The role of induced The role of induced mutation using nuclear mutation using nuclear

techniques in crop techniques in crop improvementimprovement

Prof. Dr. Abdel Shafy Ibrahim RagabProf. Dr. Abdel Shafy Ibrahim RagabAtomic Energy AuthorityAtomic Energy AuthorityNuclear Research CenterNuclear Research Center

Plant Research DepartmentPlant Research Department

• Mutation can be briefly defined as a sudden heritable Mutation can be briefly defined as a sudden heritable change in the DNA of a living cell, not caused by the change in the DNA of a living cell, not caused by the common phenomena of genetic segregation or genetic common phenomena of genetic segregation or genetic recombination.recombination.

• Mutations are the ultimate source of the genetic Mutations are the ultimate source of the genetic variance and development of plant species. They variance and development of plant species. They provide the new materials upon which other factors of provide the new materials upon which other factors of evolution act. And therefore all new species ultimately evolution act. And therefore all new species ultimately arise from mutations. The mutagenesis followed by arise from mutations. The mutagenesis followed by recombination of genes and chromosome and by recombination of genes and chromosome and by natural selection is the fundamental force in evolution. natural selection is the fundamental force in evolution. Although, it happened at the very low rate Although, it happened at the very low rate (one/million), the improvements in different crops are (one/million), the improvements in different crops are due to spontaneous mutations. The rate of due to spontaneous mutations. The rate of spontaneous mutations is differed for different species, spontaneous mutations is differed for different species, varieties for each species, and traits for each verity.varieties for each species, and traits for each verity.

• Therefore, the breeders used nuclear techniques for Therefore, the breeders used nuclear techniques for induced mutations aiming to not completely depend induced mutations aiming to not completely depend on the nature as the only source for variation. on the nature as the only source for variation. Mutations are of interest in two different ways. They Mutations are of interest in two different ways. They provide us with new starting materials (or budding provide us with new starting materials (or budding blocks) for the identifying new genes for studying the blocks) for the identifying new genes for studying the nature of genes and their way of controlling nature of genes and their way of controlling biochemical pathway.biochemical pathway.

Applications of nuclear Applications of nuclear techniques techniques

in plant breedingin plant breeding

Selection

Genetic variation

Mutation induction

Tissue culture

Cross Breeding(using mutants)

Gene Mapping

Genetic Engineering

Disease and PestResistance

Yield Nitrogen FixationEnvironmental and

Soil Conditions

Biochemical andDNA Marker

Mutation breeding

Tracer techniques

both

• Achievements of mutation Achievements of mutation breeding made worldwide:breeding made worldwide:

• The use of mutation techniques for The use of mutation techniques for generating and selecting desired generating and selecting desired genetic variation in different crop genetic variation in different crop species has significantly increased species has significantly increased over the past fifty years, more than over the past fifty years, more than 2600 mutant varieties have been 2600 mutant varieties have been officially released (Kang officially released (Kang et alet al 2007) 2007) of these 60% were released from of these 60% were released from 1985 onward 1985 onward

Fig.2 Cumulative number of Fig.2 Cumulative number of officially released mutant officially released mutant

varietiesvarieties

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

2252 accessions (June 2000)

1700

552

CROPS ORNAMENTAL &DECORATIVE PLANTS

Fig. 3 Mutant varietiesFig. 3 Mutant varieties

1603

97

SEED PROPAGATED CROPS

VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED CROPS

Fig.4 Mutant varietiesFig.4 Mutant varietiesCrops-1700 of total 2252 Crops-1700 of total 2252

accessions (2000)accessions (2000)

1072

311

8166 59 111

cereals legumes industerial

vegetables oil crops other

Fig.5 Mutant varietiesFig.5 Mutant varietiesCrops-1700 of total 2252 Crops-1700 of total 2252

accessions (2000)accessions (2000)

19 6825

79

434

269

bread wheat maize durum wheat

other rice barley

Fig.6 Mutant varietiesFig.6 Mutant varietiesCereals-1072 of 1700 Cereals-1072 of 1700

accessions (2000)accessions (2000)

CROSS 667

DIRECT 1585

Fig.7 Mutant varietiesFig.7 Mutant varietiesTotal -2252 accessionsTotal -2252 accessions

88.80%

9.50% 1.70%

Radiation Chemical Other

Fig.9 Mutant varietiesFig.9 Mutant varietiesTotal-1589 direct mutant Total-1589 direct mutant

varietiesvarieties

1411

910

31161 48 22 24

Radiation gamma rays x-rays gamma chronic

fast neutrons thermal neutrons other

Fig. 10 Mutant varieties Fig. 10 Mutant varieties Total- 1589 direct mutant Total- 1589 direct mutant

varietiesvarietiesMutagens- radiation Mutagens- radiation

CharacterCharacterNo. of mutant varietiesNo. of mutant varieties

earlinessearliness165165

SemidwarfnessSemidwarfness165165

yieldyield145145

blast/disease toleranceblast/disease tolerance9898

grain/cooking qualitygrain/cooking quality7979

tilleringtillering4949

tallnesstallness2525

cold tolerancecold tolerance2323

adaptabilityadaptability2222

glutinous endospermglutinous endosperm1717

salinity tolerancesalinity tolerance1010

Table .1 Characters induced by mutationsTable .1 Characters induced by mutations Rice-434 of 1700 accessions Rice-434 of 1700 accessions

Quality characterQuality characterMutant Mutant cultivarscultivarsCropCrop

alkaloid contentalkaloid content77lupin, white lupinlupin, white lupin

amylose contentamylose content1212rice, milletrice, millet

beta carotene cont.beta carotene cont.11sweet peppersweet pepper

brewing and malting brewing and malting q.q.

88barleybarley

cooking quality cooking quality 66buck wheat, cassava, millet, ricebuck wheat, cassava, millet, rice

fiber yieldfiber yield11jutejute

fruit (colour, quality, fruit (colour, quality,

morphology, morphology, ripeningripening

1212apple, grapefruit, green pepper, ind. apple, grapefruit, green pepper, ind. Jujmbe, loqust, Jujmbe, loqust, pench, pepper, sweet cherry, pench, pepper, sweet cherry, tomatotomato

grain (colour, grain (colour, morpholgy., morpholgy., quality, weight)quality, weight)

3737barley, black gram, millet, pea, rice, barley, black gram, millet, pea, rice, sorghum, wheatsorghum, wheat

favovonids cont.favovonids cont.22barley, subterranean d.barley, subterranean d.

juice qualityjuice quality11sugareanesugareane

leaf (colour, quality)leaf (colour, quality)66bermuda grass, tobaccobermuda grass, tobacco

nutritional valuenutritional value11cowpeacowpea

Table 2.Improved quality Table 2.Improved quality characterscharacters

Quality characterQuality characterMutant cultivarsMutant cultivarsCropCrop

oil contentoil content1616caster bean, citronella, caster bean, citronella, flax/linseed, flax/linseed, mustard, rage seed, soybean, mustard, rage seed, soybean, sunflowersunflower

oil qualityoil quality66flax, hop, peppermint, rapeseed, flax, hop, peppermint, rapeseed,

sesamesesame

protein contentprotein content66fababean, maize, sesame, wheatfababean, maize, sesame, wheat

seed (colour, quality, seed (colour, quality, size)size)

3838common bean, groundnut, common bean, groundnut, lentil, mungbean, oriental lentil, mungbean, oriental mustard, pea, mustard, pea, pigeon pea, sesame, soybean, pigeon pea, sesame, soybean, wheatwheat

seed skin qualityseed skin quality11PeaPea

seedlessseedless33orange/mandarin, grapefruitorange/mandarin, grapefruit

silage qualitysilage quality22maize, wheatmaize, wheat

skin colourskin colour22PotatoPotato

starch contentstarch content22sweet potatosweet potato

TOTALTOTAL170170  

Table 3. Improved quality Table 3. Improved quality characterscharacters

CropsCropsNumberNumberCropCropNumberNumber

WheatWheat2525alfalfaalfalfa11

SoybeanSoybean99EggplantEggplant11

MilletMillet99Grass peaGrass pea11

BarleyBarley44GroundnutGroundnut11

RiceRice44MungbeanMungbean11

CottonCotton22PeaPea11

AmaranthAmaranth11PigonpeaPigonpea11

Table 4.Drought tolerance Table 4.Drought tolerance induced by mutations (6 of induced by mutations (6 of

1700 accessions1700 accessions

CropsCropsCountryCountry    

CerealsCereals      

RiceRiceThailandThailandTotal crop value at farm gate for the period 1989-Total crop value at farm gate for the period 1989-9898

US$ 16.9 billionUS$ 16.9 billion

ChinaChinaCumulative planted area between 1986-1994Cumulative planted area between 1986-199410.6 million ha10.6 million ha

JapanJapanTotal crop value 1997Total crop value 1997US$ 937 millionUS$ 937 million

  IndiaIndiaAnnual crop valueAnnual crop value

US$ 1.748 US$ 1.748 millionmillion

Bread wheatBread wheatPakistanPakistanAdditional income to farmers during 1991-99Additional income to farmers during 1991-99US$ 87.1 millionUS$ 87.1 million

Durum wheatDurum wheatItalyItalyAdditional income to farmers during 1983-93Additional income to farmers during 1983-93US$ 1.8 billionUS$ 1.8 billion

BarelyBarelyUK-ScotlandUK-ScotlandCrop value (1977-2001)Crop value (1977-2001)US$ 417 millionUS$ 417 million

Numerous Numerous European European countriescountries

Area planted in 1972Area planted in 19722.86 billion ha2.86 billion ha

      

LegumesLegumes      

ChickpeaChickpeaPakistanPakistanAdditional annual income to the growersAdditional annual income to the growersUS$ 9.6 millionUS$ 9.6 million

Black gram (urdbean)Black gram (urdbean)India, India, Value of increased production in season 1998-Value of increased production in season 1998-19991999

US$ 258 millionUS$ 258 million

Oil and industrial cropsOil and industrial crops      

CottonCottonPakistanPakistanTotal value of crop from 1983-1993Total value of crop from 1983-1993US$ 3 billionUS$ 3 billion

SunflowerSunflowerUSAUSAGrownGrown50.000 ha50.000 ha

Fruit treeFruit tree      

Japanese pearJapanese pearJapanJapanAdditional annual income to the growersAdditional annual income to the growersUS$ 50 millionUS$ 50 million

GrapefruitGrapefruitUSA, TaxasUSA, TaxasGrown area (year 2000)Grown area (year 2000)7.300 ha7.300 ha(75% of (75% of total areatotal area

Table 5. Economic impact of Table 5. Economic impact of mutant varieties mutant varieties

ACHIEVEMTNS MADE IN ACHIEVEMTNS MADE IN

EGYPTEGYPT • Realizing the potential of induced mutations using Realizing the potential of induced mutations using

nuclear techniques for the improvement of crop nuclear techniques for the improvement of crop plants, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, initiated plants, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, initiated crop mutation breeding programs in the early crop mutation breeding programs in the early 1970s.1970s.

• The objective to increase seed yield and economic The objective to increase seed yield and economic value by incorporating disease and insect value by incorporating disease and insect resistance, better quality traits, shorter growth resistance, better quality traits, shorter growth duration, resistant to drought and salinity, less duration, resistant to drought and salinity, less water requirements.water requirements.

• Significant achievements were obtained: more than Significant achievements were obtained: more than 10 mutant varieties were developed.10 mutant varieties were developed.

• In sesame, three mutant varieties were released as In sesame, three mutant varieties were released as commercial varieties named Taka1, Taka2 and commercial varieties named Taka1, Taka2 and Taka3 since 2000 year.Taka3 since 2000 year.

• These varieties characterized with high seed These varieties characterized with high seed production, early maturity, lower water production, early maturity, lower water requirement, maturity homogenous suitable for requirement, maturity homogenous suitable for mechanical harvesting, better seed quality.mechanical harvesting, better seed quality.

ACHIEVEMTNS MADE IN ACHIEVEMTNS MADE IN

EGYPTEGYPT • In chickpea, one mutant variety named Inshas10 was In chickpea, one mutant variety named Inshas10 was

released as commercial variety since 2004 and characterized released as commercial variety since 2004 and characterized with high seed production, large seed, resistant to wilt with high seed production, large seed, resistant to wilt disease.disease.

• In rice, two mutant varieties were developed and submitted to In rice, two mutant varieties were developed and submitted to General preeminent committee for registration; belong to the General preeminent committee for registration; belong to the ministry of Agriculture since 2005. These mutants ministry of Agriculture since 2005. These mutants characterized with high seed yield, tolerance to drought.characterized with high seed yield, tolerance to drought.

• In safflower, two mutant varieties were developed and In safflower, two mutant varieties were developed and submitted to General preeminent committee for registration; submitted to General preeminent committee for registration; belong to the ministry of Agriculture since 2005. These belong to the ministry of Agriculture since 2005. These mutants characterized with high seed yield, spinless, high oil mutants characterized with high seed yield, spinless, high oil content and quality.content and quality.

• In flax, two mutant varieties were developed and submitted to In flax, two mutant varieties were developed and submitted to the General preeminent committee for registration; belong to the General preeminent committee for registration; belong to the ministry of Agriculture since 2005. These mutants the ministry of Agriculture since 2005. These mutants characterized with high seed yield, tall fiber.characterized with high seed yield, tall fiber.

• In addition to some promising mutants in wheat are still under In addition to some promising mutants in wheat are still under evaluationevaluation

بذور طفراتالسمسم

ريع 8طفرة مصابالقرن

مصرع 12طفرة بالقرن

بالسالمية 3 قرونالقصيرة

بالسالمية 3 قرونالعادية

+ 3نبات بالحقل 8قرونريع مصا

بة طويــــل 3نباتقرون

بة طويــــل وبة 3نبات قرونالقرن انفتاح

مصا 8قرون + 3ريع

قرون 3نبات واحد بقرن بالمقارنة

المحلى الصنف فى

التفريع 3 عديم قرون

وطول القرون تكدسالثمرية المنطقة

متفرع 3 قرون

من 3 وتفريع قرونأسفل

قرون 3نبات طويلة

مقاومة نباتاتالسمسم لدودة

مقاومة نباتاتالسمسم لدودة

لمقاومة كثيف زغب بة نباتالحشرات

محدودة طفرةالتفريع

سمسم نباتات حقلقرون 3

نباتات حقل حصادقرون 3سمسم