The Role of Chemistry in InnovationThe Role of Chemistry in Innovation

Chemistry for Future Energy SupplyChemistry for Future Energy Supply

K. Wagemann, DECHEMA e.V.

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Two hot topics in the present political discussions:

Energy SupplyClimate Change

(Adaptation & Mitigation)

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Energy in the SusChem Implementation Action Plan

• Energy– Alternative energy sources

• Photovoltaic• Fuels production from biomass• Fuel cells• (Metal)nanoparticles as fuel• Wind power

– Energy conservation• Efficient lighting• Insulation

– Energy storage• Batteries• Gas storage• Supercapacitors

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Energy in the SusChem-Deutschland IAP

• Photovoltaics• Fuel cells• Efficient use of energy - inorganic LEDs• Efficient use of waste heat from industrial plants• Li-Ion batteries for stationary and mobile applications• Super caps• H2 production and storage• Exhaust gas treatment and catalysis• Light weight materials• Biobutanol

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Chemistry and Energy

• German Coordination Group „Chemical aspects of energy research“:

• DECHEMA - Gesellschaft für Chemische Technik und Biotechnologie e.V.

• DBG – Deutsche Bunsen Gesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie e.V

• GDCh – Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker e.V.• DGMK – Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft

für Erdöl, Erdgas und Kohle e.V.• VDI-GVC – VDI-Gesellschaft Verfahrenstechnik

und Chemieingenieurwesen • VCI – Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V.

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Position Paper

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Position PaperThesis

• The demand for chemical solutions will increase:– Fuel cells: Catalysts, Electrolytes, Membranes– Solar cells: Organic, Polymeric, Easy to Process Systems– Batteries: Electrodes, Electrolytes– Thermoelectrica: Nanostructured Materials– CO2-Sequestration: Absorption, Chemical Conversion– Heavy Oils and Coal (and Biomass): Conversion to Fuels

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Energy Supply FuelsBioenergy

PhotovoltaicsFuel cells

ThermoelectricsCollectors

H2-Production

Energy storage

Mobile batteriesStationary batteries

SupercapsChemicals

Energy efficientproductionprocesses

CatalysisMicroreaction techn.New reaction mediaProcess integration

OLEDsSuperconductors

Lightweight materialsThermal insulation

Efficient useof energy

The role of chemistry

CO2-Utilisation

Chemistry has a role for the future energy supply!

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Backup

Backup

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Chemistry-related CO2-Emissions

Numbers of 2004, Source: Ministry of Economics and Technology

Energy

Industry (total)Chemistry

= 861 Mio. t CO2

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Production of Hydrogen

• Alternatives– Direct thermal water splitting (without catalyst: T > 2.500°C)

• catalytic• redoxcatalytic

– Photocatalytic water splitting at solid surfaces– Biomimetic photosystems in liquid phase (Ru-Systems)– Biohydrogen

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Photovoltaics• Thin film solar cells (a-Si, µCSi, CdTe ...)• Multibandgap-cells

Alternatives:• Organic semiconductor systems• Photoelectrochemical cells

(Grätzel-Cells)

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Materials for Collectors

• Coatings today:– Black Chromium– Black NickelEfficient, but processing (galvanisation) not environmentally benign

• Coatings Future:– Al2N3

– Carbides– TiNOx

Better efficiency (absorption and reflection)but processing costs high

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Thermoelectrical Devices• Principle

– Materials: Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, Sb2Te (RT) / PbTe-, SiGe-Alloys (550 – 800 K)– Energy Source: In general lost heat– Applications:

• Energy independent micro sensors (“self-powered sensors”)• “self-powered micro-devices”• Auxiliary power systems in automotives• Cooling of Photovoltaic devices

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Thermoelectrical DevicesFuture: Higher Efficiency using nanostructured materials

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CO2-Sequestration& Utilisation

Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies

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CO2-Sequestration

• Research Topics (Chemistry related)– Coal Gasification– CO2-Capture

• Absorption• Membranes

– Materials / Corrosion(CO2(l) / H2O / High Salt Concentration)

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CO2-Utilisation

• Energy Storage Systems• Dry Reforming• CO2 as C1-Building Block• Artificial Photosynthesis• Microalgae–Cultivation• “Better Plants”

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CO2-Utilisation

• Energy Storage SystemsCO2 + H2 CH3OH + H2O

• NEDO-Project, Japan (since early 90ies)

Japan

Australia

CO2 MeOH

ZnCrO-catalyst

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CO2-UtilisationSteamless Carbon Dioxide Reforming

(Dry Reforming)

• CO2 + CH4 2CO + 2H2

• Idea: Exploitation of remote gas fields (stranded gas)

• Discussion Platforms:– Eranet Chemistry– SusChem-D: September Workshop

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CO2-UtilisationArtificial Photosynthesis

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CO2-UtilisationArtificial Photosynthesis

• Light harvesting supramolecular components (Balzani, Bologna)

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CO2-UtilisationArtificial Photosynthesis

• General Problems– Thermal – Stability– Photo(oxidative)-Stability– Light-Harvesting

• European Network: Solar-H (http://www.fotomol.uu.se/Forskning/Biomimetics/solarh)

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CO2-UtilisationCO2 as C1 Building Block

• Problem: Inertness

O

COR1R2

COR2R1O

R3 R4

O

COR1R2O

CO2

Acetales

CarbonatesEster

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CO2-UtilisationCO2 as C1 Building Block

Activation by Carboanhydrase:

CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+

Aktive Center of Carboanhydrase

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CO2-UtilisationActivation of CO2

• Active Species: CarbamateM. Antonietti, Angew. Chemie 2007, 119, 2773 ff

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CO2-Utilisation Biorefineries

• Bioethanol/BioDiesel (1st Generation)• Biofuels 2nd Generation

– BTL ( FT-Catalysts)– Lignocellulose Ethanol

• Biogas• Chemical Building Blocks

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CO2-Utilisation Biogas

One Alternative: ZinkoxidH2S+ZnO H2O+ZnS

200-400 °C (!) H2S-content: ppb