the risorgimento creating an italian nation-state eric beckman, anoka hs (mn) most material adapted...
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The Risorgimento
Creating an Italian Nation-State
Eric Beckman, Anoka HS (MN)Most material adapted from John Merriman,
A History of Modern Europe from the Renaissance to the Present, 1997.
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Political Unification of the Italian Peninsula, 1859-
1870 The Kingdom of Piedmont-
Sardinia, a modern state, manipulated great power politics, nationalist sentiments, and popular insurrections to politically unite the Italian peninsula by creating the nation-state of Italy.
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Barriers to Italian Unification:Italy, “a mere geographic expression.”
Regional differences Cultural Economic Political
Great power politics Papacy Political ideologies
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Forces Pushing for Unification
Common cultural elements
Nationalism Ascendance of
Piedmont-Sardinia Great power
politics
King Victor-Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia, and later of Italy
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Common cultural elements
Catholicism Written
Italian
St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome
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Nationalism
Revolutionary tradition: Carbonari
Liberals and Republicans Mazzini Garibaldi
Resentment of great power interference
Guissepe Mazzini, founder of Giovine Italia (Young Italy)
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Nationalism: Politics
“The history of every age proves that no people can attain a high degree of intelligence and morality unless its feeling of nationality is strongly developed. This noteworthy fact is an inevitable consequence of the laws that rule human nature. . . Therefore, if we so ardently desire the emancipation of Italy--if we declare that in the face of this great question all the petty questions that divide us must be silenced--it is not only that we may see our country glorious and powerful but that above all we may elevate her in intelligence and moral development up to the plane of the most civilized nations. . . Nationalism has become general; it grows daily; and it has already grown strong enough to keep all parts of Italy united despite the differences that distinguish them.”
-The Program of Count di Cavour, 1846Future Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia
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Nationalism
Romantic Theater: William Tell
“This art of music which is based solely on sentiment and ideals cannot escape the influence of the times we live in, and the sentiment and the ideals of the present day are wholly concerned with steam, rapine, and barricades.”
-Rossini
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The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
Modern state Constitutional
monarchy Efficient bureaucracy
Economically successful
Able political leadership, Cavour
Count Camillo di CavourPrime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia
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Piedmont-Sardinia Played Great Power Politics
Crimean War
Alliance with France Commercial treaty Diplomatic marriage Mutual defense treaty
French interest Commerce Nice and Savoy Rome
Napoleon III Emperor of France
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Isolated Austria Piedmont-Sardinia
provoked war with Austria
P-S Isolated Austria French support for P-S
Austria defeated Battles in northern Italy France limits support P-S gains Lombardy
Francis JosephEmperor of Austria
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Francis Joseph eventually adopted the appropriate facial hair for an old school monarch of his generation
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Annexations enlarged Piedmont-sardinia
Cavour encouraged revolutions Successful: Romagna,
Tuscany, Modena, and Parma Annexed by P-S, approved by
plebiscites Unsuccessful: Rome
P-S treaty with France F: recognized annexations P-S: ceded Nice and Savoy
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Giuseppe Garibaldi Led Insurrections in the
South Garibaldi
Nationalist and Republican
Mutual distrust with Cavour
Commanded volunteer army: Red Shirts
Joined rebellions in Sicily (against milling taxes and bread prices) and Naples (led by urban workers)
Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1860
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Garibaldi’s Move South
“The General has ridden through the city on horseback. When the population sees him, they take fire. There is a magic in his look and in his name. It is only Garibaldi they want.” –a soldier
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The Enlarged Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia Added the
Mezzogiorno Garibaldi’s forces and local
rebellions unseated the King of the Two Sicilies
P-S troops marched to Rome Pope opposed unification Garibaldi & Victor-Emmanuel
Victor-Emmanuel II: First King of Italy
“Free, and nearly entirely united, the opinion of civilized nations is favorable to us; the just and liberal principles, now prevailing in the councils of Europe, are favorable to us. Italy herself, too, will become a guarantee of order and peace, and will once more be an efficacious instrument of universal civilization. . . .These facts have inspired the nation with great confidence in its own destinies. I take pleasure in manifesting to the first Parliament of Italy the joy I feel in my heart as king and soldier.”
Victor Emmanuel, 1861
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Garibaldi’s Legacy
Garabaldi on Horseback, 1900, Via dell' Independenza, Bologna
Memorial in Washington Square, New York City
Sculpture by Erminio Blotta, Argentina
Garibaldi Memorialin Taganrog, Russia
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Additions to Italy
1866- Prussia defeated Austria, Italy gained Venetia
1870- Prussia defeated France, Italy gained Rome
Italia Irredenta-Nationalists agitate to add “unredeemed” lands to Italy
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The New State “We have made Italy; now we must make
Italians.” Constitutional monarchy, limited male
franchise Number of male voters grew: 1871 (600,000),
1882 (2 million), 1912 (4 million) National identity limited by illiteracy
70% in 1871, 50% in 1900
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Continued Divisions
Weak sense of national identity. “What is Italy?”
North vs. South Increasing prosperity gap: landowners vs.
rural proletariat Migration Social unrest
Political diversity
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Resistance to the State
Rebellions in South Impoverished, unemployed, landless Sympathy for bandits
Local sources of authority in the South Organized crime Notables
Repression of crime and rebellion in the south killed more people than all of the wars of the risorgimento
Anarchism Opposition to the state Assassination of King Umberto I (1900)
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A Nationalist State Desire for national greatness through
colonialism Conquest of Eritrea (1889), Somalia (1890) and
Libya (1911) Failed attempt to conquer Ethiopia-1896
Initially neutral, irredentism motivated Italian leaders to join WWI
Post-WWI fascism
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Conclusions
Between 1859 and 1870, Piedmont-Sardinia took the lead in forging an Italian nation-state
War, foreign intervention, nationalism, and popular insurrections all contributed to replacing eight political units with one Kingdom of Italy
The new state sought to extend its powers at home and abroad