The Revolution in Energy The Revolution in Energy and Industryand Industry

Presented by:

Nicola Felice, Elizabeth Cafaro, Danielle Conklin

National VariationNational Variation• Up until the 1800’s most European countries were fairly

close with regard to their per capita levels of Industrialization.

• The Industrial Revolution in Britain caused it to be the most industrialized nation in continental Europe by the 1900’s.

• Increasing industrialization resulted in animosity between nations and increased competition for resources and wealth.

The Challenge of The Challenge of IndustrializationIndustrialization• 18th Century Europe was marked by agricultural

improvement, population increase, and greatly expanding foreign trade.

• The French Revolution resulted in decreased trade, increased tension, and minimized communication between Britain and France.

• France suffered in that it was no longer able to use the innovative technology of Britain.

• Britain began to dominate economically, thus taking control of the world markets.

• Expensive steam power, pricey railroads and a shortage of laborers stunted the potential of industrial growth in Britain.

The Challenge of Industrialization(continued)

• Various other European countries began to match up with the success of Britain, “borrowing” the methods developed their.

• Merchant capitalists and skilled artisans contributed to the industrial success of many European nations.

Agents of IndustrializationAgents of Industrialization

• Up until 1825 Britain forbid any artisans and skilled Up until 1825 Britain forbid any artisans and skilled mechanics from leaving the nation in order to keep their mechanics from leaving the nation in order to keep their discoveries secret from the rest of Europe. However, discoveries secret from the rest of Europe. However, various workers escaped out of the country and various workers escaped out of the country and introduced their skills to others abroad.introduced their skills to others abroad.

• William Cockerill and his sons built cotton-spinning William Cockerill and his sons built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium in 1799. in 1817 his son, John equipment in Belgium in 1799. in 1817 his son, John created an industrial enterprise, producing steam created an industrial enterprise, producing steam engines, locomotives and various other machinery. engines, locomotives and various other machinery. John would have illegal workers come to him with John would have illegal workers come to him with information about the newest technological advance. information about the newest technological advance. Clearly technicians and skilled workers were a diving Clearly technicians and skilled workers were a diving force in the spread of early industrialization.force in the spread of early industrialization.

Agents of IndustrializationAgents of Industrialization(Continued)(Continued)

• Talented Entrepreneurs were agents of industrialization.Talented Entrepreneurs were agents of industrialization.• Fritz Harkort was inspired to help Germany match the Fritz Harkort was inspired to help Germany match the

industrial success of Britain. Built engines and became industrial success of Britain. Built engines and became well known across Europe. Unfortunately, after sixteen well known across Europe. Unfortunately, after sixteen years he was greatly in debt and was forced to give up years he was greatly in debt and was forced to give up his company.his company.

• The third agent of industrialization is government.The third agent of industrialization is government.• Tariff protection enabled a country to flourish by Tariff protection enabled a country to flourish by

increasing the tariff on imported goods so that increasing the tariff on imported goods so that consumers would buy domestic items.consumers would buy domestic items.

• Many governments also financed the erection of Many governments also financed the erection of buildings, railroads and other transportation systems.buildings, railroads and other transportation systems.

• In an attempt to tie the nation together the government of In an attempt to tie the nation together the government of Belgium supported a stat-owned railroad system.Belgium supported a stat-owned railroad system.

Agents of Industrialization(Continued)

• In Prussia the state treasury agreed to pay interest on railroad bonds if private companies were unable to.

• In France the state funded everything from roads, to bridges, railroads and tunnels.

Friedrich List• German journalist who believed that it

was the government’s responsibility to promote the industrial success of a nation.

• National System of Political Economy, listed his policies and focused on government financed railroad building and the protective tariff.

• Supported the formation of the Zollverein or a tariff union within member states.

• Wanted a high protective tariff and denounced free trade.

• Collection of his beliefs began to be known as economic nationalism.

The Coming of The Coming of RailroadsRailroads

As early as 1800 anAmerican ran a "steamer on wheels" through the city streets.

In the early 1820s Englishengineers created

steamcars capable of carrying 14 passengers at 10

miles per hour.

The noisy, heavy steam automobiles scared

horsesand damaged the roads

aswell as themselves withtheir vibrations. They were not practical.

Once a rail capable of supporting a heavy locomotive was developed in 1816, all sorts of experiments with steam engines on rails went forward. The coal industry had long been using plank roads and rails to move coal wagons within mines and at the surface. In 1825 after 10 years of work George Stephenson built an effective locomotive. In 1830 his Rocket sped down a track at 16 miles per hour. Within 20 years the locomotivetracks had spread all over Britain. The railroad dramatically reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight over land.

The Coming of RailroadsThe Coming of Railroads

Industry and Industry and PopulationPopulation

In 1851 London was the sight of a famous industrial fair.

The Great Exhibitionwas held in the newlybuilt Crystal Palace.

The Revolution and security people felt caused a population

boom.This growth facilitated

industrial expansion.

The Steam Engine Breakthrough

In an attempt to overcome the disadvantages of coal Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines.

These were inefficient, both burned coal to produce steam which was then used to operate a pump.

In the early 1760s a Scot named James Watt improved on Newcomen's engine and made it more efficient.

Watt's steam engine proved to be the most fundamental advance in technology during the Industrial Revolution.

The Steam Engine Breakthrough

Steam power promoted important breakthroughs in other industries.

It radically transformed the British iron industry.

The economic consequence of these technological innovations was a great boom in the British iron industry.

In 1740 annual British iron productions was only 17,000 tons in 1788 68,000 tons, 1796 125,000 tons, and 260,000 tons in 1806.

This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, indispensable building blocks of the economy.

Steam Engine Breakthrough

The growth of the textile industry might have been cut short if water from rivers and streams had remained the primary source of energy.

As the energy crisis continued to grow Britain began to look to its abundant and widely spread reserves of coal as an alternative to rapidly vanishing wool.

As more coal was produced mines were dug deeper and began to fill with water.

Mechanical pumps had to be installed that required large teams of animals to run.

The First Factories

Working conditions in the early factories were less than satisfactory many people were unwilling to work in them.

Many factory owners turned to young children who had been abandoned by their parents.

Parish owners often "apprenticed“ such children to the factory owners.

The parish saved money, and the factory owners gained workers over whom they exercised almost the authority of slave owners.

Britain was the pioneer of the industrial revolution.Between 1793 and 1815 they revolutionized industrial technology, social relations and urban living.During this time Britain was also at war with France.

The Industrial Revolution in BritainThe Industrial Revolution in Britain