the respiratory system unit-j
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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM UNIT-J. Objectives: 1. Describe the structure of the Respiratory System 2. Analyze the function of the Respiratory System 3. Identify characteristics and treatment of common Respiratory disorders. NOSE or MOUTH - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMUNIT-J
• Objectives:1. Describe the structure of the
Respiratory System2. Analyze the function of the Respiratory
System3. Identify characteristics and treatment
of common Respiratory disorders
Pathway of Air into Lungs NOSE or MOUTH PHARYNX LARYNX TRACHEA
RT. or LT. BRONCHUS ALVEOLI BLOOD
TERMINOLOGY• Alveoli• Apex• Bronchi• Bronchioles• Cilia• Coughing• Epiglottis• Expiration/exhalation • Hiccups• Inhalation/inspiration• Larynx• Lobes• Lungs
• Medulla oblongata• Nose (nasal cavity)• Phrenic nerve• Pleura• Pleural cavity• Respiration• Sinuses• Sneezing• Surfactant• Trachea• Ventilation • Yawning
DISORDERS AND RELATED TERMINOLOGY
• EPISTAXIS• HYPOXIA• INFLUENZA• INTERCOSTAL• LARYNGITIS• NARE• PHARYNGITIS• PHARYNGOSPAS
M
• APNEA• ASTHMA• BRONCHITIS• BRONCHIECTASIS• COMMON COLD• DYSPNEA• E.E.N.T• EMPHYSEMA
DISORDERS AND RELATED TERMINOLOGY
• PLEUROCENTESIS• RHINIRRHEA• SUBLINGUAL• TACHYPNEA• THORACOTOMY• THRACHEOSTOMY• TUBERCULOSIS• URI
• PNEUMONIA• PNEUMONOLYSIS• PNEUMOTHORACIS• PULMANARY EDEMA• RALES• RHINOPLASTY
NASAL CAVITYNasal SeptumDivides nasal cavitiesinto R and L cavities.
Turbinate are three scroll-shaped bones that protrude into the nasal cavity-theyincrease surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucousmembrane.
CiliaThey are hairslocated in the nose (nasal epithelium), they filters out air and trap larger dirt particles.
Pharynx
• The Throat• Common passageway for air and food• 5” long• When food is swallows, the EPIGLOTTIS closes over
the opening to the larynx, preventing food from entering the lungs.
Larynx Voice Box
Voice production
• Triangular chamber below pharynx (inside the neck)
• Within the larynx are vocal cords (GLOTTIS)
• Adam’s Apple
• Speech is made possible by the fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx.
Sinuses
Cavities in the skull, that produce mucous for the respiratory tract, lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air.
• Frontal• Maxillary• Ethmoid• SphenoidSinuses give resonance to the voice
Alveoli • Is composed of a single layer
of epithelial tissue with millions of tiny, thin walled sacs.
• SURFACTANT is a fatty substance in the lungs that prevents the alveoli from collapsing.
• Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries.
• O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries
Trachea
• Windpipe• 4 ½ inches long• The walls of trachea are made more rigid by the C-
shaped rings of hyaline cartilage-to keep trachea open.
• Lined with ciliated mucous membrane.• Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden
mucous.
Bronchi and BronchiolesLower end of trachea divides
into Rt. and Lt. bronchi• As they enter the lungs,
subdivide into bronchial tubes and bronchioles
• Bronchi-similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage
• Bronchial tubes-thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium
• At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli
Pleura• A thin, moist
slippery membrane that lines the outer surface of the lungs and the inner surface of the rib cage.
• Double-walled sac• Space is pleural
cavity-filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction.
Lungs• Each lung is divided into two or three lobes.
• Fill thoracic cavity• Upper part=apex • Lower part=base
• Base fits snugly over diaphragm• Lung tissue porous and spongy-
it floats
• Rt. lung= larger and shorter (displaced by the liver) and has 3 lobes
• Lt. lung smaller (displaced by the heart) and has 2 lobes
PULMONARY VENTILATION
Breathing
INSPIRATION The part of respiration that involves air being taking into the lungs. The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward-this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.
EXPIRATION
Opposite action takes Place.Exhalation is a
passive Process.
YAWNING
A deep prolonged Breath that fills thelungs, increasesoxygen within the blood.
COUGHING
A deep breathfollowed byforceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratorytract.
RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS• 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1
respiration.
• Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20.
• Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.
• Age – newborn = 40-60/min
• Sleep = respirations ↓
• Emotion can ↑ or ↓
HICCUPSThey are a spasm of the diaphragm and spasmodic
closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve
SNEEZING• Air is forced through the nose to clear
respiratory tract.
CONTROL OF BREATHING: breathing controlled by neural and chemical
factors.NEURAL FACTORS• Respiratory center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
• ↑ on CO2 or ↓ O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center.
• PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the diaphragm.
LUNG CAPACITY AND VOLUME
Spirometer – device that measures lung capacity
• Tidal Volume – amount of air that moves in and out of lungs with each breath.
• Normal = 500 ml
CHEMICAL FACTORS• CO2 and O2 levels in the blood is
sensed by the brain (respiratory center in brain).
• Chemoreceptor in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2.
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS SINUSITIS• Infection of mucous
membrane that lines sinus cavities
• Caused by bacteria or virus
• Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance
• Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis
COMMON COLD• Contagious viral
respiratory infection• Indirect causes –
chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep
• Rx – Rest, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition
• Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
• Hand washing – best preventative measure
TUBERCULOSIS• Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has
caused an in US.• Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs• Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon,
weight loss, night sweats• Diagnosis – TB skin test• If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and
sputum sample• Rx – antibiotic
LARYNGITIS
• Inflammation of larynx or voice box.
• Often secondary to other respiratory infections.
• Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphasia (difficulty swallowing).
REPIRATORY DISORDERS CONTINUED…
PHARYNGITIS –Red inflamed
throat.
PLEURISY
• Inflammation of the lining of the lungs.
• Usually occurs in conjunction with pneumonia and other lung infections.
• Symptoms – sharp, stabbing pain when breathing, dyspnea and fever
INFLUENZA (Flu)• Viral infection (VIRUS)
causing inflammation of the mucous membrane.
• Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion.
• Complications – pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media & pleurisy.
• Rx – treat the symptoms
PNEUMONIA
• Infection of the lung• Caused by bacteria
or virus.• Alveoli fill with
exudates (thick fluid)
• Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea.
• Rx – O2 and antibiotics
BRONCHITIS• Inflammation of the
mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous
• May be acute or chronic
• Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound).
Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause
ASTHMA• Inflammatory airway
obstruction• Caused by allergen
or psychological stress
• 5% of Americans have asthma
• Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest
• Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator
NASAL POLYPS• Growths in sinus cavity, cause
obstruction in air pathway• Rx: surgical removal
SILICOSIS
• Cause: breathing dust containing silicon dioxide over long period of time.
• Lungs become fibroses, reduced ability to expand.
PNEMOTHORAXCollapsed lung due to air in the pleural cavity.
THORACENTESISInsertion of a needlethrough the thoraciccavity and into the pleural cavity to drain fluid.
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
(COPD) – Describes chronic lung conditions, especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2
ATELECTASISLungs fail to expand normally due to bronchial occlusion, (something that obstructs).
EMPHYSEMA• Alveoli becomes over
dilated, lose their elasticity.
• May eventually rupture• Air becomes trapped, can’t
exhale – forced exhalation required.
• Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2.
• Dyspnea increases as disease progresses
REPIRATORY DISORDERS
PERTUSSIS-Called the(Whooping cough)
• Symptoms: severe coughing attacks that end in a “whooping” sound, dyspnea.
• Prevented by a childhood Vaccine.
DIPTHERIA
An upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore throat, low fever, & a pseudomembrane on the tonsils, pharynx,&/or nasal cavity. Rare infectious disease.
• Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria.
• Prevented by childhood vaccine
BRONCHIECTASIS
• Dilation of a bronchus caused by inflammation
• Heavy pus secretion
RHINITIS
• Inflammation of nasal mucosa with increased secretion
• Caused by virus allergens
CANCER OF THE LUNGS Caused by small cell (oat cell)
• Spreads rapidly to other organs.
• Found mainly in smokers
• Other types – squamous cell and adenocarcinoma – don’t spread as rapidly.
• Symptoms: cough and weight loss• Diagnosis: x-ray &
BRONCHOSCOPY (flexible tube passed through mouth or nose into bronchi and lungs).
• Rx: surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.
CANCER OF THE LARYNX
• Curable if detected early.
• Most common in men over fifty.
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
• Blood clot breaks off and travels to the lung, occurs after surgery or when a person has to be on bed rest.
• Symptoms: sudden severe pain in chest, dyspnea
• Diagnosis: lung scan• Rx: anticoagulant
therapy
Sleep Apnea
• Characterized by pauses in breathing during
• sleep.
• C-PAP Machine