the rise of ancient greece. i. background information mediterranean empire mountainous terrain,...
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The Rise of Ancient Greece
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I. Background Information
• Mediterranean Empire• Mountainous terrain, Coastal plains
– Isolated and Protected
• Mild climate with rainy winters• Sea trade was the prevalent
occupation
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Minoan CivilizationPalace at Knossos
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II. The Minoans
• Located on Crete• King Minos’ palace was discovered
– Hallways formed a labyrinth (maze)
• Minoan information:– Minoan women had a higher status than
others– Minoans earned a living from the sea– By 2000 B.C. – controlled the Eastern Med.
Sea – Civilization peaked @ 1600 B.C.– Destroyed by either tidal waves or the
Mycenaeans
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Knossos: Minoan Civilization
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Minoan Civilization
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The Mycenaean Civilization
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The Mask of Agamemnon
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III. The Mycenaeans• Originated in Central Asia – moved @ 2000
B.C• Intermarried with the Hellenes• Built hilltop fortresses surrounded by walls
– Served as administrative and business centers
• Minoans began to trade with the Mycenaeans– Resulted in cultural diffusion
• 1450s B.C. – conquered the Minoans• 1100s B.C. – inter turmoil led to self-
destruction• Invaded by the Dorian's (the “Dark Ages”)
– Thousands fled to Ionia (the coast of Asia Minor)
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IV. A New Start• 750 B.C. – Ionians reintroduced culture,
crafts, and skills (Phoenician alphabet)• The new civilization flourished between
750-300 B.C.• Bards (story-tellers) kept culture alive• The Greeks began to record epic poems
that had been passed down by bards– The Odyssey and Iliad: taught in Greek
schools– Be proud of Greek heritage– A love of nature– Importance of husband-wife relationship– Meet fate with dignity
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V. Greek Religion• Polytheistic = more than one god• Able to approach gods with dignity• Humanized the Gods
– Jealous of one another– Quarreled and played tricks on each other
• Gods lived on Mt. Olympus• Festivals to honor gods (Olympic
Games)• Gods and Goddesses (over 50 total gods)
– Mythography | Olympians - Greek Gods and Goddesses in Myth and Art
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Olympia
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Greek Art (emphasized the individual)– Murals were painted (nonexistent
today)– Pottery artifacts (red and black)– Scenes from everyday life– Sculptors
• Myron – idealized (Discus Thrower)• Phidias – in charge of the Parthenon’s
sculptures• Praxiteles – after the “Golden Age”
– Favored life-like opposed to idealized– Emphasized grace rather than power
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The Classical Greek “Ideal”
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The Ancient Olympics:Athletes & Trainers
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VI. The Greek Polis• City-state: basic political unit of Hellenic
society• Typical polis (city-state):
– City and surrounding fields– Acropolis at the top of a hill (center of polis)– Agora at the bottom of the hill (public square)– Citizens were native born, landholding, freeman– Greek women had no political rights
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VII. The Polis (continued) • Greek colonies and Trade
– 700 B.C. – not enough crop production– Colonies were set up in coastal regions
(support)– Economic Growth: trade throughout the region
• 600s B.C. – money system replaced barter system
• Political and Social Change– 700s B.C. – kings lost power to landholding
nobles– Aristocrats gave loans to farmers– Tyrants took control due to political unrest
• Seized power; single-handedly ruled– After 500 B.C. city-states became either:
• Oligarchy (Sparta): ruled by a few wealthy people• Democracy (Athens): government by the people
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The Acropolis Today
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The Parthenon
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The Agora
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Sparta
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VIII. Sparta• Descendents of the Dorians (Peloponnesus)• Invaded neighboring city-states
– Helots (slaves) were acquired through invasion
• Perioecis worked for the Spartans• Combined the helots/perioecis outnumbered
the Spartans 20:1– 650 B.C. – helots revolted against their masters
• Military Society: only way to maintain power– Life revolved around the military– Newborns were examined by officials– Began military training at the age of 7
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VIII. Sparta (continued)• Spartan Women:
– Wanted women to be healthy and strong– Married later than other Greek women– Had more freedoms than other women
• Spartan Government– Set up by Lycurgus in the 800s B.C.– Two kings ruled jointly; an Assembly passed laws
• Results of Militarism:– Maintained control for 250 years– Lagged behind other city-states economically– Were exceptional Olympic athletes– Played key roles in defending Greece against
invaders
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Sparta
Helots Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.
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IX. Athens• Descendants of the Mycenaeans (Attica)• Named in honor of Athena• Forced to reform government in (600s B.C.)• Metics – non-enslaved foreigners in Athens• Expanded citizenship to include more men
– 507 B.C – constitution stated that all free Athenian-born men were citizens
• Athenian Education:– Citizens educated their sons (Iliad/Odyssey)– Studied Math, Art, Music, Gymnastics– Served in the military for 2 years (age 18)
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IX. Athens• Athenian Leaders:
– Draco: • 612 B.C.: Issued a code of harsh laws
(draconian)
– Solon: • Cancelled land debts• Extended citizenship to foreign artisans
– Peisistratus: • Divided estates among landless
– Cleisthenes: • Est. a democracy for Athens• The Assembly increased its’ power• Ostracism was established
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X. Persian Wars• Persians were led by Cyrus II• Greeks aided the Ionians – angered Darius• Marathon: 490 B.C.
– Greeks were outnumbered 2:1; waited to attack– Surprise attack: 6,400 Persians died – 192
Greeks
• Thermopylae: 480 B.C.– Xerxes invaded from the north– Leonidas and the Spartans (200,000 to 300)
• Salamis:– Themistocles was able to lure the Persians into
the Strait of Salamis and trap the Persians– Persians then retreated to Asia Minor
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Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE
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XI. The “Golden Age” of Athens
• 461-429 B.C: art and science achievements• Led by Pericles – rebuilt Athens
– Built the Parthenon as a temple to Athena
• Athenian Daily Life:– Public buildings were lavish– Men worked in the morning – afternoon
activities• Exercise, the Assembly, Symposiums
• Athenian Women– Stayed close to the home – few privileges– Aspasia, a metic woman, gave advice to women
• Was prosecuted for impiety (disloyalty to the gods)
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Great Athenian PhilosophersSocrates Know thyself! question everything (absolute truth) only the pursuit of goodness brings
happiness.Plato The Academy The Republic philosopher-kingAristotle
Studied at the Academy Believed all government systems were
workable Preferred the power rest with the
middle class Tutored Alexander the Great
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Golden “Age of Pericles”:460 BCE – 429 BCE
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Athens: The Arts & Sciences
DRAMA (tragedians): Aeschylus - OresteiaOresteia Sophocles – Oedipus RexOedipus Rex Euripides – Trojan WomenTrojan Women
THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras a² + b² = c² Democritus all matter made up
of small atoms. Hippocrates “Father of
Medicine”
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• Herodotus: “The Father of History”– Used the Persian Wars as his subject– Recorded his discoveries in Historia
•Offered supernatural explanations•Wrote about outstanding
individuals/events• Thucydides: first scientific historian
– Wrote about the Peloponnesian War– Was as accurate and impartial as possible
•Visited battle sites; firsthand accounts– Believed future generations could learn
from the past
Athens: Great Historians
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Peloponnesian Wars
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XII. The Peloponnesian War• Delian League formed to protect city-states
– Started by Athens (treasury was at Delos)– Athens dominated other city-states
• The anti-Athens Alliance – led by Sparta• Spartans deal with Persians
– Return Ionia in exchange for a fleet of warships• 430 B.C. – plague strikes Athens• Athenian allies switch sides• 404 B.C. – Athens surrendered to Sparta• Effects of the War
– Decline in population & rise in unemployment– 371 B.C. an alliance led by Thebes overthrew the
Spartans– 350s B.C. Greeks were defeated by the
Macedonians
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Macedonia Under Philip II
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Philip II: King of Macedonia
Spent three years in Thebes as a hostage– Gained appreciation of Greek culture and military
Three Goals as King1. Develop a standing army2. Unify Greek city-states under Macedonian rule3. Conquer the Persian Empire
Philip II married Olympias of Epirus– Alexander was there only son
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Macedonian Phalanx
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Alexander the Great
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• Tutored by Aristotle• Imperial Goals:
– Punish Persia for its invasion of Greece– Unite Asia and Europe and combine cultures
• 334 B.C.E – led 35,000 men into Persia– Plan:
• Defeat weaker cities first • Stay close to the coastline• Acquire men and supplies with each victory
• Expanded his empire (Asia Minor & Egypt)– Was declared a pharaoh– Established Alexandria
XIII. Alexander the Great
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Alexander the Great
• Defeated Darius at Gaugamela– Declared himself ruler of all of the Persian
Empire– Walked into Babylon, capital of the Persian
Empire in 330 B.C.E.
• 327 B.C.E. Married a Bactrian Princess– Roxane
• 326 B.C.E – reached the Indus River– Was forced by his men to turn back
• 323 B.C.E – died of malaria in Babylon
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Alexander the Great’s Empire
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The Hellenization of Asia
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Pergamum: A Hellenistic City
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Economy of the Hellenistic World
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Hellenistic PhilosophersCynics: Diogenes
§ ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries.
§ citizens of the world.
§ live a humble, simple life.
Epicurians: Epicurus§ avoid pain & seek pleasure.
§ all excess leads to pain!
§ politics should be avoided.
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Hellenistic Philosophers
Stoics: Zeno§ nature is the expansion of divine will.
§ concept of natural law.
§ get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.
§ true happiness is found in great achievements.
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Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences
Scientists / Mathematicians:§ Euclid: geometry
§ Archimedes: pulley
Hellenistic Art:§ More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic
art.
§ Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!
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Empire divided between 3 Generals– Ptolemy: ruled Egypt, Libya, and Syria
• The most “prestigious” domain • Later ruled by Cleopatra
– Seleucus: ruled part of Syria, Mesopotamia, Iran, and Afghanistan
• Forced to withdraw to Syria
– Antigonous: ruled Macedonia and Greece• City-states declared independence• Conquered by the Romans in the 100s B.C.E
Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
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Breakup of Alexander’s Empire