the respiratory system unit-j
DESCRIPTION
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM UNIT-J. Objectives: 1. Describe the structure of the Respiratory System 2. Analyze the function of the Respiratory System 3. Identify characteristics and treatment of common Respiratory disorders. NOSE or MOUTH - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMUNIT-J
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• Objectives:1. Describe the structure of the
Respiratory System2. Analyze the function of the Respiratory
System3. Identify characteristics and treatment
of common Respiratory disorders
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Pathway of Air into Lungs NOSE or MOUTH PHARYNX LARYNX TRACHEA
RT. or LT. BRONCHUS ALVEOLI BLOOD
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TERMINOLOGY• Alveoli• Apex• Bronchi• Bronchioles• Cilia• Coughing• Epiglottis• Expiration/exhalation • Hiccups• Inhalation/inspiration• Larynx• Lobes• Lungs
• Medulla oblongata• Nose (nasal cavity)• Phrenic nerve• Pleura• Pleural cavity• Respiration• Sinuses• Sneezing• Surfactant• Trachea• Ventilation • Yawning
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DISORDERS AND RELATED TERMINOLOGY
• EPISTAXIS• HYPOXIA• INFLUENZA• INTERCOSTAL• LARYNGITIS• NARE• PHARYNGITIS• PHARYNGOSPAS
M
• APNEA• ASTHMA• BRONCHITIS• BRONCHIECTASIS• COMMON COLD• DYSPNEA• E.E.N.T• EMPHYSEMA
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DISORDERS AND RELATED TERMINOLOGY
• PLEUROCENTESIS• RHINIRRHEA• SUBLINGUAL• TACHYPNEA• THORACOTOMY• THRACHEOSTOMY• TUBERCULOSIS• URI
• PNEUMONIA• PNEUMONOLYSIS• PNEUMOTHORACIS• PULMANARY EDEMA• RALES• RHINOPLASTY
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NASAL CAVITYNasal SeptumDivides nasal cavitiesinto R and L cavities.
Turbinate are three scroll-shaped bones that protrude into the nasal cavity-theyincrease surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucousmembrane.
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CiliaThey are hairslocated in the nose (nasal epithelium), they filters out air and trap larger dirt particles.
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Pharynx
• The Throat• Common passageway for air and food• 5” long• When food is swallows, the EPIGLOTTIS closes over
the opening to the larynx, preventing food from entering the lungs.
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Larynx Voice Box
Voice production
• Triangular chamber below pharynx (inside the neck)
• Within the larynx are vocal cords (GLOTTIS)
• Adam’s Apple
• Speech is made possible by the fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx.
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Sinuses
Cavities in the skull, that produce mucous for the respiratory tract, lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air.
• Frontal• Maxillary• Ethmoid• SphenoidSinuses give resonance to the voice
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Alveoli • Is composed of a single layer
of epithelial tissue with millions of tiny, thin walled sacs.
• SURFACTANT is a fatty substance in the lungs that prevents the alveoli from collapsing.
• Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries.
• O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries
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Trachea
• Windpipe• 4 ½ inches long• The walls of trachea are made more rigid by the C-
shaped rings of hyaline cartilage-to keep trachea open.
• Lined with ciliated mucous membrane.• Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden
mucous.
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Bronchi and BronchiolesLower end of trachea divides
into Rt. and Lt. bronchi• As they enter the lungs,
subdivide into bronchial tubes and bronchioles
• Bronchi-similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage
• Bronchial tubes-thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium
• At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli
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Pleura• A thin, moist
slippery membrane that lines the outer surface of the lungs and the inner surface of the rib cage.
• Double-walled sac• Space is pleural
cavity-filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction.
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Lungs• Each lung is divided into two or three lobes.
• Fill thoracic cavity• Upper part=apex • Lower part=base
• Base fits snugly over diaphragm• Lung tissue porous and spongy-
it floats
• Rt. lung= larger and shorter (displaced by the liver) and has 3 lobes
• Lt. lung smaller (displaced by the heart) and has 2 lobes
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PULMONARY VENTILATION
Breathing
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INSPIRATION The part of respiration that involves air being taking into the lungs. The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward-this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.
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EXPIRATION
Opposite action takes Place.Exhalation is a
passive Process.
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YAWNING
A deep prolonged Breath that fills thelungs, increasesoxygen within the blood.
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COUGHING
A deep breathfollowed byforceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratorytract.
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RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS• 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1
respiration.
• Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20.
• Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.
• Age – newborn = 40-60/min
• Sleep = respirations ↓
• Emotion can ↑ or ↓
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HICCUPSThey are a spasm of the diaphragm and spasmodic
closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve
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SNEEZING• Air is forced through the nose to clear
respiratory tract.
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CONTROL OF BREATHING: breathing controlled by neural and chemical
factors.NEURAL FACTORS• Respiratory center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
• ↑ on CO2 or ↓ O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center.
• PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the diaphragm.
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LUNG CAPACITY AND VOLUME
Spirometer – device that measures lung capacity
• Tidal Volume – amount of air that moves in and out of lungs with each breath.
• Normal = 500 ml
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CHEMICAL FACTORS• CO2 and O2 levels in the blood is
sensed by the brain (respiratory center in brain).
• Chemoreceptor in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2.
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RESPIRATORY DISORDERS SINUSITIS• Infection of mucous
membrane that lines sinus cavities
• Caused by bacteria or virus
• Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance
• Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis
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COMMON COLD• Contagious viral
respiratory infection• Indirect causes –
chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep
• Rx – Rest, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition
• Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
• Hand washing – best preventative measure
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TUBERCULOSIS• Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has
caused an in US.• Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs• Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon,
weight loss, night sweats• Diagnosis – TB skin test• If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and
sputum sample• Rx – antibiotic
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LARYNGITIS
• Inflammation of larynx or voice box.
• Often secondary to other respiratory infections.
• Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphasia (difficulty swallowing).
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REPIRATORY DISORDERS CONTINUED…
PHARYNGITIS –Red inflamed
throat.
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PLEURISY
• Inflammation of the lining of the lungs.
• Usually occurs in conjunction with pneumonia and other lung infections.
• Symptoms – sharp, stabbing pain when breathing, dyspnea and fever
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INFLUENZA (Flu)• Viral infection (VIRUS)
causing inflammation of the mucous membrane.
• Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion.
• Complications – pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media & pleurisy.
• Rx – treat the symptoms
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PNEUMONIA
• Infection of the lung• Caused by bacteria
or virus.• Alveoli fill with
exudates (thick fluid)
• Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea.
• Rx – O2 and antibiotics
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BRONCHITIS• Inflammation of the
mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous
• May be acute or chronic
• Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound).
Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause
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ASTHMA• Inflammatory airway
obstruction• Caused by allergen
or psychological stress
• 5% of Americans have asthma
• Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest
• Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator
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NASAL POLYPS• Growths in sinus cavity, cause
obstruction in air pathway• Rx: surgical removal
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SILICOSIS
• Cause: breathing dust containing silicon dioxide over long period of time.
• Lungs become fibroses, reduced ability to expand.
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PNEMOTHORAXCollapsed lung due to air in the pleural cavity.
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THORACENTESISInsertion of a needlethrough the thoraciccavity and into the pleural cavity to drain fluid.
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CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
(COPD) – Describes chronic lung conditions, especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2
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ATELECTASISLungs fail to expand normally due to bronchial occlusion, (something that obstructs).
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EMPHYSEMA• Alveoli becomes over
dilated, lose their elasticity.
• May eventually rupture• Air becomes trapped, can’t
exhale – forced exhalation required.
• Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2.
• Dyspnea increases as disease progresses
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REPIRATORY DISORDERS
PERTUSSIS-Called the(Whooping cough)
• Symptoms: severe coughing attacks that end in a “whooping” sound, dyspnea.
• Prevented by a childhood Vaccine.
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DIPTHERIA
An upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore throat, low fever, & a pseudomembrane on the tonsils, pharynx,&/or nasal cavity. Rare infectious disease.
• Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria.
• Prevented by childhood vaccine
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BRONCHIECTASIS
• Dilation of a bronchus caused by inflammation
• Heavy pus secretion
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RHINITIS
• Inflammation of nasal mucosa with increased secretion
• Caused by virus allergens
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CANCER OF THE LUNGS Caused by small cell (oat cell)
• Spreads rapidly to other organs.
• Found mainly in smokers
• Other types – squamous cell and adenocarcinoma – don’t spread as rapidly.
• Symptoms: cough and weight loss• Diagnosis: x-ray &
BRONCHOSCOPY (flexible tube passed through mouth or nose into bronchi and lungs).
• Rx: surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.
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CANCER OF THE LARYNX
• Curable if detected early.
• Most common in men over fifty.
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PULMONARY EMBOLISM
• Blood clot breaks off and travels to the lung, occurs after surgery or when a person has to be on bed rest.
• Symptoms: sudden severe pain in chest, dyspnea
• Diagnosis: lung scan• Rx: anticoagulant
therapy
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Sleep Apnea
• Characterized by pauses in breathing during
• sleep.
• C-PAP Machine
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