Rise of Dictatorships and Rise of Dictatorships and Beginnings of WWIIBeginnings of WWII

Chapter 4Chapter 4 Mr. R. SmithMr. R. Smith

Causes: Why Did Causes: Why Did Dictatorships Rise?Dictatorships Rise?Extreme situations call for extreme Extreme situations call for extreme governmentsgovernmentsPeople are afraid of disorderPeople are afraid of disorderSometimes, people will trade Sometimes, people will trade ‘‘orderorder’’ for for ‘‘personal freedompersonal freedom’’Sometimes, people are taught to Sometimes, people are taught to believe that their believe that their ‘‘ethnicityethnicity’’ is superior is superior to other ethnicities in the world. to other ethnicities in the world.

Three DictatorsThree Dictators

What is a dictator? What is a dictator? -- An absolute rulerAn absolute ruler-- A tyrant; a despot.A tyrant; a despot.

Examples:Examples:

> Stalin > Stalin –– RussiaRussia CommunistCommunist

> > Mussolini Mussolini –– ItalyItaly FascistFascist

> Hitler > Hitler –– GermanyGermany FascistFascist

StalinStalin

Took control after the death of LeninTook control after the death of LeninA cruel leaderA cruel leaderDrastic agricultural and economic reforms were Drastic agricultural and economic reforms were imposed to ready Russia for the fight against imposed to ready Russia for the fight against CapitalismCapitalismTotalitarian state: A form of government in which Totalitarian state: A form of government in which the political authority exercises the political authority exercises absoluteabsolute and and centralizedcentralized control over all aspects of life. The control over all aspects of life. The individual is subordinated to the state, and individual is subordinated to the state, and opposing political and cultural expression is opposing political and cultural expression is suppressed. suppressed.

MussoliniMussolini

Came to powerCame to powerin Italy in 1922in Italy in 1922Called: Il DuceCalled: Il DuceOpposed to Opposed to democracy and democracy and communismcommunismBlackshirtsBlackshirtsDreamed of a new Dreamed of a new Italian (Roman) Italian (Roman) EmpireEmpire

Fascist GovernmentsFascist Governments

Control the mediaControl the mediaUse propaganda to control peopleUse propaganda to control peoplePresent an Present an ‘‘infallible leaderinfallible leader’’ image, image, i.e., the leader is someone who never i.e., the leader is someone who never makes mistakesmakes mistakesMythMyth--building an essential part of the building an essential part of the government process, e.g., Jews are government process, e.g., Jews are evilevil

Germany After WWIGermany After WWI

Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles established peace established peace terms after WWIterms after WWIArticle 238: War Guilt Article 238: War Guilt Clause, i.e., Germany Clause, i.e., Germany started WWIstarted WWIReparations ($$$$$$$)Reparations ($$$$$$$)HyperHyper--inflationinflationStock market crashStock market crashhurt Germany badlyhurt Germany badly

Rise of HitlerRise of Hitler

Hitler claimed that he Hitler claimed that he had all the answershad all the answersProvided make work Provided make work projects: Autobahnprojects: AutobahnAbolished all other Abolished all other political partiespolitical partiesFound scapegoats Found scapegoats ––the Jewsthe JewsUsed paramilitary Used paramilitary groups groups -- BrownshirtsBrownshirtsTook advantage of the Took advantage of the failure of the failure of the democratic Weimar democratic Weimar GovernmentGovernment

Article 48Article 48

Art. 48. If a state fails to perform the duties Art. 48. If a state fails to perform the duties imposed upon it by the federal constitution or imposed upon it by the federal constitution or by federal law, the President . . . may enforce by federal law, the President . . . may enforce performance with the aid of the armed forces. performance with the aid of the armed forces. If public order and security are seriously If public order and security are seriously disturbed or endangered within the Federation, disturbed or endangered within the Federation, the President . . . may take all necessary steps the President . . . may take all necessary steps for their restoration, intervening, if need be, for their restoration, intervening, if need be, with the aid of the armed forces. For the said with the aid of the armed forces. For the said purpose he may suspend for the time being, purpose he may suspend for the time being, either wholly or in part, the fundamental rights either wholly or in part, the fundamental rights

Nuremburg LawsNuremburg Laws

ARTICLE 3. Only citizens of the Reich, as ARTICLE 3. Only citizens of the Reich, as bearers of full political rights, can exercise bearers of full political rights, can exercise the right of voting in political matters, and the right of voting in political matters, and have the right to hold public office. have the right to hold public office. ARTICLE 4. (1) A Jew cannot be a citizen of ARTICLE 4. (1) A Jew cannot be a citizen of the Reich. He cannot exercise the right to the Reich. He cannot exercise the right to vote; he cannot hold public office. (2) vote; he cannot hold public office. (2) Jewish officials will be retired as of Jewish officials will be retired as of December 31, 1935. December 31, 1935.

KristallnachtKristallnacht/Crystal /Crystal NightNight

November 9, 1938 November 9, 1938 --German mobs attack German mobs attack businesses and Jewish businesses and Jewish synagoguessynagogues

The night of breaking The night of breaking glass = Crystal Nightglass = Crystal Night

Jews were billed for Jews were billed for the damages done to the damages done to their propertytheir property

The Road to WarThe Road to War

Japan invades ManchuriaJapan invades ManchuriaChina asks League of Nations for help China asks League of Nations for help --Japan walks away from League of NationsJapan walks away from League of NationsItaly attacks Abyssinia Italy attacks Abyssinia -- France and Britain France and Britain reluctant to do anything (wanted Italy for reluctant to do anything (wanted Italy for an ally against Germany)an ally against Germany)1936 1936 –– Hitler enters the RhinelandHitler enters the RhinelandSpanish Civil War Spanish Civil War –– Communism and Communism and Democracy against FascismDemocracy against Fascism

AppeasementAppeasement

March 1938 March 1938 –– Anschluss (Austria Anschluss (Austria becomes a part of Germany)becomes a part of Germany)September 1938 September 1938 –– Germany takes Germany takes Sudetenland, CzechoslovakiaSudetenland, CzechoslovakiaMarch 1939 March 1939 –– Germany takes the rest Germany takes the rest of Czechoslovakiaof CzechoslovakiaAugust 1939 August 1939 –– NaziNazi--Soviet Pact signedSoviet Pact signedSeptember 1939 September 1939 –– Poland fallsPoland falls

HitlerHitler’’s View s View -- DemocraciesDemocracies

HitlerHitler’’s View s View –– French/British FamiliesFrench/British Families

HitlerHitler’’s View s View –– AustriaAustria

Hitler/Stalin View Hitler/Stalin View –– PolandPoland

Hitler/Stalin View Hitler/Stalin View –– OtherOther

CanadaCanada’’s Responses Response

Canada, like America, remained isolationist.Canada, like America, remained isolationist.Why?Why?Memories of WWI, Great Depression, and Memories of WWI, Great Depression, and harsh Treaty of Versaillesharsh Treaty of VersaillesPM Mackenzie King thought Hitler was PM Mackenzie King thought Hitler was peaceful peaceful –– good for Germany! good for Germany! Canada failed to accept Jewish refugees Canada failed to accept Jewish refugees (the S.S. St. Louis)(the S.S. St. Louis)