (now Astellas Pharma), Japan 13.213.2 498.55498.55

8585 Oracle, USAOracle, USA 1313 1,872.001,872.00

8686 ASML, The NetherlandsASML, The Netherlands 1313 388.10388.10

8787 SAP, GermanySAP, Germany 12.812.8 1,284.161,284.16

8888 St Jude Medical, USASt Jude Medical, USA 12.712.7 369.23369.23

8989 Takeda Pharmaceutical, JapanTakeda Pharmaceutical, Japan 12.612.6 1,198.481,198.48

9090 Johnson Johnson, USAJohnson Johnson, USA 12.512.5 6,312.006,312.00

9191 Micron Technology, USAMicron Technology, USA 12.412.4 603.70603.70

9292 Samsung Electro-Mechanics, South KoreaSamsung Electro-Mechanics, South Korea 12.412.4 274.05274.05

9393 EMC, USAEMC, USA 12.112.1 1,171.931,171.93

9494 Merck, GermanyMerck, Germany 12.112.1 841.06841.06

9595 Network Appliance, USANetwork Appliance, USA 11.811.8 242.99242.99

9696 Nokia, FinlandNokia, Finland 11.611.6 4,692.484,692.48

9797 Yahoo!, USAYahoo!, USA 11.211.2 587.53587.53

9898 Boston Scientific, USABoston Scientific, USA 10.810.8 680.00680.00

9999 Agilent Technologies, USAAgilent Technologies, USA 10.610.6 738.00738.00

100100 Carl Zeiss, GermanyCarl Zeiss, Germany 10.410.4 271.31271.31

The 2006 Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI)

Finland, Iceland, and New Zealand are the world's least corrupt countries, Finland, Iceland, and New Zealand are the world's least corrupt countries, and Haiti is the most corrupt. The index defines corruption as the abuse of and Haiti is the most corrupt. The index defines corruption as the abuse of public office for private gain and measures the degree to which corruption public office for private gain and measures the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among a country's public officials and politicians. is perceived to exist among a country's public officials and politicians.

It is a composite index, drawing on 12 polls and surveys from 9 It is a composite index, drawing on 12 polls and surveys from 9 independent institutions, which gathered the opinions of business people independent institutions, which gathered the opinions of business people and country analysts. Only 163 of the world's 193 countries are on the list and country analysts. Only 163 of the world's 193 countries are on the list due to an absence of reliable data. The scores range from squeaky clean due to an absence of reliable data. The scores range from squeaky clean 10 to highly corrupt 0. A score of 5.0 is the borderline that do and do not 10 to highly corrupt 0. A score of 5.0 is the borderline that do and do not have a serious corruption problem. have a serious corruption problem.

Countries significantly improved since the 2005 were Algeria, Czech Countries significantly improved since the 2005 were Algeria, Czech Republic, India, Japan, Latvia, Lebanon, Mauritius, Paraguay, Slovenia, Republic, India, Japan, Latvia, Lebanon, Mauritius, Paraguay, Slovenia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uruguay. Brazil, Cuba, Israel, Jordan, Laos, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uruguay. Brazil, Cuba, Israel, Jordan, Laos, Seychelles, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, and the US have a significantly Seychelles, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, and the US have a significantly worse rating since 2005. Because inclusion in the index requires at least worse rating since 2005. Because inclusion in the index requires at least three sources Afghanistan, Fiji, Liberia, Palestine, and Somalia, with only three sources Afghanistan, Fiji, Liberia, Palestine, and Somalia, with only two sources in 2006, are not listed.two sources in 2006, are not listed.

Country-rank, Country, 2006 CPI Score 1.1. Finland 9.6 Finland 9.6 Iceland 9.6 Iceland 9.6 New Zealand 9.6New Zealand 9.6 4. Denmark 9.54. Denmark 9.5 5. Singapore 9.45. Singapore 9.4 6. Sweden 9.26. Sweden 9.2 7. Switzerland 9.17. Switzerland 9.1 8. Norway 8.88. Norway 8.8 9. Australia 8.7 9. Australia 8.7 Netherlands 8.7Netherlands 8.7 11. Austria 8.6 11. Austria 8.6 Luxembourg 8.6 Luxembourg 8.6 UK 8.6UK 8.6 14. Canada 8.514. Canada 8.5 15. Hong Kong 8.315. Hong Kong 8.3 16. Germany 8.016. Germany 8.0 17. Japan 7.617. Japan 7.6 18. France 7.4 18. France 7.4 Ireland 7.4Ireland 7.4

20. Belgium 7.3 20. Belgium 7.3 Chile 7.3 Chile 7.3 USA 7.3USA 7.3 23. Spain 6.823. Spain 6.8 24. Barbados 6.7 24. Barbados 6.7 Estonia 6.7Estonia 6.7 26. Macao 6.6 26. Macao 6.6 Portugal 6.6Portugal 6.6 28. Malta 6.428. Malta 6.4 Slovenia 6.4 Slovenia 6.4 Uruguay 6.4Uruguay 6.4 31. United Arab Emirates 6.231. United Arab Emirates 6.2 32. Bhutan 6.0 32. Bhutan 6.0 Qatar 6.0Qatar 6.0 34. Israel 5.9 34. Israel 5.9 Taiwan 5.9Taiwan 5.9 36. Bahrain 5.736. Bahrain 5.7 37. Botswana5.6 37. Botswana5.6 Cyprus 5.6Cyprus 5.6

Country-rank, Country, 2006 CPI Score 39. Oman 5.439. Oman 5.4 40. Jordan 5.340. Jordan 5.3 41. Hungary 5.241. Hungary 5.2 42.42. Mauritius 5.1 Mauritius 5.1 South Korea 5.1 44. Malaysia 5.044. Malaysia 5.0 45. Italy 4.945. Italy 4.9 46. Czech Republic4.8 46. Czech Republic4.8 Kuwait 4.8 Kuwait 4.8 Lithuania 4.8Lithuania 4.8 49. Latvia 4.7 49. Latvia 4.7 Slovakia 4.7Slovakia 4.7 51. South Africa 4.6 51. South Africa 4.6 Tunisia 4.6Tunisia 4.6 53. Dominica 4.553. Dominica 4.5 54. Greece 4.454. Greece 4.4 55. Costa Rica 4.1 55. Costa Rica 4.1 Namibia 4.1Namibia 4.1 57. Bulgaria 4.0 57. Bulgaria 4.0 El Salvador 4.0El Salvador 4.0

59. Colombia 3.959. Colombia 3.9 60. Turkey 3.860. Turkey 3.8 61. Jamaica 3.7 61. Jamaica 3.7 Poland 3.7Poland 3.7 63. Lebanon 3.6 63. Lebanon 3.6 Seychelles 3.6 Seychelles 3.6 Thailand 3.6Thailand 3.6 66. Belize 3.5 66. Belize 3.5 Cuba 3.5 Cuba 3.5 Grenada 3.5Grenada 3.5 69. Croatia 3.469. Croatia 3.4 70.70. Brazil 3.3 Brazil 3.3 China 3.3 China 3.3 Egypt 3.3 Egypt 3.3 Ghana 3.3 Ghana 3.3 India 3.3 India 3.3 Mexico 3.3 Mexico 3.3 Peru 3.3 Peru 3.3 Saudi Arabia 3.3 Saudi Arabia 3.3 Senegal 3.3Senegal 3.3

Country-rank, Country, 2006 CPI Score 79. Burkina Faso 3.2 79. Burkina Faso 3.2 Lesotho 3.2 Lesotho 3.2 Moldova 3.2 Moldova 3.2 Morocco 3.2 Morocco 3.2 Trinidad and Tobago 3.2Trinidad and Tobago 3.2 84. Algeria 3.1 84. Algeria 3.1 Madagascar 3.1 Madagascar 3.1 Mauritania 3.1 Mauritania 3.1 Panama 3.1 Panama 3.1 Romania 3.1 Romania 3.1 Sri Lanka 3.1Sri Lanka 3.1 90. Gabon 3.0 90. Gabon 3.0 Serbia 3.0 Serbia 3.0 Suriname 3.0Suriname 3.0 93. Argentina 2.9 93. Argentina 2.9 Armenia 2.9 Armenia 2.9 Bosnia and Herzgegovina 2.9 Bosnia and Herzgegovina 2.9 Eritrea 2.9 Eritrea 2.9 Syria 2.9 Syria 2.9 Tanzania 2.9Tanzania 2.9

99. Dominican Republic 2.8 99. Dominican Republic 2.8 Georgia 2.8 Georgia 2.8 Mali 2.8 Mali 2.8 Mongolia 2.8 Mongolia 2.8 Mozambique 2.8 Mozambique 2.8 Ukraine 2.8Ukraine 2.8 105. Bolivia 2.7 105. Bolivia 2.7 Iran 2.7 Iran 2.7 Libya 2.7 Libya 2.7 Macedonia 2.7 Macedonia 2.7 Malawi 2.7 Malawi 2.7 Uganda 2.7Uganda 2.7 111. Albania 2.6 111. Albania 2.6 Guatemala 2.6 Guatemala 2.6 Kazakhstan 2.6 Kazakhstan 2.6 Laos 2.6 Laos 2.6 Nicaragua 2.6 Nicaragua 2.6 Paraguay 2.6 Paraguay 2.6 Timor-Leste 2.6 Timor-Leste 2.6 Viet Nam 2.6 Viet Nam 2.6 Yemen 2.6 Yemen 2.6 Zambia 2.6Zambia 2.6

Country-rank, Country, 2006 CPI ScoreCountry-rank, Country, 2006 CPI Score

121. Benin 2.5 121. Benin 2.5 Gambia 2.5 Gambia 2.5 Guyana 2.5 Guyana 2.5 Honduras 2.5 Honduras 2.5 Nepal 2.5 Nepal 2.5 Philippine 2.5 Philippine 2.5 Russia 2.5 Russia 2.5 Rwanda 2.5 Rwanda 2.5 Swaziland 2.5Swaziland 2.5 130. Azerbaijan 2.4 130. Azerbaijan 2.4 Burundi 2.4 Burundi 2.4 Central African Republic 2.4 Central African Republic 2.4 Ethiopia 2.4 Ethiopia 2.4 Indonesia 2.4 Indonesia 2.4 Papua New Guinea 2.4 Papua New Guinea 2.4 Togo 2.4 Togo 2.4 Zimbabwe 2.4Zimbabwe 2.4 138. Cameroon 2.3 138. Cameroon 2.3 Ecuador 2.3 Ecuador 2.3 Niger 2.3 Niger 2.3 Venezuela 2.3Venezuela 2.3

142. Angola 2.2 142. Angola 2.2 Congo, Republic 2.2 Congo, Republic 2.2 Kenya 2.2 Kenya 2.2 Kyrgyzstan 2.2 Kyrgyzstan 2.2 Nigeria 2.2 Nigeria 2.2 Pakistan 2.2 Pakistan 2.2 Sierra Leone 2.2 Sierra Leone 2.2 Tajikistan 2.2 Tajikistan 2.2 Turkmenistan 2.2Turkmenistan 2.2 151. Belarus 2.1 151. Belarus 2.1 Cambodia 2.1 Cambodia 2.1 Côte d´Ivoire 2.1 Côte d´Ivoire 2.1 Equatorial Guinea 2.1 Equatorial Guinea 2.1 Uzbekistan 2.1Uzbekistan 2.1 156. Bangladesh 2.0 156. Bangladesh 2.0 Chad 2.0 Chad 2.0 Congo, Democratic Republic 2.0 Congo, Democratic Republic 2.0 Sudan 2.0Sudan 2.0 160. Guinea1.9 160. Guinea1.9 Iraq 1.9 Iraq 1.9 Myanmar 1.9Myanmar 1.9 163.163. Haiti 1.8 Haiti 1.8

My Lifelong TeachersMy Lifelong Teachers

William Edwards DemingWilliam Edwards DemingIf you can't describe what you are doing as a process, you don't know what you are doing.

“ “ 14 Points for the Transformation of Management ”14 Points for the Transformation of Management ”“ “ 7 Deadly Diseases of Management ”7 Deadly Diseases of Management ”

The Quality RevolutionThe Quality RevolutionThough one-time projects to improve specific activities and functions Though one-time projects to improve specific activities and functions will always be important, companies and organizations are will always be important, companies and organizations are increasingly striving for increasingly striving for continuous improvementcontinuous improvement of their operations. of their operations.Quality of output of products and services has become widely Quality of output of products and services has become widely recognized as one of the most important means — probably recognized as one of the most important means — probably the single the single most importantmost important means — for companies and organizations to win means — for companies and organizations to win success in their respective marketplaces, and to retain that success.success in their respective marketplaces, and to retain that success.Companies and organizations that seek success must constantly Companies and organizations that seek success must constantly focus on achieving high quality in their products and services .focus on achieving high quality in their products and services .

Hyman G. RickoverHyman G. Rickover Organization doesn’t really accomplish anything. Plans Organization doesn’t really accomplish anything. Plans

don’t accomplish anything, either. Theories of don’t accomplish anything, either. Theories of management don’t much matter. Endeavors succeed or management don’t much matter. Endeavors succeed or fail because of the people involved. Only by attracting fail because of the people involved. Only by attracting the best people will you accomplish great deeds.the best people will you accomplish great deeds.

When you're trying to get something done, don't worry When you're trying to get something done, don't worry too much about stepping on someone else's toes. too much about stepping on someone else's toes. Nobody gets his toes stepped on unless he is standing Nobody gets his toes stepped on unless he is standing still or sitting down on the job.still or sitting down on the job.

Great minds discuss ideas, average minds discuss Great minds discuss ideas, average minds discuss events, small minds discuss people. It is necessary for events, small minds discuss people. It is necessary for us to learn from others’ mistakes. You will not live long us to learn from others’ mistakes. You will not live long enough to make them all yourself. Good ideas are not enough to make them all yourself. Good ideas are not adopted automatically. They must be driven into practice adopted automatically. They must be driven into practice with courageous impatience.with courageous impatience.

M. K. GandhiM. K. Gandhi Wealth without workWealth without work Pleasure without consciencePleasure without conscience Knowledge without characterKnowledge without character Commerce without morality Commerce without morality Science without humanityScience without humanity Worship without sacrificeWorship without sacrifice Politics without principlePolitics without principle Technology without safetyTechnology without safety Information without reliabilityInformation without reliability Education without realityEducation without reality Development without sustainabilityDevelopment without sustainability

Remarks to theRemarks to the

Leaders in Science and EngineeringLeaders in Science and Engineering

Leaders and FarmersLeaders and Farmers Leaders are a lot like farmers. Both are future-oriented, Leaders are a lot like farmers. Both are future-oriented,

working and preparing their soil, and strategizing plans working and preparing their soil, and strategizing plans for next year’s harvest. for next year’s harvest.

Leaders and farmers function effectively in both the Leaders and farmers function effectively in both the tactical and strategic worlds and appreciate the value of tactical and strategic worlds and appreciate the value of investing knowledge now for anticipated future gains. investing knowledge now for anticipated future gains.

They know that human intelligence is fundamentally the They know that human intelligence is fundamentally the most important unit of productivity, and with proper most important unit of productivity, and with proper guidance and mentoring, it is endlessly renewable.guidance and mentoring, it is endlessly renewable.

If you are leader, think and act like a If you are leader, think and act like a F-A-R-M-E-R.F-A-R-M-E-R. Here’s the responsibilities of the leader, as seen through Here’s the responsibilities of the leader, as seen through

the eyes of a the eyes of a F-A-R-M-E-R.F-A-R-M-E-R. Source: IEEE USASource: IEEE USA

FERTILIZE FERTILIZE your employee "plants" and their surrounding "soil." your employee "plants" and their surrounding "soil." Good seeds planted in bad soil will not yield, but good seeds in Good seeds planted in bad soil will not yield, but good seeds in good soil will bring forth their promise. Provide them with the good soil will bring forth their promise. Provide them with the nutrients essential to growth and development. Do this regularly nutrients essential to growth and development. Do this regularly and take pleasure in watching your employees grow and bloom.and take pleasure in watching your employees grow and bloom.

ATTACH ATTACH your employee garden to the larger corporate farm, your employee garden to the larger corporate farm, making its acreage an integral part of the larger harvest. Show making its acreage an integral part of the larger harvest. Show its relevance to corporate mission and goals; place economic its relevance to corporate mission and goals; place economic value on its contributions; and show your employees how their value on its contributions; and show your employees how their work benefits the whole farm. Also, don’t forget to connect your work benefits the whole farm. Also, don’t forget to connect your employees to each other. Teach them to build synergies and employees to each other. Teach them to build synergies and symbiotic relationships that leverage their common interests, symbiotic relationships that leverage their common interests, goals and resources.goals and resources.

REMINDREMIND everyone often about their crop growth targets; everyone often about their crop growth targets; measure individual and team performance; and provide timely measure individual and team performance; and provide timely feedback. Review progress in your garden regularly, and aerate feedback. Review progress in your garden regularly, and aerate the soil as needed, keeping in mind that honest and frank the soil as needed, keeping in mind that honest and frank discussion is as important as nutrients. Keep communication discussion is as important as nutrients. Keep communication channels open, make sure they are used, and urge employees to channels open, make sure they are used, and urge employees to articulate their work across and up the corporate pathways.articulate their work across and up the corporate pathways.

MANAGEMANAGE your crops judiciously, always remembering that your crops judiciously, always remembering that management and leadership are situational and reflect the local management and leadership are situational and reflect the local existing conditions and the level of employee maturity. You existing conditions and the level of employee maturity. You wouldn’t fertilize or prune a large plant in the same way you wouldn’t fertilize or prune a large plant in the same way you would a small one; just the same, you shouldn’t manage and would a small one; just the same, you shouldn’t manage and lead different employees all in the same way. Learn to lead different employees all in the same way. Learn to distinguish between situations and individuals accurately and distinguish between situations and individuals accurately and then act (or don't) accordingly.then act (or don't) accordingly.

ENCOURAGE ENCOURAGE employees to branch out and extend their roots, employees to branch out and extend their roots, expecting them to grow as much horizontally as vertically. Let expecting them to grow as much horizontally as vertically. Let their roots intermingle and gain perspective; and let them get their roots intermingle and gain perspective; and let them get nourishment from different parts of the garden. Occasionally nourishment from different parts of the garden. Occasionally you may want to transplant or rotate them into other parts of the you may want to transplant or rotate them into other parts of the garden to create interesting new clusters and arrangements of garden to create interesting new clusters and arrangements of flowers and fruits.flowers and fruits.

REMOVE REMOVE obstacles that can impede progress, growth and obstacles that can impede progress, growth and development in your garden. Nip the weeds of conflict and development in your garden. Nip the weeds of conflict and rumor quickly before they sap off nourishment and retard the rumor quickly before they sap off nourishment and retard the growth of the entire plot. Solve small problems before they growth of the entire plot. Solve small problems before they endanger the whole crop like a damaging insect infestation.endanger the whole crop like a damaging insect infestation.

Think and Act like a F-A-R-M-E-R

Thank You!Thank You!

Think Globally, Act Locally…Think Globally, Act Locally…