the road to independence
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The Road to Independence. An epilogue of sorts. Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs, Oh My!. Hinduism (Hindus): the majority religion in India; followed by Gandhi and most members of Congress. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Road to IndependenceAn epilogue of sorts
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Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs, Oh My!
Hinduism (Hindus): the majority religion in India; followed by Gandhi and most members of Congress
Islam (Muslims): the majority religion in present-day Pakistan; followed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and most members of the Muslim LeagueSikhism (Sikhs): the majority religion
in the Punjab (a province in northwest India); concerned with protecting their political power and religious freedom
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Some Key TermsCongress Party
Formed 1885; Gandhi takes over in 1920Primarily Hindu political party dedicated to independenceUnified Indians across castes, backgrounds, and (sort of) religions in the name of independence
Muslim LeagueFormed 1906Primarily Muslim political party aimed at advancing the interests of Muslims in British IndiaSuccessfully advocated the partition of India and Pakistan into separate states
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Two ConflictsBritish vs. Indians
Political independence + repressive ruleEconomic independence
Hindus vs. Muslims (and Sikhs)Muslims are a minority in British India, but heavily concentrated in a few areasInitial demand: more powerful local government more power for MuslimsEventual demand: Pakistan as homeland for Muslims
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Satyagraha, and other hard-to-spell terms
Satyagraha: Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violent non-cooperation; literally “truth-force”Ahimsa: non-violence (according to Gandhi, absence of violent thought as well as violent actions)Swadeshi: strategy of achieving economic independence from the British Empire by refusing to buy British-made goods
Khadi: a hand-spun, hand-woven cloth that replaced British-made, imported clothing
Swaraj: “self-rule,” or strategy of achieving political independence from foreign domination
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World War I
1917: Britain announces plan to give Indians more rights1918: WWI ends1919: Government of India Act gives Indians power in local government, but keeps national affairs in British hands
1914: World War I begins1.4 million soldiers of the British Indian Army (both British and Indian) fight in the war
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You’re halfway through!Here are some hamsters dressed as dinosaurs
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The Amritsar MassacreApril 13, 1919British army fires on a nonviolent, defenseless crowd of protesters and pilgrims, killing hundredsGalvanizes Indian resistance and the first non-cooperation movement under GandhiBritish failure to punish General Dyer further angers Indians
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The Salt MarchMarch-May 1930240-mile march to illegally produce salt, followed by a raid on the Dharasana Salt WorksSignificance
Sparked large-scale resistance against the salt tax and British ruleDrew international attention to the Indian independence struggleDid not lead to major concessions from the British
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World War IIBritain joins WWII in September 1939British Governor-General brings India into war
Muslim League supports warCongress debates whether to support war
March 1942: Cripps Mission – failed attempt to convince Congress to support the warIndia sends over 2 million volunteers to fight in the war
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Quit IndiaAugust 1942 through roughly 1944Campaign led by Congress Party to force the British out of India by massive, nonviolent resistanceBritish respond harshly
60,000 Congress leaders imprisoned immediately after start of movementMass arrests and public flogging of demonstrators
Ultimately failed to change much
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The End of the RajWWII ends in 1945; Britain is economically devastatedJuly 1945: Labour Party wins elections in Britain and rapidly moves toward independenceOngoing dispute between Congress and Muslim League over how to achieve independence
Mohammed Ali Jinnah: calls for separate Muslim state
Hastily drawn borders between India and Pakistan
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PartitionAugust 14 and 15, 1947Two components:
Independence of the British Indian EmpireDivision of India (mostly Hindu) and Pakistan (mostly Muslim)
Represented a victory for both Congress and the Muslim LeagueMass migration, riots, and deaths – 10 million migrantsLeft border disputes unsettled