the revolution at full swing

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THE REVOLUTION AT FULLSWING



Table of Contents

Declaration of Martial Law

The Revolution Spread

Actions against the Katipunan

The Martyrs of the Revolution

Prominent Katipuneros and Revolutionaries

Tejeros Convention

Why Bonifacio lost the elections?

Naic Convention

The Persecution of Andres Bonifacio

The Trial of Bonifacio

The Death of Bonifacio

Why Bonifacio was killed?

The Backlash

The Pact of Biak-na-Bato

The Truce

Failure of the Truce



Declaration of Martial Law

Because of the revelation of theKatipunan and subsequent skirmishesaround Manila, Gov.²Gen. RamonBlanco declared a ´state of warµ andmartial law in the following provinces:

Manila

Bulacan

Pampanga

Nueva Ecija

Morong

Laguna Cavite

Batangas



The Revolution Spread

After the declaration ofwar and martial law,surrounding provinces soonjoined the revolution.

Tarlac Bataan

Zambales

Pangasinan

Ilocos provinces

Bicol region The revolution will further

spread down south toVisayas and Mindanao.



Actions against the Katipunan

Gov.-Gen. Blanco promised amnesty to those

Katipuneros who will surrender and lay down their

arms.

Drastic measures such as torture was implemented

to gather intelligence materials and to know the

whereabouts of other Katipuneros.

Finally, many Katipuneros will be executed inBagumbayan as a warning to those who will join the

Katipunan and the Revolution.



The Martyrs of the Revolution

Sept. 6, 1896

Battle of San Juan del Monte

Sancho Valenzuela, Ramón Peralta, Modesto Sarmiento, and

Eugenio Silvestre

Sept 11, 1896

Thir teen mar ty rs of Cavi te

Luis Aguado, Eugenio Cabezas, Feliciano Cabuco, Agapito

Conchu, Alfonso de Ocampo, Máximo Gregorio, Máriano

Inocencio, José Lallana, Severino Lapidario, Victoriano

Luciano, Francisco Osorio, Hugo Pérez, Antonio San Agustín.



Jan. 4, 1897

Bicol mar ty rs

Manuel Abella, Domingo Abella; priests Inocencio Herrera, GabrielPrieto and Severino Díaz; Camio Jacob, Tomas Prieto, Florencio Lerma,

Macario Valentin, Cornelio Mercado, Mariano Melgarejo Jan. 11, 1897

Bu si ne ssmen mar ty rs

Francisco Roxas, Telesforo Chuidian and Jacinto Limjap; NumerianoAdriano, José Dizon, Domingo Franco, Moises Salvador, Luis EncisoVillareal, Braulio Rivera, Antonio Salazar, Ramon P. Padilla, Faustino

Villaruel and Eustaquio Mañalak

Feb. 6, 1897 Apolonio de la Cruz, Roman Basa, Teodoro Plata, Vicente Molina,

Hermenegildo de los Reyes, Jose Trinidad, Pedro Nicodemus, Felicianodel Rosario, Gervasio Samson and Doroteo Domínguez



The Execution of Katipuneros in Bagumbayan



Trece Martires Shrine

Governors Drive

Trece Martires, Cavite



Prominent Katipuneros and

Revolutionaries

Emilio Aguinaldo Andres Bonifacio



Antonio Luna Apolinario Mabini



Emilio Jacinto

Manuel Tinio

Macario Sakay



Vicente Lukban Pio Valenzuela



Artemio Ricarte Miguel Malvar Pio del Pilar



Tejeros Convention

The convention was called to settle disputes

among the two factions of the Katipunan: the

Magdalo and the Magdiwang.

There was a preliminary meeting for this

presided by Bonifacio. He mediated the two

factions together but the meeting ended

without any results.

Aguinaldo was not able to attend this

convention due to a battle in Pasong Santol.



March 22, 1897

The convention convened at a former friar estate in Sitio

Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite.

Jacinto Lumbre

ras acted as the presiding officer whileSeverino de las Alas acted as the secretary.

The convention became heated with arguments that

Bonifacio intervened and now presided the proceedings.

In his capacity as the Supremo, he let the members of the

convention swear to respect all the outcomes of theconvention without contentions and questions.

Everyone agreed at his request and he secured the

unanimous approval that the decision will not be questioned.



Elected Member Position

Emilio Aguinaldo President

Mariano Trias Vice - President

Artemio Ricarte Captian - General

Emiliano Riego de Dios Secretary of War

Andres Bonifacio Secretary of Interior

Results of the Tejeros Convention



Daniel Tirona, upon the election of Bonifacio as Interior

Secretary, objected his election. He said that a fiscal, in

this case Jose del Rosario, must be in that position.

Bonifacio was insulted and so upset by this disrespectand broke of their promise, he wanted to shoot Tirona,

who later disappeared in the crowd, for his insolence.

Ricarte intervened so that peace can be settled.

As the Supremo of the Katipunan, Bonifacio voided the

convention.



Aguinaldo was in a ´homecourt

advantageµ .

The Katipuneros of Cavite is

extremely regionalist, meaning theywill support any Caviteños regardless

whether they are a Magdalo or

Magdiwang.

Bonifacio was met with passive

hostilities and seemingly he was not

highly respected by many of the

convention members.

Why Bonifacio lost the elections?



Naic Convention

March 23, 1897

Bonifacio returned to Tejeros and accused the members

of electoral fraud.

In a convention called by Bonifacio in Naic, he was

elected in a new elections to void the Tejeros elections

results.

Aguinaldo, while sorry over Bonifacio·s ill-treatment at

Tejeros, tried to convince Bonifacio to respect the results

of the Tejeros elections in the name of unity. Bonifacio

flatly rejected Aguinaldo·s pleas.



The Persecution of Andres Bonifacio

Aguinaldo, now acting as the President, sadly ordered

the arrest and imprisonment of Andres Bonifacio

because of his actions in Naic.

Limbon, Indang A battalion, led by Agapito Banzon, was able to intercept

Bonifacio and his supporters.

Ciriaco Bonifacio, brother of Andres, was killed.

Bonifacio was badly injured and was carried by a

hammock.

April 28, 1897

Aguinaldo gave the Bonifacio case to the War Council.



Y pinagbibigay alam ko po sa iñong kapangyarihan na

ang patanto sa akin ng Coronel G. Agapito Banzon nainut usan sa Y ndang kaakbay ang ating kawal bagay sa

Supremo at walang iba kung hindi ang susunod.

Nanag kanyang Makita ang nasabing Supremo, ginamitanniya ng matatamis na uica upang pahinuhod sa maganda

niyang anyaya, datapua·t di rin po niya napalambot ang

matigas na puso, na bucod sa pagtanguing ito·y guinaui

ng parang t unay na caauay.

- Mariano Noriel·s letter to Emilio Aguinaldo



The Trial of Bonifacio

Lasted from April 29 to May 4, 1897

In the trial:

Andres and Procopio Bonifacio

Placido Martinez ² Bonifacio·s defense attorney Presiding officers

Mariano Noriel ² main presider

Crisostomo Riel

Tomas Mascardo

Mariano Riego de Dios

Esteban Ynfante

Sulficio Antony



Bonifacio·s Trial House

Mar agondon, Cavi te



Bonifacio·s Trial Scene



Bonifacio, however, arrived at a most pitiful situation when he was taken from

Yndang. He was stabbed, stripped of the clothes on his person and of the little

things that he carried with him. I think that such punishment is sufficient for the

offense he has committed. And if this is not enough, hear what I shall further say.

Is it not stated in our Kartilla, or constitution of the Katipunan, that we should love

our fellowmen as we love ourselves?

Did not our Savior Jesus, ask our God the Father to pardon the Jews who had

slandered him and killed him?

And how should we, who are only creatures made of dust, not pardon our

fellowmen?

In consideration of all this, I plead that Andres Bonifacio be pardoned for the

crime he has committed, so that in so doing we may fulfill what we pray in OurFather, ´Forgive our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us.µ

- MARIANO NORIEL

Mar agondon, May 5, 1897



The Verdict...

The military tribunal, despite shady and dubious

evidences, found the Bonifacio brothers guilty of

treason, sedition, and filibustering.

May 8, 1897

Baldomero Aguinaldo, the Auditor of War, gave Emilio

the verdict ² a death sentence.

Emilio, horrified with this verdict, decided to commute

the sentence to banishment as a respect for Bonifacio as

Supremo.



But Noriel and Pio del Pilar pressured Aguinaldo to

execute the Bonifacio brothers.

They explained that if Bonifacio and his brother

would live, they would disrupt the unity of the

revolutionary government..

Their arguments were supported by Clemente Jo se

Zulueta, Ana sta

ci o F

r an

cisco and Mame

r to Nat

i v

i dad .

Aguinaldo, under pressure from his advisers,

retained the original sentence.



" By virt ue of my power as head of t he revolutionary movement, I ordered

Colonel Pedro Lipana, t he presiding judge, to ask t he military court to relax t he

penalty on t he brot hers. My r ea son s w er e pi ty, my de sir e to pr e ser ve the uni ty

of the F i l i pi no s , and above all, becau se I d i d not w ant to shed the blood of other r evoluti onist s. I t herefore suggested t hat t he brot hers be banished to Pico de

Loro, a mountain quite far but still wit hin Cavite.

"Upon learning of my wish, Generals Pio del Pilar and Mariano Noriel rushed

back to me.

"'Our dear general,' General Pio del Pilar began, ' t he crimes committed by t he

two brot hers, Andres and Procopio, are of common knowledge. If you w ant to

l i ve a l i ttle longer and conti nue the ta sk that you have so nobly begun, and i f

you w ant peace and or der i n our Revoluti onar y Gover nment, do not show themany merc y etc.·



" Besides t hese two generals, many people, mo st of them for mer follow ers

of And r e s Boni faci o, came to me to d issuade me f r om my decisi on of

r elaxi ng the sentence on them. Because of t heir explanations and

requests, plus t he strong evidence to prove t heir criminal acts (sic), I

rescinded my order. T hereupon, General Mariano Noriel ordered Major

Lazaro Macapagal to bring wit h him a squad of soldiers to fetch t he

prisoners and carry out t he orders originally imposed by t

he military

court.

"V ery early on t he morning of May 10, 1897, Major Macapagal and

his men took t he prisoners to Mount Tala w here t hey were shot."

- E xcer pt s f r om the Memoirs of E mi l i o Agui naldo



The Death of Bonifacio

May 10, 1897

The Bonifacio brothers were brought to Mount Tala inMaragondon under the command of Major LazaroMakapagal.

Makapagal have a sealed letter only to be open upon theirarrival in the site.

When Makapagal opened the letter as per instruction, heread the letter containing the death sentence against theBonifacio brothers.

The letter also warned that anyone who refused to carry theorders will be punished.

After the execution, Makapagal buried the brothers in ashallow grave and mark them with crosses made from twigs.



How was Bonifacio executed?

According to Makapagal

Andres flee in terror when the soldiers shot Procopio to death. Theyeventually caught up with Andres and he too was shot to death.

According to Guillermo Masangkay In his interview with a soldier and an eyewitness on the execution,

nobody wanted to shoot Andres as they too were in shock with thesentence.

Also, witnesses said that it was Clemente Jose Zulueta who shot thebrothers.

As a coup de grace, the soldiers bayonetted the brothers.

Masangkay also argued that it is impossible for Andres to flee interror as he is still badly injured from his encounter in Naic. Also,many corroborated that Bonifacio was carried by hammock on hisway to his execution.



Why Bonifacio was killed?

This is because he is very sympathetic to the

middle-class and the masses; the intellectuals and

the upper-class got alienated.

Also, they find Bonifacio as terrible military tacticianthus it aggravates the loss of lives and their chance

of victory.

Bonifacio·s treatment of the friars angered many

pro-friar revolutionaries. The Caviteños find Bonifacio an inconvenience and

does not serve their interests.



With the death of Bonifacio...

Gregoria de Jesus, the wife of Andres, was devastated

with his death as it took her 10 days searching for any

news of his husband·s fate.

Emilio Jacinto, Julio Nakpil, and Macario Sakay was

also shocked with his death as they remained loyal to

Bonifacio.

They refused to swear their loyalty and conscript their

soldiers to Aguinaldo. Also, they accused him of murdering

the Supremo. The news spread from Manila, Laguna, and Batangas and

it demoralized many Katipuneros and revolutionaries.



Gregoria de Jesus Julio Nakpil



The Backlash

Because of the death of Bonifacio, itdemoralized many revolutionaries.

This gave the Spaniards an advantage topress against the revolution and startedreclaiming areas held by the

revolutionaries.

Fernando Primo de Rivera, relievingPolavieja as Governor ² General, offeredamnesties and pardon to those who willsurrender and lay down their arms. It wasignored by many.

Aguinaldo was forced to retreat afterCavite fell. He sought refuge in Biak-na-Bato in San Miguel, Bulacan.



The Pact of Biak-na-Bato

Aguinaldo sent Gov. ² Gen. Primo de Rivera his

request to give way for an official truce.

The expulsion of the friars in the Philippines

Freedom of expression, the press, and religion

The return of the friar estates to the Filipinos

Equality and fair treatment

The abolition of deportation against Filipinos Equal pay for government officials



Nov. 1, 1897

The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato was signed

Elected Officials Position

Emilio Aguinaldo President

Mariano Trias Vice-president

Antonio Montenegro Secretary of Foreign Affairs

Isabelo Artacho Secretary of Interior

Emiliano Riego de Dios Secretary of War

Baldomero Aguinaldo Secretary of Treasury



Pact of Biak-na-Bato Representatives

Pedro Paterno and Emilio Aguinaldo on t he front



The Truce

August ² December 1897

Negotiation between theSpanish authorities and theRevolutionary Government

began. Pedro Paterno acted as the

main negotiator.

Paterno accepted the positiondue to a deal with the Spanishauthorities.

They offer him wealth and anobility title in Spain if hesucceed in his mission.



Dec. 15, 1897

The Truce was signed with the following provisions:

Aguinaldo will voluntarily exile himself.

The Spanish Government will pay Aguinaldocompensations amounting 800,000 pesos.

400,000 upon Aguinaldo·s depart ure

200,000 upon surrendering of all weapons

200,000 upon t he granting of amnesty

Also, 900,000 pesos will be given to the family of

the victims of the revolution.



Failure of the Truce

While the truce gave the Philippinessome peace, both sides still distrusteach other.

Many revolutionaries did not entirely

surrender their weapons in fear thatthe Spaniards will renege on the truce.

Sporadic clashes continued fromFebruary to May 1898.

Primo de Rivera was replaced by

Basilio Augustin on April 8, 1898.This proved to be unfortunate sinceAugustin knew nothing of the situationin the Philippines.



Augustin did, however, promised to continue Primo de

Rivera·s pacification policies and waited for some

developments to happen before he acts.

He attempted to create a consultative assembly ofFilipino ilustrados loyal to Spain and a militia force of

Filipinos, as a pretext for autonomy in the Philippines.

Augustin·s plans for reform end in failure as most of the

Spanish-trained Filipino militia deserted to therevolutionary ranks, and his consultative assembly

finally dissolved.

the revolution at full swing

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