The Rise of Russia

Russian Expansion

• Ivan III – Ivan the Great– Expansion and post-Mongol “stability”

• Ivan IV – Ivan the Terrible– Expansion and absolutist rule– Begins efforts to “Westernize”

• Both used cossacks to settle new regions• Russia was technologically behind and

agriculturally based

Time of Troubles

• Ivan IV dies with no heir

• Romanov family rises to power– 1613 – 1917

• Early Romanovs– Eliminate political rivals– Establish power base

Peter the Great (6-8??)1689 - 1724

• Enlightened Despot– Studied for 18 months in Europe– Forced Russians to adopt Western Practices

• Dress, facial hair, gender roles, etc…

• Models example of Western absolutism– Consolidates nobles in St. Petersburg

• Window on the West and warm-water port

• Lower Class in France and in Russia• France, 85% peasants and in Russia 90%

– Both societies have serfs• France, still obligated but not “enslaved” as in Russia• French are bound to land because they have no means to move out

Why Westernize? How was it received?

• New structure to “catch up”

• Stimulate industrial economy (metallurgy)

• Make them respectable, worldwide

• Violent responses from all people at times

• Resented changes

• Some traditions destroyed

Catherine the Great (1761)

• German Princess• Married Peter III (Peter the Great’s grandson)• Heavily impacted by Enlightened thought• Felt like all serfs should be emancipated• Pugachev Rebellion

• “Forces” her to be more absolutist and loyal to nobles because they helped her.

• She shifted from liberal to more conservative• Both Peter and Catherine had looked to West but

following Catherine they turn more inward

Why was Poland Partitioned?

• The Parliamentary system there was slow and ineffective which led to the “elimination” of Poland as an independent nation-state.

Themes in Early Modern Russia

• Landed nobles with power– Russia is big

• Serfdom– Slooooows progress in Russia– Leads to rebellion

• Agriculturally based economy– Much is exported to Western Europe or

produced via antiquated methods• (also traded other items such as furs)

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire

• Existed from 1281 to 1923 • one of the largest empires to rule the borders of the

Mediterranean Sea• Rivaled China in size and economic power• reached its apex under Suleiman I• 16th and17th centuries

– among the world's most powerful political entities– Countries of Europe felt threatened by its steady advance

• organization – sultan in the top

• below his viziers, other court officials, and military commanders.– A vizier is a high ranking political and/or religious official

Growth of the Ottoman Empire

• Pre-Ottoman Turks• Earliest ancestors of the Turks in Europe were the Huns• The best known empire of Turks before the Ottomans were the Seljuk Turks

– The rise of the Seljuk Turks ended the nomadic nature of Turks• Rise of a New Empire• The fall of the Seljuk Empire saw the rise of the Ottoman Empire• 1453 C.E.

– Constantinople falls and becomes Istanbul– Capital of empire

• 1517 C.E.– The holy sites of Islam - Mecca and Medina - are controlled by the Ottoman Empire

• For nearly 300 years the Ottomans expanded into the Balkans and to Persia.• By 1683 the Turks controlled Hungary in Europe to the Persian Gulf.• Initial Ottoman conquest and expansion was under their able leader Osman

(1299-1326).• Osman was a ghazi, or warrior, who was determined to spread the faith.

Height of the Ottoman Empire• Suleyman the Magnificent– Reigned from 1520 - 1566– Expanded the Ottoman Empire

from the gates of Vienna to the Persian Gulf

– Siege of Vienna• First failed campaign for

Ottomans• Brought coffee to the Europeans• Source of musical, theatrical, and

cultural growth for Europe as it interacted with Islamic culture

– Claimed the role of Caliph of Islam was held by the Ottoman Sultan

Why Did The Ottomans Succeed?

• Ottomans tolerated other faiths—didn’t fight wars of religious exclusivism

• Many in Old Byzantine Empire were weary of corruption in Byzantine state

Key Events of the Ottoman State

• 1389 – Defeat the Serbs at Battle of Kosovo.

• 1396 – Crushed the Hungarians and foreign knights at Nicopolis.

• 1402 – Tamerlane defeats the Ottomans near Ankara.

• 1453 – Turks capture Constantinople by Mohammed II.

• 1517 – Turks captured Cairo.• 1529 – First siege of Vienna.• 1683 – Second siege of Vienna.

The “Sick Man” of Europe

• Decline in power

• Young Turk Nationionalism

• World War I–Wrong choice

Jannisaries: Ottoman Special Forces

                       

                            

Who were they?• Ottomans• From the Turkish term yeniceri• First organized by bey Murad I in the late 14th Century• 7 – 14 year old Christian(non-Muslim) boys kidnapped

– Devsirme (“labor tax”)– Why is Christian a big deal

Who were they? (cont’d)

• Later converted to Islam– Christians couldn’t carry weapons in the Ottoman

Empire

• Initially, most from Balkan regions (specifically Greece)

• Forced to maintain a higher moral standard– Initially forced to be celibate and no beards

• 16th Century – Marriage becomes acceptable• Beards were a sign of freedom

Why they were better than the average conscripted army

• Allegiance

• To the bey and not regional rulers– These regional rulers were often on competition

for power

• Their life was training– Family – army Father – Sultan

Why they were better…

• Lived as a part of upper society

• Became VERY powerful– Inherited lands from dead Jannisaries

Issues

• They were very powerful

• They wanted to maintain their position in society

• Eventually there were many of them– 20,000 in 1574 to 135,000 in 1826– Later corps were made up of men only

interested in carrying the title in order to collect a salary

Issues

• Staged Coups– Wanted more $$, more rights (marriage), – 1622 – Killed sultan Osman II

• Expensive• Maintained their own trades and became a

“state within a state”• 1826 – Sultan eliminates Janissaries

– Either killed or exiled

Safavid Empire1501 - 1722

Founding

• From Persia to Afghanistan

• Founded by Safi al-Din

– A sufi mystic and 1st ruler of the dynasty

– (1322)

• Empire marked by continual clashes with

other Muslim powers

• 1399 – Empire becomes Shi’a

The Safavids:Turkish conquerors of Persia and Mesopotamia

• Shah Ismail (reigned 1501-1524) • Claims ancient Persian title of shah.

– Proclaimed Twelver Shiism the official religion; imposed it on Sunni population

– Followers known as qizilbash (or "Red Hats/Heads")

• Twelver Shiism – Traced origins to twelve ancient Shiite imams

– Ismail believed to be the twelfth, or "hidden," imam, or even an incarnation of Allah

Battle of Chaldiran - 1514

• Sunni Ottomans persecuted Shiites within Ottoman empire • Chaldiran today is in Azerbaijan• Ottoman/Janissary forces

– modern weapons (guns…)

• Safavid/Qizilbash forces• considered firearms unmanly though they did have some• Results• Safavids crushed by Ottomans• Establishes border between Iran and Turkey• STRESSES IMPORTANCE OF GUNS

Shah Abbas the Great

• (1588-1629)• revitalized the Safavid empire • Territorial Expansion• Modernized military; sought European alliances

against Ottomans • new capital at Isfahan

– centralized administration

• Post-Shah Abbas– Steady decline

The Great Mughal Empire 1526-1707

Introduction• Under the Mughals, India was the heart of a great Islamic empire and

a prolific center of Islamic culture and learning.

• Dynasty was the greatest, richest and longest lasting Muslim dynasty to rule India.

• Mongol Descendents

• The Great Mughal Emperors were:

– Babur (1526-1530) The First of the Mughals

– Humayun (1530-1556) The Luckless Leader

– Akbar (1556-1605) The Great

– Jehangir (1605-1627) The Paragon of Stability

– Shah Jehan (1627-1658) The Master Builder

– Aurangzeb (1658-1707) The Intolerant

Babur 1526 - 1530The First of the Mughals

• Babur was a direct descendant of the Turkish Ghengis Khan and Timur from Tamerlane.

• Defeated the Delhi Sultanate & established the Mughal Empire.– Gunpowder, a skilled commander, trained soldiers on horses contributed to the

victory

• Gained control of the whole northern India – Made Agra capital

• He reigned for 4 short years and died at age 47 in 1530.

• Did not enact new laws or organization in the empire due to early his death

Humayun 1530 - 1556The Luckless Leader

• After Babur died, he was succeeded by his son Humayun in 1530. Humayun was 23 years old.

• He was not a soldier and unlike his father, neither skilled nor a wise leader.

• Inherited a disunited and disorganized empire.

• In 1540, Sher Shah of Bengal defeated Humayun and took over the Mughal Empire. The Empire was lost from 1540-1545.

– He was exiled but later regained power in 1555.

• Humayun died in 1556 after falling down the steps of his library; he is known as “the luckless one”.

Akbar 1556 - 1605The Great

• Akbar become the new Mughal ruler at the age of 14. – Regent and his mother ruled in his name for 4 years

• Akbar was an ambitious and noble commander – Built the largest army ever in the empire. – Helped to conquer nearly all of modern-day northern India and Pakistan.

• Great administrator– developed a centralized government

• It delegated 15 provinces each under a governor and each province into districts and each district was further sub-divided into smaller sections.

• Best known for tolerance of his subjects (especially Hindus)– Removed poll taxes on Hindus

• Invited religious scholars to debate him in his private chambers. – Developed his own faith call Din Ilahi.

• Din Ilahi was a mixture of the other religions Akbar had studied from those debates.

• Religion never caught on

Jehangir 1605 - 1627The Paragon of Stability

• Jehangir succeeded his father Akbar in 1605.• Opposite of his father

– Poor monarch and warrior but good at maintaining the status quo.

• He continued many of Akbar’s policies.– Freedom of worship.– Fair treatment of Hindus.– Continued friendship and alliance with Rajputs.– Allowed foreigners like the Portuguese and English into India for

trade.

• Jehangir married Nur Jahan. She became the real ruler of the empire until the death of her husband.

Jehangir Issues (specific)• Under the influence of his wife and many

others, Jehangir was not an able ruler like his father.– He loved to drink and enjoy himself.– He had to suppress many rebellions.– Important posts in the court were given to

families, friends, and especially those close to his wife, Jahan.

Shah Jehan 1627 - 1658The Master Builder

• Shah Jehan succeeded his father in 1627.

• Better ruler than Jehangir.– Restored the efficiency of government.

– Recovered territories.

– Maintained peace

– Foreign traders were allowed into India and trade increased considerably.

• The empire was expanded.

• Shah Jehan was a patron of the arts– Built many great architecture buildings including the Taj Mahal

and the Peacock Throne, a brilliant gold throne encased in hundreds of precious gems.

Shah Jehan• Taj Mahal

– Built in honor of his wife who died during childbirth. – Took over a decade to build and it nearly bankrupted the

empire.• 1657 - Shah Jehan became seriously ill and a dispute

over the succession of the throne ensued between his three sons.

• Aurangzeb deposed Shah Jehan in a coup d’etat in 1658. Shah Jehan was imprisoned in the Octagonal Tower of the Agra Fort from which he could see the Taj Mahal. He died in 1666 and was buried next to his wife in the Taj Mahal.

Aurangzeb 1658 - 1707The Intolerant

• Aurangzeb ascended the throne after disposing his father and beating out his two brothers.

• Despot– severely persecuted Hindus of Northern India.

• Empire declines under his reign– He removed the tax-free status for Hindus– Destroyed their temples– Crushed semi-autonomous Hindu states

• Primary Interest - Promote Islam vs tolerance

Aurangzeb

• Aurangzeb over expanded the empire and strained his resources.– Large sums of money and manpower were lost.

– He lost the support of the Hindu people.

– The over expansion of his empire weakened his administration.

• Aurangzeb died in 1707s son Bahadur Shah succeeded him. Bahadur was so old by the time he

ascended the throne, he only managed to live a few more years. But at this point in time, the government was so unstable and so weak, the empire become an easy target of invasion and exploitation, first by the Persians, and then by the British.

• The death of Aurangzeb and the short reign of his son led to the end of the Mughal empire and the beginning of British Rule.

Aurangzeb’s Architectural Legacy

Bibi ka Maqbara, Aurangbab 1678Aurangzeb

Taj Mahal, Agra 1631-1652Shah Jehan

Built nearly 50 years apart, the Taj Mahal and the Bibi la Maqbara are very similar in architectural style. Aurangzeb’s other architectural legacy included:

• Moti Masjid (Delhi Fort), Delhi (1659)

• Buri-I-Shamali (Delhi Fort), Delhi

• Badshahi Mosque, Lahore (1674)

The Success of the Mughals

• It is agreed among many scholars that the Mughal empire was the greatest, richest and most long-lasting Muslim dynasty to rule India. This period of Mughal rule produced the finest and most elegant art and architecture in the history of Muslim dynasties.

• The Mughal emperors, with few exceptions, were among the world’s most aesthetically minded rules. Although Turkish and Persian in background, the Mughals were not Muslim rulers of India but Indian rulers who happened to be Muslims. This idea is most evident in Akbar’s obsession of a utopian India for Hindus and Muslims.

• The longevity of the Mughal empire can be contributed to a number of factors. The Mughal emperors were ambitious and for the most part able rulers. But Akbar is perhaps the Mughal emperor responsible for much of the prosperity and harmony achieved during the Mughal Empire.

• Akbar the Great, as he is referred, perceived that 3 things were needed if his Empire was to be stable and long-lasting. – 1. Fair rent must be fixed for the

peasant and a steady revenue for the treasury,

– 2. The land must be ruled by men who were impartial and responsible to himself,

– 3. The Muslim must live at peace with the Hindu.

• Akbar strove during his lifetime to achieve these 3 things. He showed tolerance to Hindu scholars and women.

• By 1650, the Mughal empire had expanded farther North and South.

Mughal Art• The Mughal Empire and the Great Mughals will always

be remembered as a great influence on the artistic and cultural life of India. Their architectural style can still be seen today such as the Taj Mahal built by Shah Jehan and the buildings at Fatehpur Sikri.

• The remarkable flowering of art and architecture under the Mughal Empire is due to several factors.– The empire provided a secure framework within which

artistic genius could flourish. Both Hindu and Muslim artists collaborated to produce some of the best Indian art.

– The empire commanded wealth and resources that were unparalleled in Indian history.

– The Mughal emperors were themselves patrons of art whose intellectual ideas and cultural outlook were expressed in the architecture.

•1526-1530 Babur’s victory at Panipat in 1526 established the Mughal Empire and ended the reign of the Delhi Sultanate. The rise of the great Mughal Dynasty in India began with Babur.

•1530-1556 Humayun succeeded his father Babur and became emperor. He was defeated and dislodged by insurrections of nobles from the old Lodi regime. In 1540, the Mughal domain came under control of Farid Khan Sur (Shir Shah Sur). Humayun died at the age of 48 when he fell down the steps of his library.

•1556-1605 Akbar, the most sophisticated Mughal commander and leader, was only 14 years of age when he succeeded his father Humayun. Under Akbar's reign, Muslims and Hindu’s received the same respect.

Summary: The Dynasty of the Great Mughals in India

Summary: The Dynasty of the Great Mughals in India

• 1605-1628 Jehangir succeeded his father, Akbar.

• 1628-1658 Prince Khurram was 35 years old when he ascended the throne as Shah Jehan, King of the World.

• 1659-1707 In the summer of 1659, Aurangzeb held a coronation in the Red Fort where he assumed the title of Alamgir

(World Conqueror). After a bitter struggle with his two brothers, Aurangzeb was the victor who took the throne.

• 1857 Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, was deposed in 1858. India was brought under the direct rule of the British Crown. This brought the end of the Mughal

Empire.

Works Cited• *http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/cas/faculty/Pages/mughal1.html.

• http://k12bilkent.edu.tr/edweb.gsn.org/india.htm.

• *http://www.islamicart.com/pages/empires/india/preface.htm.

• *http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Mugarch.htm.

• “The Mughal Empire, 1526-1707.” The Cambridge Encyclopedia of India. Ed. Fancis Robinson. New York: Cambridge UP, 1989.

• Moreland, W.H. and Atul Chandra Chatterjee. A Short History of India. 4th ed. New York: David McKay Co., 1957

• Wallbank, T. Walter. India: a survey of the heritage and growth of Indian nationalism. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1948.

• Welch, Stuart C. The Art of Mughal India. Japan: Book Craft Inc., 1963.

• Wolpert, Stanley. India. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1965.

• Wolpert, Stanley. India. Berkley: University of California Press, 1991.

• Woodruff, Philip. The Men Who Ruled India. New York: Schocken Books, 1953.

*denotes sources from which pictures were obtained with descriptions

Taika Reforms

• To unify kingdom

• Established Yamato claim to throne

• Official history written which claims all emperors descend from the sun goddess- what does this explain?

• What is the significance of this?

• National army never instituted

Japanese Society

• Samurai=those who serve• Bushido=code of conduct(honor, obey, be

loyal to daimyo and emperor)• Daimyo= lord • Seppuku/hari kari• Samurai carried 2 swords-1 for battle, 1 for

seppuku• Samurai were Buddhists

The Tale of Ronin:

What do we learn of Japanese society from this tale?

Taiho Code• 702 CE (AD) What was happening in

Europe at this time? Africa?• Set up the basic governing structure• Type of constitution• Emperor at the center• No censors , no criticism-Why?• Gov’t based on aristocracy-what Chinese

practice did this exclude? Why?

Nara Period

• So named from new capital-why did they move to Nara?

• 710-784 CE – period of artistic flourishing

• Borrowed and expanded the use of lacquer

Heian Period

• Kyoto is modern Heian

• 794-1185 CE – What is happening elsewhere? Europe, SW Asia?

• Fujiwara family gains influence , much like the Carolingian monarchs

• Extend control to other islands

• Emperor stripped of power but not replaced

• Fujiwaras granted rights to their own estates and tax free, this took away power and $

• Central govt became weak

• Local govt (feudal estates) became powerful

• Court life presented in TALE OF THE GENJI

Kamakura Shogunate

• 1185CE: Yoritomo took title of “shogun

• Strongest daimyo built castles

• Organized military

• Feudal system created

• Shogunate rule until 1868

JAPANESE FEUDALISM

• Depended on loyalty

• Loyalty to ruler (Confucian) loyalty to family (Japanese)

• Lord/vassal relationship unlimited on part of vassal

• Not a contract

• Lord seen as having superior wisdom

• What does this do to the development of rights?

• Women were not fragile, not to be sheltered

• Women were considered to be samurai

• Taught the arts, did not have contempt for learning

• How has this shaped modern Japan?

• Small farmers turned over land to daimyo

• 12th century most land was private

• Emperor in name only

• Eventually turned to primogeniture for protection

• What did this do to the status of women?

• Who else was hurt? What choices did they have?

• Buddhist monks opposed unity-why?

Mongol invasion

• Bow and arrow of samurai

• “kamikaze”

• Japanese successful but Kamakuras were supplanted by Ashikaga

Ashikaga Shogunate

• 1338-1567 CE: What was happening elsewhere?

• Constant fighting until 16th century

• Nobunaga: brilliant general, appt’d. Hideyoshi and Ieyasu

• Accepted Portuguese and allowed Christianity: why?

• Europeans brought guns

• HIDEYOSHI: “Napoleon of Japan”, unified Japan, never shogun because not noble– Wanted to conquer China– Koreans wouldn’t allow trespass– Battles with Koreans weakened his army– Died 1598

Power passed to Ieyasu