the role of contours in form- based motion processing p.u. tse, g. p. caplovitz, and p.-j. hsieh
TRANSCRIPT
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The role of contours in form-The role of contours in form-based motion processingbased motion processing
P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh
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Form from motion orStructure from motion
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Form from motion
Motion from form
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Form from motion
Motion from form
1. Transformational Apparent Motion
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Form from motion
Motion from form
1. Transformational Apparent Motion
2. Trackable features: Object shape can influence how fast it is perceived to rotate
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Form from motion
Motion from form
1. Transformational Apparent Motion
2. Trackable features: Object shape can influence how fast it is perceived to rotate
3. Emergent motion signals
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Overview of talk
• Theoretical background to contour discontinuities
• The role of contour discontinuities in form/motion processing• Transformational apparent motion • Motion from feature tracking• Emergent motion signals
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Overview of talk
• Theoretical background to contour discontinuities
• The role of contour discontinuities in form/motion processing• Transformational apparent motion • Motion from feature tracking• Emergent motion signals
![Page 10: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Contour discontinuities
• What are they?
• Why are they important?
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Attneave, 1954
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Attneave, 1954
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Attneave, 1954
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Attneave, 1954
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Attneave, 1954
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Attneave, 1954
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Biederman, 1987
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Biederman, 1987
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Biederman, 1987
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Curvature detectors
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Curvature detectors
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Wolfe, Yee & Friedman-Hill (1992).
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Curvature detectors
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Wolfe, Yee & Friedman-Hill (1992).
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Curvature detectors
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There exist filters tuned to curvature
Wolfe, Yee & Friedman-Hill (1992).
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Curvature as a cue to 3D shape
Tse, 2002, Psych. Review
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Theory: The visual system locatespoints of contour curvature discontinuityin order to generate shape-from-contours
Tse (2002, Psych. Review)
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Caveat: much more is going on in shape formation
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Caveat: much more is going on in shape formation
![Page 38: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Caveat: much more is going on in shape formation
![Page 39: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Caveat: much more is going on in shape formation
![Page 40: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
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Curvature as a cue to 3D shape
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Curvature as a cue to 3D shape
![Page 43: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Curvature as a cue to 3D shape
![Page 44: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Curvature as a cue to 3D shape
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Curvature as a cue to 3D shape
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a
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Curvature discontinuities pop out
Kristjansson & Tse, 2001, P&P
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Curvature discontinuities pop out
Kristjansson & Tse, 2001, P&P
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Curvature discontinuities pop out
Kristjansson & Tse, 2001, P&P
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Curvature discontinuities pop out
Kristjansson & Tse, 2001, P&P
![Page 55: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Curvature discontinuities pop out
Kristjansson & Tse, 2001, P&P
![Page 56: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Curvature discontinuities pop out
Kristjansson & Tse, 2001, P&P
![Page 57: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Curvature discontinuities pop out
Kristjansson & Tse, 2001, P&P
There exist filters tuned to curvature discontinuities
![Page 58: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Main theoretical point
• Contour discontinuities include:
*corners
*junctions
*terminators
*deep concavities and convexities
• These are highly informative when constructing 3D shape and 3D motion
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Overview of talk
• Theoretical background to contour discontinuities
• The role of contour discontinuities in form/motion processing
• Transformational apparent motion
• Motion from feature tracking
• Emergent motion signals
![Page 60: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Overview of talk
• Theoretical background to contour discontinuities
• The role of contour discontinuities in form/motion processing
• Transformational apparent motion
• Motion from feature tracking
• Emergent motion signals
![Page 61: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Overview of talk
• Theoretical background to contour discontinuities
• The role of contour discontinuities in form/motion processing
• Transformational apparent motion
• Motion from feature tracking
• Emergent motion signals
![Page 62: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
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Why did you brain match like this?
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And not like this?
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Does form influence matching?
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Does form influence matching?
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Does form influence matching?
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Does form influence matching?
?
?
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• Form did not seem to play much if any role in matching. People assumed that motion-energy and the nearest neighbor principle dominated matching.
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• Form did not seem to play much if any role in matching. People assumed that motion-energy and the nearest neighbor principle dominated matching.
• Tse, Nakayama, and Cavanagh argued that this was an artifact of using translational apparent motion as a probe.
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Frame 1 PerceptFrame 2
Transformational Apparent Motion
Translational Apparent Motion
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Transformational apparent motion
Tse, Nakayama, and Cavanagh, 1996, 1998
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Transformational apparent motion
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Transformational apparent motion
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Transformational apparent motion
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Transformational apparent motion
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Transformational apparent motion
Tse, Nakayama, and Cavanagh, 1996, 1998
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Transformational apparent motion
Tse, Nakayama, and Cavanagh, 1996, 1998
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Transformational apparent motion
Tse, Nakayama, and Cavanagh, 1996, 1998
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Transformational apparent motion
Tse, Nakayama, and Cavanagh, 1996, 1998
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Transformational apparent motion
Tse and Logothetis, 2002
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Transformational apparent motion
Tse and Logothetis, 2002
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High-level vs Low-level motion processing
Low-level: Motion energy dependent,
nearest neighbor matching
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High-level vs Low-level motion processing
Low-level: Motion energy dependent,
nearest neighbor matching
High-level: Matching takes place on the basis 3D form relationships. High-level motion paths are determined following a stage of segmentation, grouping, and 3D analysis that is particularly sensitive to contour relationships and occlusion among attended figures.
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Mri data specs• GE 1.5T signa
• 1-shot T2*-weighted gradient-recalled EPI
• block design, quasi-random order
• 20 second epochs, 8 vols
• TR=2.5s, 25 slices, FA=90degrees
• voxel size: 3.75x3.75x5mm
• EPI FOV 240x240x256mm
• Data analysis BV4.9, matlab
• Stimulus back-projected, FOV 22x16 degrees
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Stimuli
T C C CT T
T C CT TC
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Stimuli
T C C CT T
T C CT TC
Task: press button when fixation point transientlydisappears for 17ms.
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• See TAM demo
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Back Right
Left Bottom
right left
rearbottom
n=19
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Back Right
Left Bottom
right left
rearbottom
hMT+
n=19
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Back Right
Left Bottom
right left
rearbottom
hMT+ LOC
n=19
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**
**
*
*
*
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Average Bilateral BOLD Response by Area (n=10; MT/LOC n=7)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
V1 V2d V2v V3d V3v V3A/B V4v MT-LOC
LOC-MT
% B
OL
D S
ign
al C
ha
ng
e
TAM Control
*
*
*
* **
*
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Average Bilateral Beta Weight by Area
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
V1 V2d V2v V3d V3v V3a V4v MT-LOC
LOC-MT
Nor
mal
ized
Bet
a W
eigh
t
TAM Control
*
* **
*
*
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Ventral pathway Dorsal pathway
V1
V2 thick stripe
V3A
MT
V2 thin stripe
V4v
MSTLOC
V3v V3d
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Ventral pathway Dorsal pathway
V1
V2 thick stripe
V3A
MT
V2 thin stripe
V4v
MSTLOC
V3v V3d
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The key idea here
• Form analysis occurs in retinotopic and ventral non-retinotopic areas BEFORE the perception of motion.
• Perceived motion direction follows a spatiotemporal analysis of GLOBAL FORM relationships among contours.
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The key idea here
• Form analysis occurs in retinotopic and ventral non-retinotopic areas BEFORE the perception of motion.
• Perceived motion direction follows a spatiotemporal analysis of GLOBAL FORM relationships among contours.
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The key idea here
• Form analysis occurs in retinotopic and ventral non-retinotopic areas BEFORE the perception of motion.
• Perceived motion direction follows a spatiotemporal analysis of GLOBAL FORM relationships among contours.
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• Any model of motion processing that fails to explicitly incorporate a stage of global contour-based form analysis will be incomplete.
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• Any model of motion processing that fails to explicitly incorporate a stage of global contour-based form analysis will be incomplete.
• For example, high-level motion cannot just be a motion-energy detector that receives input from a salience map. There must be an explicit stage of form analysis.
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Overview of talk
• Theoretical background to contour discontinuities
• The role of contour discontinuities in form/motion processing
• Transformational apparent motion
• Motion from feature tracking
• Emergent motion signals
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Overview of talk
• Theoretical background to contour discontinuities
• The role of contour discontinuities in form/motion processing
• Transformational apparent motion
• Motion from feature tracking
• Emergent motion signals
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Velocity Space
The infinite number of motions that lead to the same
component vector all lie on a “constraint line” in vector
space
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Percepts of Translational Motion
• The examination of Plaids – two oriented, overlapped, independently
moving sinewave gratings will appear to move as a plaid
– The direction and speed of motion can be predicted by various component-motion integration models
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Integration
Example Predicted by
IOC or VS
Example Predicted by IOC
and not VS
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Trackable Feature Solution to Aperture Problem
• Eyetracking and Neurophysiological Evidence suggests that certain form features (Endpoint Terminators) can be used by the visual system to disambiguate percepts of motion independent of component motion (Area MT: Pak and Born (2003)) (V1: Pak and Livingston (2003))
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Components generated along a curved contour
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IOC succeeds for Translational Motion
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IOC succeeds for Translational Motion
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IOC succeeds for Translational Motion
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IOC succeeds for Translational Motion
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IOC succeeds for Translational Motion
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IOC Fails for Rotation
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IOC Fails for Rotation
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IOC Fails for Rotation
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IOC Fails for Rotation
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IOC Fails for Rotation
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IOC Fails for Rotation
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IOC for translating ellipse
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IOC for rotating ellipse
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• See ellipse demo
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Rigidity = Preservation of Shape
Regions of High Curvature are Critical to the perception
of shape
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Component Motion will always be non-rigid
Although Component Motion predicts variable speeds
Some form of form analysis must occur for stimulus to remain rigid, presumably
regions of high curvature are critical for rigidity
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Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Experiment 4
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Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Experiment 4
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Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Experiment 4
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Paradox!
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Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Experiment 4
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vs.
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Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Experiment 4
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Determined equiluminant green for each subject
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Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Experiment 4
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Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Experiment 4
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Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Experiment 4
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• Now pit equiluminant ellipse against luminance-defined ellipse
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vs.
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• Equiluminant ellipses appear to rotate more slowly than luminance-defined ellipses
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• Equiluminant ellipses appear to rotate more slowly than luminance-defined ellipses
• There is an interaction: as the ellipse gets thinner, the perceived angular velocity of an equiluminant ellipse becomes closer to that of a luminance-defined ellipse.
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vs.
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Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Experiment 4
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Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Experiment 4
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Summary
• Global form-based processing of trackable features such as corners and regions of relatively high positive curvature serve as a motion cue in high-level motion processing.
• Perceived motion magnitude is a function of both low- and high-level inputs.
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Question
• Which areas of the brain vary parametrically with contour curvature discontinuity points in motion?
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Question
• Which areas of the brain vary parametrically with contour curvature discontinuity points in motion?
• All stimuli had the same area, but the sharpness of curvature discontinuities varied greatly across conditions.
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• All stimuli had the same area, but the sharpness of curvature discontinuities varied greatly across conditions.
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• All stimuli had the same area, but the sharpness of curvature discontinuities varied greatly across conditions.
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• All stimuli had the same area, but the sharpness of curvature discontinuities varied greatly across conditions.
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1 2 3 4 5
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• Five types of stimuli were used, consisting of two half ellipses joined along their common major axis.
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• Five types of stimuli were used, consisting of two half ellipses joined along their common major axis.
![Page 212: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
• Five types of stimuli were used, consisting of two half ellipses joined along their common major axis.
![Page 213: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
• Five types of stimuli were used, consisting of two half ellipses joined along their common major axis.
![Page 214: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
• Five types of stimuli were used, consisting of two half ellipses joined along their common major axis.
![Page 215: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
All stimuli rotated at the same speed.
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• See Bumps stimuli
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Stimuli
1 5 23 4
2 5 134
1 2 534
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Stimuli
1 5 23 4
2 5 134
1 2 534
In order to guarantee that they were maintaining fixation, observers carried out a simple task at the fixation point that was not directly related to issues of curvature processing (press button when fixation point blinks).
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• Hold area constant
• Hold max velocity constant
• Hold perceived angular
velocity constant
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• Hold area constant
• Hold max velocity constant
• Hold perceived angular
velocity constant
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• Hold area constant
• Hold max velocity constant
• Hold perceived angular
velocity constant
![Page 231: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/231.jpg)
Summary
• Significant parametric variation between contour curvature discontinuities and BOLD signal occurs in V3A/B.
• V3A/B may process curvature discontinuities, junctions, and terminators that provide hMT+ with unambiguously moving features to disambiguate motion energy signals.
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Summary
• Significant parametric variation between contour curvature discontinuities and BOLD signal occurs in V3A/B.
• V3A/B may process curvature discontinuities, junctions, and terminators that provide hMT+ with unambiguously moving features to disambiguate motion energy signals.
![Page 233: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/233.jpg)
Summary
• Significant parametric variation between contour curvature discontinuities and BOLD signal occurs in V3A/B.
• V3A/B may process curvature discontinuities, junctions, and terminators that provide hMT+ with unambiguously moving features to disambiguate motion energy signals.
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Ventral pathway Dorsal pathway
V1
V2 thick stripe
V3A
MT
V2 thin stripe
V4v
MSTLOC
V3v V3d
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Ventral pathway Dorsal pathway
V1
V2 thick stripe
V3A
MT
V2 thin stripe
V4v
MSTLOC
V3v V3d
TAM results
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Ventral pathway Dorsal pathway
V1
V2 thick stripe
V3A
MT
V2 thin stripe
V4v
MSTLOC
V3v V3d
Bumps results
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Ventral pathway Dorsal pathway
V1
V2 thick stripe
V3A
MT
V2 thin stripe
V4v
MSTLOC
V3v V3d
Bumps results
![Page 238: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/238.jpg)
Overview of talk
• Theoretical background to contour discontinuities
• The role of contour discontinuities in form/motion processing• Transformational apparent motion • Motion from feature tracking• Emergent motion signals
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hMT
+
V2 V4
V3A
LOC
Ventral form system
: 3D surfaces
Dorsal form system
: Trackablefeatures
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Key idea: Form determines motion
• There exist two interacting form analyses
• Ventral (V4v etc) 3D surfaces, volumes
• Dorsal (V3A etc)3D trajectories
• Both rely on contour discontinuities
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Overview of talk
• Theoretical background to contour discontinuities
• The role of contour discontinuities in form/motion processing• Transformational apparent motion • Motion from feature tracking• Emergent motion signals
![Page 251: The role of contours in form- based motion processing P.U. Tse, G. P. Caplovitz, and P.-J. Hsieh](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649cda5503460f949a3ffe/html5/thumbnails/251.jpg)
Conclusions
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Conclusions
• Perceived motion direction follows global form analysis of contour relationships
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Conclusions
• Perceived motion direction follows global form analysis of contour relationships
• This global form analysis occurs in V3, V4v,V3A/B, LOC, and hMT+.
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Conclusions
• Perceived motion direction follows global form analysis of contour relationships
• This global form analysis occurs in V3, V4v,V3A/B, LOC, and hMT+.
• Perceived motion speed follows form analysis of trackable features (contour discontinuities)
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Conclusions
• Perceived motion direction follows global form analysis of contour relationships
• This global form analysis occurs in V3, V4v,V3A/B, LOC, and hMT+.
• Perceived motion speed follows form analysis of trackable features (contour discontinuities)
• This form analysis occurs in V3A/B
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Conclusions
• Perceived motion direction follows global form analysis of contour relationships
• This global form analysis occurs in V3, V4v,V3A/B, LOC, and hMT+.
• Perceived motion speed follows form analysis of trackable features (contour discontinuities)
• This form analysis occurs in V3A/B
• CDs play a key role in parsing and as TFs.
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Conclusions
• Perceived motion direction follows global form analysis of contour relationships
• This global form analysis occurs in V3, V4v,V3A/B, LOC, and hMT+.
• Perceived motion speed follows form analysis of trackable features (contour discontinuities)
• This form analysis occurs in V3A/B
• CDs play a key role in parsing and as TFs.
• Motion perception based on emergent motion
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Thank you