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THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL AMERICA

1865 - 1900

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The Gilded Age

Gilded Age – – A phrase created by Mark

Twain.

– It means: Looks shiny or good on the outside, but is corrupt or dirty on the inside.

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The Major Legislation

The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 –

– Said no company could under-sale the competition for the intent of creating a monopoly.

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1. Cornelius Vanderbilt

Known as “Commodore” Quit school at age 11. Ran a railroad. Worth $400 million

when he died. Said, “Law! What law? I

have power!”

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2. Andrew Carnegie

Also ran a railroad, but made his wealth in steel.

He mastered the Bessemer Procedure.

Was worth $750 million when he died.

Was a great philanthropist.

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3. J.P. Morgan

Bought the steel company from Carnegie.

He created U.S. Steel.

He controlled 10% of the nation’s wealth.

Worth $22 billion when he dies.

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4. John D. Rockefeller

Controlled 90% of the nation’s oil.

Created Standard Oil.

Gave lots of money away.

Was also a great philanthropist.

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IDEAS OF THE 19TH CENTURY

A. Social Darwinism – “Survival of the Fittest”“Fittest business will survive.”

B. Gospel of Wealth – Economically successful people have the responsibility to share their fortune with their community.

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IDEAS OF THE 19TH CENTURY

C. How to succeed – (Horatio Alger)

- An “Algerism” – Work hard, get an education, have a

good attitude, be determined, and you will succeed.

D. Materialism –

The greatest things to be accumulated are materials

– cars, jewels, homes, etc

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Thomas Nast

Famous editorial cartoonist in the 1800’s.

Drew cartoons for a magazine called Harper’s Weekly.

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Boss Tweed

A crooked politician in New York City.

Head of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine

He stole millions of dollars (between $75 – $200 million) from the New York City government.

Convicted and went to jail. Nast’s cartoon’s helped catch him.

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1. Who is depicted in the cartoon?

2. What is his head?

3. What does the cartoon represent?

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1. What is the man standing on?

2. Who do you think he is?

3. What is he holding in his hands?

4. What does the cartoon mean?

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1. Who is carrying the world?

2. What is drawn on the world?

3. What does it mean?

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Who is the man pictured? What is he holding? What is going on in the background? What is the cartoon saying?

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The Rise of Populism

Populism – A movement in the late 1800’s that wanted reform for the farmers and workers.

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The Goals of Populism

What did Populism want?1. A personal income tax.)

2. Direct election of our senators.

3. An 8 hour work day.

4. Immigration restriction.

5. The “Free Silver” movement or backing our currency with silver instead of gold – They were called “Silverites.”

6. One - 6 year term for President.

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Populism’s Popularity

Why was Populism popular?– There was a economic

depression in 1893.– The depression specifically

hurt the Eastern industrial workers.

– The workers began to work together to earn more workers’ rights.

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The Decline of Populism

What ever happened to Populism?

– The Democratic Party adopted many of their ideals.

– Economy prosperity returned and many of the people forgot about the problems from 1893.

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Leaders of Populism

William Jennings Bryan –– Ran for President four

times, but lost all of them.– Ran in 1896, 1900 and

1908 as a Democrat.– Lost in 1896 and 1900 to

William McKinley.– Lost in 1908 to Howard

Taft.– Called the “Great

Commoner.”

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The Populism Allegory

An allegory is a story that uses animals and people to represent a concept or idea.

Many scholars say that the Wizard of Oz is an allegory for Populism.

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The Wizard of Oz

Published by L. Frank Baum in 1900.

Becomes a movie in 1939.

About a girl trying to get home from a strange Land called Oz.

Gets the assistance from three companions who also seek help from the Wizard.

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Dorothy

Dorothy represents every man or the people.

She is from Kansas.

She hopes the Wizard will show her way back home to Kansas.

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Toto

Just a dog.

Could have represented laughter and fun.

Dorothy needed Toto to keep from turning “dumb, “heartless” and “scared.”

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The Munchkins

The Munchkins represent all the common people that must work for capitalists.

They were “in bondage for many years” to the Wicked Witch of the East, until Dorothy kills her.

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The Slippers

The slippers are actually silver in the book, representing the Free Silver movement of the Populism.

They come off when Dorothy returns to Kansas to show that the Free Silver movement fails.

They were only red in the movie for color reasons.

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The Yellow Brick Road

The Yellow Brick Road presents the Gold Standard that Populism was against.

Oz is the abbreviation for ounce, the measurement for gold.

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The Scarecrow

The Scarecrow represents farmers.

He hopes the Wizard will give him a brain or knowledge.

Many felt farmers were not intelligent and working hard for little gain.

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The Tin Man

The Tin Man represents the industrial workers.

He hopes the Wizard will give him a heart.

Many saw the industrial workers as dehumanized from no work during the 1893 depression.

The depression is represented by him being rusted when they find him.

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The Lion

The Lion represents W.J. Bryan.

He hopes to get courage from the Wizard.

The Lion retreats into the forest to show Bryan’s defeats and demise from politics.

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The Emerald City

The Emerald City represents Washington, D.C., home of the President.

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The Witches

The witches represent capitalists or bankers.

The Wicked Witch of the East is killed by Dorothy’s house.

The Wicked Witch of the West is melted.

Glinda is the Good Witch of the North.

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The Flying Monkeys

The Flying Monkeys represent Native Americans at that time.

They were good, but forced to

do bad by the Witches.

Likewise, Native Americans felt trapped by wealthy capitalists who forced them into working for them.

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The Wizard

The Wizard is the President of the U.S., presumably Grover Cleveland.

He was president from 1885 – 1889 and again from 1893 – 1897.