THE ROARING TWENTIES

CHAPTER 13.1-13.3

CHAPTER 14.1

Definition of Roaring Twenties:

Time of rapid change in American society

Result of the industrialization, immigration and urbanization of the late 1800s and early 1900s

Accelerated by World War One and its effect on the lives of millions

Conflict of the Twenties:

The 1920s brought a clash in values, moral, standards and beliefs between two groups

One group wanted to try to maintain TRADITIONAL VALUES

The other group wanted to move on with new MODERN VALUES

Occurred in all aspects of the nation

Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)

“Return to Normalcy” Campaign Slogan in 1920 electionEasily won election by Americans who wanted life to return to pre-war stability in all areasScandal-ridden administration

www.historyplace.com

Republican

Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)

Harding’s VP

Nicknamed “Silent Cal”

Restore the dignity and respect to the presidency

Emphasis on the economic aspects of the 1920s

POLITICAL TENSIONS

Chapter 14.1

#1 – Return to Isolationism

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

Washington Naval Conferences (disarmament)

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

#2 – Red Scare

2nd Russian Revolution (communism)Return to NativismNational Origins Act (immigration Quotas)Violations of American Freedoms1. Schenck v. USThe Court, in a unanimous opinion written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., held that Schenck's criminal conviction was constitutional. The First Amendment did not protect speech encouraging insubordination, since, "when a nation is at war many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." In other words, the court held, the circumstances of wartime permit greater restrictions on free speech than would be allowable during peacetime.In the opinion's most famous passage, Justice Holmes sets out the "clear and present danger" test:

"The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent."

This case is also the source of the phrase "shouting fire in a crowded theater," paraphrased from Holmes' assertion that "the most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic."

2. Gitlow v. New York3. Palmer Raids4. Sacco and VanzettiCrackdown on Strikes and Unions decline (Coolidge quote)

SOCIAL TENSIONS

Chapter 13.1

Chapter 13.2

Chapter 13.3

#3 – Women

19th Amendment

Continued struggle for better job and educational opportunities

New styles

New behaviors

New attitudes

Moral crisis?

www.ilstu.edu

www.viewimages.com

#4 - Demographics

1920 – country more urban than rural

Growth of suburbs as transportation improved (who lived there?)

Great Migration continues

Changes in immigration – Mexican barrios

Conflict in values between rural and urban

#5 Mass Media

PRINT MEDIA

Newspapers Chains

Magazines

MOVIES

Talkies in 1927

More attendance

ADVERTISING

Features v. Feelings

RADIO

KDKA in 1920 By 1929, 10 million radios in homes

Radio networks (NBC)

RESULT: development of a national culture

#6 – National Heroes

Fascination with heroes who showed traditional American values like bravery and modestyAlso fascination with heroes who met new challenges with new vitality

EXAMPLES:Charles LindberghAmelia EarhartSports Heroes- Jack Dempsey- Jim Thorpe- Babe Ruth- Gertrude Ederle

(great increase in participation in sports by all Americans)

The Birth of HollywoodCecil B. DeMilleThe Jazz Singer http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7573925532937499784&q=the+jazz+singer+al+jolson+blue+skies&total=6&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0

Charlie Chaplin http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3546286786451793985&q=charlie+chaplin&total=3101&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0

The Jazz AgeLouis Armstrong http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4723033145351775113&q=Louis+Armstrong&total=3193&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0

George Gershwin http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1840873352114175839&q=George+Gershwin&total=887&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0

Georgia O’Keeffe

#7 – The Arts – “Jazz Age”

New “American" music

Featured new sounds based on:

1. improvisation

2. syncopation

Born in the Delta region of Mississippi

Spread with the Great Migration from New Orleans to Chicago and New York City www.albany.edu

Other Artistic Developments

LOST GENERATION

Writers disillusioned by WWI

Reject materialism

Reject pop culture

Examples:- Ernest Hemingway- F. Scott Fitzgerald

HARLEM RENAISSANCE

Major cultural center in 1920s

Not just Jazz but also literature

Examples:- Langston Hughes- Countee Cullen

Painting . . .

New artists also emerged to reflect the clash in values of the time

Edward Hopper

Georgia O’Keeffe

www.artknowledgenews.com

www.greenville.k12.sc.us

#8 - Prohibition

18th AmendmentVolstead ActEnforcement differences (rural v. urban)BootleggingSpeakeasiesOrganized CrimeAl Capone in Chicago

www.legendsofamerica.com

www.ausu.auc.ca

#9 – Racial Tensions

people.cohums.ohio-state.edu

#9 - Racial Tensions

Moved for two reasons1. job opportunities2. escape southern violenceRed Summer – 1919KKK Northern Revival (not just race)NAACP grows Garvey Movement (“Black is Beautiful”)

#10 – Religion

Fundamentalism

Evolution

Scopes “Monkey” Trial (1925)

Rise of the Radio Preachers

- Billy Sunday

Clarence Darrow

William Jennings Bryan

www.answers.com

ECONOMIC TENSIONS

To be continued in Unit 9 – The Great Depression and the New Deal