the respiratory system health science 1 1 t he r espiratory s ystem 2 objectives 30-1 explain the...

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Health Science 1

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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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Objectives30-1 Explain the functions of the respiratory system.30-2 Explain the difference between internal and external respiration. 30-3 Describe how the larynx produces voice sounds.30-4 List the structures contained within the lungs.30-5 Describe the coverings of the lungs and chest cavity.30-6 Describe the events that lead to the inspiration and expiration of air.30-7 Explain how the brain controls breathing and how normal breathing

patterns can be disrupted.30-8 List and explain various respiratory volumes and tell how they are used to diagnose respiratory problems.30-9 Describe how oxygen is transported from the lungs to body cells.30-10 Describe how carbon dioxide is transported from body cells to the lungs.30-11 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of various respiratory disorders and diseases.

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMThe major function of the respiratory

system is ventilation (breathing). Deliver oxygen (O2) to the bloodstream

and Remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the

bloodstream.Make speech possible

3O2

O2

O2 CO2 CO2

CO2

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Organs of the respiratory system:

Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tree Lungs Alveoli Diaphragm

ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (CONT.)

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The Nasal Cavity Nasal septum

divides the cavity into right and left portions

Mucous membrane warms and moistens the air and cilia helps eliminate particles

The Paranasal Sinuses

These are air-filled spaces within the skull bones

Serve to reduce weight of the skull and give your voice

a certain tone


The PharynxThe Pharynx An organ of both the respiratory and

digestive system

The LarynxThe Larynx Larynx also called the “voice box” Moves air in and out of the trachea, and

produces voice Composed of three cartilages:

Thyroid cartilage Epiglottic cartilage Cricoid cartilage 6

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Glottis

True Vocal Cords

False Vocal Cords

Posterior Portion of TongueVocal Cords

Stretched between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage

Upper vocal cords are false cords and lower vocal cords are true vocal cords.

The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords

The more vocal cords are stretched, the higher the voice pitch.

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Referred to as the windpipe Tubular organ made of rings of

cartilage and smooth muscle Lined with cells possessing cilia Extends from the larynx to the

bronchi.

Trachea Trachea

Cilia moves mucus up to the throat where it is swallowed. Smoking destroys cilia.

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• Cone-shaped organs• Right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes

• The membranes surrounding the lungs is called the pleura

The lungs contain connective tissue, the bronchial tree, nerves, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.

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APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Which of the following sites would be the most lethal if obstructed by a foreign body?

a. Right bronchusb. Left bronchiolec. Trachea

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APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE - ANSWERANSWER

Which of the following sites would be the most lethal if obstructed by a foreign body?

a. Right bronchusb. Left bronchiolec. Trachea

SNORINGOccurs due to vibration of soft tissues when

muscles of the palate, tongue and throat relax.Affects approximately 50% of men and 25% of

women over the age of 40.Causes daytime sleepiness and may be

associated with sleep apnea.

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Common Causes

• enlargement of tonsils or adenoids• being overweight• alcohol consumption• nasal congestion• deviated nasal septum

Continuous positive airway pressure therapy (CPAP) uses a machine to help a person who has obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) breathe more easily during sleep. A CPAP machine increases air pressure in your throat so that your airway doesn't collapse when you breathe in.

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SNORING (CONT.)

Lifestyle Modifications to Reduce Snoring Lose weight Change sleeping position Avoid using alcohol or medications that induce sleep Use nasal strips to widen the nasal passages Use dental devices to keep airways open

14Some patients may require surgery to remove excess soft tissue or a portion of the soft palate.

SNORING (CONT.)Mayo Clinic’s Sleep Disorders Center rating of

snoring:

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Heard from close proximity

Heard from anywhere in the bedroom

Heard from just outside the bedroom door with door open

Heard outside the bedroom door with the door closed

Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the tissues/cells of the body.

External respiration, commonly known as breathing, is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an animal and its environment

Cellular respiration allows organisms to use (release) energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose. The energy in glucose is used to produce ATP. Cells use ATP to supply their energy needs. Cellular respiration is therefore a process in which the energy in glucose is transferred to ATP

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THE MECHANISMS OF BREATHING

Inspiration Expiration

Breathing or pulmonary ventilation, consist of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation). The medulla oblongata controls the rhythm and depth of breathing and the pons controls the rate of breathing.

• Air rich in O2 enters the lungs from the atmosphere

• The diaphragm contracts or flattens

• The intercostal muscles raise the ribs

• Air rich in C0 2 exits the lungs• The diaphragm relaxes• The intercostal muscles lower the ribs

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RESPIRATORY VOLUMES

Reflects the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a normal inhalation

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal exhalation

Tidal VolumeTidal Volume

InspiratoryReserve Volume

InspiratoryReserve Volume

ExpiratoryReserve Volume

ExpiratoryReserve Volume

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RESPIRATORY VOLUMES

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible.

Represents the volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation.

This measure reflects the total amount of air the lungs can hold.

Residual Volume

Residual Volume

Total LungCapacity

Total LungCapacity

Vital CapacityVital Capacity

THE TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE BLOOD

Most of the body’s oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the red blood cells. This transport system is called oxyhemoglobin.oxyhemoglobin.

When carbon dioxide gets into the bloodstream bicarbonate ionsbicarbonate ions are formed and some carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin.

When bicarbonate ions reach the lungs, an enzyme changes them back into carbon dioxide and water. 20

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The medical assistant working for a general practitioner is taking the medical history of a new patient. The patient states “Even after sleeping 8 to 9 hours I still feel really tired.” The patient’s spouse states, “Well you sure snore loud, as if the sleep is so good.”

Which of the following is a possible cause for the excessive fatigue?

a. Periods of apneab. Depressionc. Tuberculosis

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The medical assistant working for a general practitioner is taking the medical history of a new patient. The patient states “Even after sleeping 8-9 hours I still feel really tired.” The patient’s spouse states, “Well you sure snore loud, as if the sleep is so good.”

Which of the following is a possible cause for the excessive fatigue?

a. Periods of apneab. Depressionc. Tuberculosis

COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS Asthma is a condition

in which the bronchial tree becomes obstructed due to inflammation Causes includes

allergens, cigarette smoke, pollutants, cold temperatures and exercise

Signs and symptoms include difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and a tight feeling in the chest

Treatment include avoidance of allergens, steroid inhalers, bronchodilators and stopping smoking 23

COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS (CONT.) BronchitisBronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi

May be caused by viruses, gastro-esophageal reflux, exposure to cigarette smoke, pollutants and fumes.

Signs and symptoms includes chills, fever, difficulty breathing, coughing up yellow-gray or green mucus, chest tightness, wheezing and difficulty breathing

Treatment with rest, fluids, cough medicines, humidifiers, inhalers and antibiotics for smokers

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Asthma. You're more likely to think about the specific symptoms of the condition: wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or the fear and anxiety that can accompany asthma attacks. While bronchitis symptoms such as wheezing and shortness of breath are similar to the symptoms of asthma, there are some important differences. The presence of a mild fever may be caused by virus, is often seen with bronchitis, for example, but not with asthma. And, bronchitis can cause people with asthma to have an asthma attack or make their asthma symptoms worse. When the two conditions co-exist, the condition is called "bronchial asthma."

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COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS (CONT.)

Disease Causes Signs & Symptoms

Treatments

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Cigarette smoke and air pollution

Fatigue, difficulty breathing & frequent coughing

Lifestyle changes, inhalers, stop smoking

Emphysema Cigarette smoke, pollutants, dust

Chronic cough, weight loss, fatigue, shortness of breath

Stop smoking, vaccinations, antibiotics, oxygen, bronchodilators

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• Emphysema gradually damages the air sacs (alveoli) in your lungs, making you progressively more short of breath.

• Emphysema is one of several diseases known collectively as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

• Smoking is the leading cause of emphysema.

• Emphysema damages the inner walls of the lungs' air sacs (alveoli), causing them to eventually rupture. This creates one larger air space instead of many small ones and reduces the surface area available for gas exchange.

• When you exhale, the damaged alveoli don't work properly and old air becomes trapped, leaving no room for fresh, oxygen-rich air to enter. Treatment may slow the progression of emphysema, but it can't reverse the damage.

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Emphysema, GrossThe chest cavity is opened atautopsy to reveal numerouslarge bullae (air bubbles)apparent on the surface of thelungs in a patient dying with emphysema. Bullae are large dilated airspaces that bulge Out from beneath the pleura.Emphysema is characterized bya loss of lung parenchyma (bulk), destruction of alveoli so thatthere is permanent dilation ofairspaces.

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Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Influenza (Flu) Numerous viruses Runny nose, sore throat, sneezing, fever, chills, diarrhea, loss of appetite

Bed rest, fluids, antiviral medications

Laryngitis Viruses, bacteria, excessive talking, allergies, smoking, frequent use of alcohol

Hoarse voice, sore throat, dry cough and throat

Antibiotics, avoidance of cigarettes and alcohol

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Treatment

Legionnaire’s Disease

Bacteria that grows in air conditioning systems

Fever, fatigue, difficulty breathing, chest pain, headache

Antibiotics, respiratory therapy and supportive therapy

Lung Cancer Smoking, exposure to radon, asbestos and industrial carcinogens

Cough, hemoptysis, difficulty breathing, weight loss, chronic hoarseness, wheezing

Depends on type of cancer and stage but chemotherapy and radiation are common treatments

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Treatment

Pleuritis Viruses, pneumonia, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, chest trauma

Fever or chills, dry cough, shortness of breath, chest pain during breathing

Pain medications, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, removal of fluid around the lungs

Pneumonia Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, foreign matter entering the lungs

Fever or chills, headache, fatigue, coughing up rust-colored, green or yellow mucus

Rest, fluids, antibiotics, over-the-counter pain medications

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Treatment

Pneumothorax Chest trauma, and unknown causes

Tightness in the chest, sharp chest pain, rapid heart rate, shortness of breath

Chest tube, surgery

Pulmonary Edema

Congestive heart failure, heart attack, cardiomyopathy, heart valve disorders, lung infections, chest injuries and many others

Shortness of breath, wheezing, weight gain, pink mucus, pale skin, sweating

Oxygen therapy, diuretics, morphine

PNEUMOTHORAXPNEUMOTHORAX

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HEALTHY LUNG Pneumothorax

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Treatment

Pulmonary Embolism

Heart attacks, fractured hips, cancer, long periods of inactivity

Fainting, sudden shortness of breath, hemoptysis, wheezing, tachycardia, chest pain

Support stockings, clot-dissolving medications, anti-coagulants, surgical filter insertion

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Viruses Fever, chills, headache, dry cough, muscle aches

Rest, anti-viral medications

PULMONARY EMBOLISM (1)PULMONARY EMBOLISM (1)

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Diseases Causes Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Sinusitis Bacteria, blockage of sinus openings

Fever, cough, sore throat, facial pain, nasal decongestion

Nasal decongestants, nasal steroid sprays, antibiotics

Tuberculosis Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Cough lasting >3 weeks, fever or chills, weight loss, night sweats, pain when breathing

TB testing, Drug therapy

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• Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

• The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal.

• Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick. As a result, two TB-related conditions exist: latent TB infection and TB disease.

• The bacteria can live in the body without making you sick, you are not

infectious and cannot spread TB bacteria to others.

• If TB bacteria become active in the body and multiply, will go from having latent TB infection to being sick with TB disease

• TB is spread through the air from one person to another. The TB bacteria are put into the air when a person with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected.

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Cystic fibrosis is an inherited chronic disease that affects the lungs and digestive system of about 30,000 children and adults in the United States (70,000 worldwide). A defective gene and its protein product cause the body to produce unusually thick, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs and leads to life-threatening lung infections; and obstructs the pancreas and stops natural enzymes from helping the body break down and absorb food.

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Chest Physiotherapy positions

The Vest


Sudden infant death syndrome has no specific signs or symptoms and no known causes.

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Risk Factors

• More common in male infants• Babies between the ages of 2 weeks and 6 months are most susceptible• Premature or low birth weight babies are at risk• Babies with a sibling that died of SIDS• African American and Native American babies are at highest risk• Babies who were prenatally exposed to cocaine, heroine, or nicotine• Babies who sleep on their stomachs are three times more likely to die

from SIDS

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Which of the following diseases must all health care workers be screened for annually?

a. Pneumoniab. Tuberculosisc. Legionnaire’s disease

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Which of the following diseases must all health care workers be screened for annually?

a. Pneumoniab. Tuberculosisc. Legionnaire’s disease

END OF PRESENTATION

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the respiratory system health science 1 1 t he r espiratory s ystem 2 objectives 30-1 explain the...

Documents

respiratory system cont

respiratory systemorgans

respiratory problems

various respiratory

lower vocal cords

true vocal cords

pleurathe lungs

vocal cordsstretched