The Road to the Civil War The US-Mexico War, 1846-8 Gold Rush, Migration and Expansion Compromise of 1850 Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Bleeding Kansas, 1854-6 Dredd Scott Decision, 1857 John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry 1860 Presidential Election

The Road to the Civil War

Manifest Destiny and War expanded the US to the Pacific Ocean

Westward Expansion of Slavery after US-Mexico War

Debates over slavery in the West ripped the country apart

Ideologies of state’s rights Polarized the North & South No common ground in political parties

The Election of 1860

“Slavery on trial” Nationalism Meaning of America? States-Federal Gov.? John Brown Distrust Democrats crumbled Lincoln (R) won

The South Seceded, 1861

South Carolina first Propaganda MISS, FL, AL, GA,

LA, TX Confederate States

of America President Jefferson

Davis

Ft. Sumter, March-April

South Carolina Troops trapped Stand-off Confederates fired Major Anderson

surrendered War began

The Civil War, 1861-1865

North vs. South (strengths)

North Industry Finances Population Railroads Federal

government

South Home field Skilled leaders Agriculture Defensive war Supplies

North vs. South (weaknesses)

North Arrogance Leadership Distance Supplies

South Slave population Industry Railroads Finances Government

The Nature of War

Long & bloody Militias Total War Divided families Women & blacks Benefited North Fought in South

Preparing for War

Battlefield Amputation

Tent life, 1861 D.C.

Southern Strategy

Outlast NorthDisperse troopsRighteousnessCotton &

Europe

Northern Strategy

Missouri RiverNaval blockadeDivide/IsolateIndustryForce &

populationLand and sea

General Grant

Turning Points, 1861-63

Bull Run, VA: warwould be harder…

Shiloh, TN: both sidesreassess tactics

Antietam, MD: worstday of fighting. North

Blocked SouthernInvasion

Emancipation Proclamation

Free African Americans

African American Troops

-Over 200,000 served -80% from south-Lewis Douglass -Inequalities-54th Mass. Regiment

Union Gains, June 1863…

Drafted 2 million men Gettysburg, PA 1863 (51,000 dead & War

turned against South) Vicksburg, MS 1863 (North gained River) Navy U.S. Grant, 1864

Atlanta

Sherman’s March to the Sea

1864 100,000 people 280 x 50 miles Atlanta to Coast Charlestown Chased Lee to VA

Richmond

Weaknesses in the South, 1864

Desertions and mutinies West Virginia broke away Anti-War protests Food Riots Questioning of slavery Women protesting War Financial ruin, debt, political conflict

Civil War in the West

Civil War in New Mexico and Texas New Mexico was Union territory Texas Confederates invaded NM Texas was Confederate, but with

Union supporters Border Wars French invaded Mexico, 1863 and

expelled by Benito Juarez

Thirteenth Amendment

Lincoln reelected in 1864 Amendment was ratified to the

constitution in 1865, before the end of the Civil War

Abolished slavery everywhere in the United States

End of the War

April 1865 Virginia Appomattox

Courthouse Lee and Grant End of War Lincoln shot by

John Wilkes Booth, 1865

Significance of War

Over 600,000 dead 25% southern men Southern economy Crops, roads, homes Strengthened Union Ended slavery “Fulfilled Declaration”

Changes in America: The 1860s

Four million freed blacks Re-united Americans Heal wounds of War Labor conflict, New York draft riots,

anti-black violence Irish immigration Women in war industries

Land and Prosperity

Homestead Act, 1862 Federal government gave land to people in

Western Territories Payment for soldiers Railroads and speculators

Land Grant College Act Each state will have land for university Sale of public lands will fund it Educated America

Civil War: A Disaster for Indians

California Indian Laws New policies: concentration onto

reservations Military wars waged against tribes Southern tribes trapped Expansion of railroads & population Treaties declined after Civil War Full U.S. Army used after Civil War

Reconstruction, 1865-1877

National effort to re-unite, or re-construct the north and south, and entire nation

Rebuild Southern economy Question of punishment for secession Loyalty oaths? Serve in office? Protect Black freedoms? Who will do the labor

Southern Resistance, Northern Reaction

Southern politicians resisted Pres Johnson was lenient Pres Grant & “Radical Reconstruction” Military districts Loyalty oaths, debts, penalties Freedmen’s Bureau 14th Amendment

Citizenship and equal protection 15th Amendment

Voting rights

Compromise of 1877

Republicans traded black equality to break a tie in the 1876 presidential election

Pulled troops out of south Race relations returned to pre-1865

dynamics, excluding slave status Focused on The West Industrialization Foreign imperial expansion

Conclusions

Lincoln did not support social equality Resolution of sectionalism Power of federal gov’t Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Economic and industrial integration 14th Amendment: Citizenship & Due Process 15th Amendment: voting rights

Why History is Important

Understand power in America See struggles of oppressed people People make history, not fate Multiple perspectives and views Evidence and arguments Myths and heroism Nationalism and patriotism History is who we are